Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Breast Cancer: Intact and Post Mastectomy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Technical Basis of Radiation Therapy

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Radiat Oncol))

  • 4295 Accesses

Abstract

In most industrialized countries, breast cancer constitutes a very important part of the number of patients referred for radiation therapy. There has been a transition from simulator-based 2D techniques to modern, highly individualized CT-based techniques. It is therefore not surprisingly that measures are being undertaken to diminish the workload by introducing altered fractionation schedules including the simultaneous integrated boost technique and hypofractionation. Regarding this, it should be recognized that this is only possible when applying modern techniques to optimize dose homogeneity. In addition, there is an increased awareness of the risk for late toxicity due to irradiation of cardiovascular structures, lung tissue, and the contralateral breast, as the number of breast cancer survivors increase. Whereas technical solutions including respiratory control offer very promising dosimetric results, the acceptance of consensus based guidelines on target volume delineation as well as target volume selection remains a challenge for current investigators.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Al Uwini S, Antonini N, Poortmans PM, Boersma L, Hurkmans C, Leer JW, Horiot JC, Struikmans H, Bartelink H (2009) The influence of the use of CT-planning on the irradiated boost volume in breast conserving treatment. Radiother Oncol 93(1):87–93. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2009.05.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews DW, Scott CB, Sperduto PW, Flanders AE, Gaspar LE, Schell MC, Werner-Wasik M, Demas W, Ryu J, Bahary JP, Souhami L, Rotman M, Mehta MP, Curran WJ Jr (2004) Whole brain radiation therapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery boost for patients with one to three brain metastases: phase III results of the rtog 9508 randomised trial. Lancet 363(9422):1665–1672. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16250-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballo MT, Strom EA, Prost H, Singletary SE, Theriault RL, Buchholz TA, McNeese MD (1999) Local-regional control of recurrent breast carcinoma after mastectomy: does hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy improve local control? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 44(1):105–112. S0360-3016(98)00545-8[pii]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker JL, Nelson AJ, Montague ED (1976) Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast. Radiology 121(1):173–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelink H, Horiot JC, Poortmans PM, Struikmans H, Van den Bogaert W, Fourquet A, Jager JJ, Hoogenraad WJ, Oei SB, Warlam-Rodenhuis CC, Pierart M, Collette L (2007) Impact of a higher radiation dose on local control and survival in breast-conserving therapy of early breast cancer: 10-year results of the randomized boost versus no boost EORTC 22881–10882 trial. J Clin Oncol 25(22):3259–3265. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.11.4991

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bentzen SM, Agrawal RK, Aird EG, Barrett JM, Barrett-Lee PJ, Bliss JM, Brown J, Dewar JA, Dobbs HJ, Haviland JS, Hoskin PJ, Hopwood P, Lawton PA, Magee BJ, Mills J, Morgan DA, Owen JR, Simmons S, Sumo G, Sydenham MA, Venables K, Yarnold JR (2008a) The uk standardisation of breast radiotherapy (start) trial a of radiotherapy hypofractionation for treatment of early breast cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 9(4):331–341. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70077-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bentzen SM, Agrawal RK, Aird EG, Barrett JM, Barrett-Lee PJ, Bliss JM, Brown J, Dewar JA, Dobbs HJ, Haviland JS, Hoskin PJ, Hopwood P, Lawton PA, Magee BJ, Mills J, Morgan DA, Owen JR, Simmons S, Sumo G, Sydenham MA, Venables K, Yarnold JR (2008b) The UK standardisation of breast radiotherapy (start) Trial B of radiotherapy hypofractionation for treatment of early breast cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet 371(9618):1098–1107. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60348-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borghero YO, Salehpour M, McNeese MD, Stovall M, Smith SA, Johnson J, Perkins GH, Strom EA, Oh JL, Kirsner SM, Woodward WA, Yu TK, Buchholz TA (2007) Multileaf field-in-field forward-planned intensity-modulated dose compensation for whole-breast irradiation is associated with reduced contralateral breast dose: a phantom model comparison. Radiother Oncol 82(3):324–328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgier C, Khodari W, Vataire AL, Pessoa EL, Dunant A, Delaloge S, Uzan C, Balleyguier C, Mathieu MC, Marsiglia H, Arriagada R (2010) Breast radiotherapy as part of loco-regional treatments in stage iv breast cancer patients with oligometastatic disease. Radiother Oncol 96(2):199–203. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2010.02.028

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briasoulis E, Karavasilis V, Kostadima L, Ignatiadis M, Fountzilas G, Pavlidis N (2004) Metastatic breast carcinoma confined to bone: portrait of a clinical entity. Cancer 101(7):1524–1528. doi:10.1002/cncr.20545

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchholz TA (2000) Internal mammary lymph nodes: to treat or not to treat. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46(4):801–803. S0360-3016(99)00482-4[pii]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchholz TA, Tucker SL, Masullo L, Kuerer HM, Erwin J, Salas J, Frye D, Strom EA, McNeese MD, Perkins G, Katz A, Singletary SE, Hunt KK, Buzdar AU, Hortobagyi GN (2002) Predictors of local-regional recurrence after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and mastectomy without radiation. J Clin Oncol 20(1):17–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson RWAD, Anderson BO et al (2010) NCCN practice guidelines in oncology—v.2.2010: Invasive breast cancer. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/breast.pdf. Accessed 06/18/2010

  • Chang EL, Wefel JS, Hess KR, Allen PK, Lang FF, Kornguth DG, Arbuckle RB, Swint JM, Shiu AS, Maor MH, Meyers CA (2009) Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 10(11):1037–1044. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70263-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chargari C, Kirova YM, Cottu P, Salmon RJ, Fourquet A (2009) Progressive inflammatory breast cancer in patient receiving chemotherapy: the importance of radiotherapy as a part of locoregional treatment. Radiother Oncol 90(1):160–161. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2008.08.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke M, Collins R, Darby S, Davies C, Elphinstone P, Evans E, Godwin J, Gray R, Hicks C, James S, MacKinnon E, McGale P, McHugh T, Peto R, Taylor C, Wang Y (2005) Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 366(9503):2087–2106. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67887-7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Correa C, McGale P, Taylor C, Wang Y, Clarke M, Davies C, Peto R, Bijker N, Solin L, Darby S (2010) Overview of the randomized trials of radiotherapy in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2010(41):162–177. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgq039

  • Dijkema IM, Hofman P, Raaijmakers CP, Lagendijk JJ, Battermann JJ, Hillen B (2004) Loco-regional conformal radiotherapy of the breast: delineation of the regional lymph node clinical target volumes in treatment position. Radiother Oncol 71(3):287–295. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2004.02.017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donovan E, Bleakley N, Denholm E, Evans P, Gothard L, Hanson J, Peckitt C, Reise S, Ross G, Sharp G, Symonds-Tayler R, Tait D, Yarnold J (2007) Randomised trial of standard 2D radiotherapy (RT) versus intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients prescribed breast radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 82(3):254–264. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2006.12.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunne C, Burke JP, Morrow M, Kell MR (2009) Effect of margin status on local recurrence after breast conservation and radiation therapy for ductal carcinoma in situ. J Clin Oncol 27(10):1615–1620. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.17.5182

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edge S, Byrd DR, Compton CA (ed) (2010) AJCC cancer staging manual. 7th edn. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher ER, Dignam J, Tan-Chiu E, Costantino J, Fisher B, Paik S, Wolmark N (1999) Pathologic findings from the national surgical adjuvant breast project (nsabp) eight-year update of protocol b-17: Intraductal carcinoma. Cancer 86(3):429–438. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19990801)86:3<429:AID-CNCR11>3.0.CO;2-Y

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher B, Land S, Mamounas E, Dignam J, Fisher ER, Wolmark N (2001) Prevention of invasive breast cancer in women with ductal carcinoma in situ: an update of the national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project experience. Semin Oncol 28(4):400–418. S0093775401001531[pii]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fourquet A, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Kirova YM, Sigal-Zafrani B, Asselain B (2009) Familial breast cancer: clinical response to induction chemotherapy or radiotherapy related to brca1/2 mutations status. Am J Clin Oncol 32(2):127–131. doi:10.1097/COC.0b013e31817f9e1c

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman GM, Fowble BL, Nicolaou N, Sigurdson ER, Torosian MH, Boraas MC, Hoffman JP (2000) Should internal mammary lymph nodes in breast cancer be a target for the radiation oncologist? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46(4):805–814. S0360-3016(99)00481-2[pii]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garg AK, Frija EK, Sun TL, Strom EA, Perkins GH, Oh JL, Yu TK, Woodward WA, Tereffe WA, Salehpour M, Buchholz TA (2009) Effects of variable placement of superior tangential/supraclavicular match line on dosimetric coverage of level iii axilla/axillary apex in patients treated with breast and supraclavicular radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 73(2):370–374. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.04.045

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haagensen CD (1971) Disease of the breast, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Haagensen CD (1986) Diseases of the breast, 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland R, Veling SH, Mravunac M, Hendriks JH (1985) Histologic multifocality of Tis, T1–2 breast carcinomas. Implications for clinical trials of breast-conserving surgery. Cancer 56(5):979–990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes KS, Schnaper LA, Berry D, Cirrincione C, McCormick B, Shank B, Wheeler J, Champion LA, Smith TJ, Smith BL, Shapiro C, Muss HB, Winer E, Hudis C, Wood W, Sugarbaker D, Henderson IC, Norton L (2004) Lumpectomy plus tamoxifen with or without irradiation in women 70 years of age or older with early breast cancer. N Engl J Med 351(10):971–977. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040587

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes LL, Wang M, Page DL, Gray R, Solin LJ, Davidson NE, Lowen MA, Ingle JN, Recht A, Wood WC (2009) Local excision alone without irradiation for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: A trial of the eastern cooperative oncology group. J Clin Oncol 27(32):5319–5324. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.21.8560

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz A, Strom EA, Buchholz TA, Thames HD, Smith CD, Jhingran A, Hortobagyi G, Buzdar AU, Theriault R, Singletary SE, McNeese MD (2000) Locoregional recurrence patterns after mastectomy and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy: implications for postoperative irradiation. J Clin Oncol 18(15):2817–2827

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz A, Buchholz TA, Thames H, Smith CD, McNeese MD, Theriault R, Singletary SE, Strom EA (2001) Recursive partitioning analysis of locoregional recurrence patterns following mastectomy: implications for adjuvant irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50(2):397–403. S0360-3016(01)01465-1[pii]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan SA, Stewart AK, Morrow M (2002) Does aggressive local therapy improve survival in metastatic breast cancer? Surgery 132(4):620–626. S003960600200140X[pii] (discussion 626–627)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khatcheressian JL, Wolff AC, Smith TJ, Grunfeld E, Muss HB, Vogel VG, Halberg F, Somerfield MR, Davidson NE (2006) American society of clinical oncology 2006 update of the breast cancer follow-up and management guidelines in the adjuvant setting. J Clin Oncol 24(31):5091–5097. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.8575

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King TA, Bolton JS, Kuske RR, Fuhrman GM, Scroggins TG, Jiang XZ (2000) Long-term results of wide-field brachytherapy as the sole method of radiation therapy after segmental mastectomy for T(is, 1, 2) breast cancer. Am J Surg 180(4):299–304. S0002-9610(00)00454-2[pii]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby AM, Evans PM, Donovan EM, Convery HM, Haviland JS, Yarnold JR (2010) Prone versus supine positioning for whole and partial-breast radiotherapy: a comparison of non-target tissue dosimetry. Radiother Oncol 96(2):178–184. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2010.05.014

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiricuta IC, Gotz U, Schwab F, Fehn M, Neumann HH (2000) Target volume definition and target conformal irradiation technique for breast cancer patients. Acta Oncol 39(3):429–436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirova YM, Servois V, Campana F, Dendale R, Bollet MA, Laki F, Fournier-Bidoz N, Fourquet A (2006) Ct-scan based localization of the internal mammary chain and supra clavicular nodes for breast cancer radiation therapy planning. Radiother Oncol 79(3):310–315. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2006.05.014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirova YM, Castro Pena P, Dendale R, Servois V, Bollet MA, Fournier-Bidoz N, Campana F, Fourquet A (2010) Simplified rules for everyday delineation of lymph node areas for breast cancer radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 83(992):683–686. doi:10.1259/bjr/28834220

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirova YM, Campana F, Fournier-Bidoz N, Stilhart A, Dendale R, Bollet MA, Fourquet A (2007) Postmastectomy electron beam chest wall irradiation in women with breast cancer: a clinical step toward conformal electron therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 69(4):1139–1144. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.05.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kocher M, Soffietti R, Abacioglu U, Villa S, Fauchon F, Baumert BG, Fariselli L, Tzuk-Shina T, Kortmann RD, Carrie C, Hassel MB, Kouri M, Valeinis E, van den Berge D, Collette S, Collette L, Mueller RP (2010) Adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy versus observation after radiosurgery or surgical resection of one to three cerebral metastases: results of the EORTC 22952-26001 study. J Clin Oncol doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.30.1655

  • Korreman SS, Pedersen AN, Josipovic M, Aarup LR, Juhler-Nottrup T, Specht L, Nystrom H (2006) Cardiac and pulmonary complication probabilities for breast cancer patients after routine end-inspiration gated radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 80(2):257–262. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2006.07.020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kunkler I (2010) Adjuvant chest wall radiotherapy for breast cancer: black, white, shades of grey. Eur J Surg Oncol 36(4):331–334. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2009.11.004

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lanitis S, Behranwala KA, Al-Mufti R, Hadjiminas D (2009) Axillary metastatic disease as presentation of occult or contralateral breast cancer. Breast 18(4):225–227. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2009.07.002

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Scodan R, Stevens D, Brain E, Floiras JL, Cohen-Solal C, De La Lande B, Tubiana-Hulin M, Yacoub S, Gutierrez M, Ali D, Gardner M, Moisson P, Villette S, Lerebours F, Munck JN, Labib A (2009) Breast cancer with synchronous metastases: survival impact of exclusive locoregional radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 27(9):1375–1381. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.5396

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leer JW, Caspers RJ, van Lonkhuijzen LR, van Raaij TM, Elkhuizen PH, Zwinderman AH, van de Velde CJ (1997) Selective avoidance of postoperative locoregional radiotherapy in breast cancer seems to be justified. Eur J Surg 163(11):815–822

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehman CD, DeMartini W, Anderson BO, Edge SB (2009) Indications for breast MRI in the patient with newly diagnosed breast cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 7(2):193–201

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liao Z, Strom EA, Buzdar AU, Singletary SE, Hunt K, Allen PK, McNeese MD (2000) Locoregional irradiation for inflammatory breast cancer: effectiveness of dose escalation in decreasing recurrence. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47(5):1191–1200. S0360-3016(00)00561-7[pii]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liengsawangwong R, Yu TK, Sun TL, Erasmus JJ, Perkins GH, Tereffe W, Oh JL, Woodward WA, Strom EA, Salephour M, Buchholz TA (2007) Treatment optimization using computed tomography-delineated targets should be used for supraclavicular irradiation for breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 69(3):711–715. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.05.075

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lievens Y, Poortmans P, Van den Bogaert W (2001) A glance on quality assurance in EORTC study 22922 evaluating techniques for internal mammary and medial supraclavicular lymph node chain irradiation in breast cancer. Radiother Oncol 60(3):257–265. S0167814001003516[pii]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Solbiati L, Meloni F, Ierace T, Gazelle GS (2001) Percutaneous radio-frequency ablation of liver metastases from breast cancer: initial experience in 24 patients. Radiology 220(1):145–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ly BH, Nguyen NP, Vinh-Hung V, Rapiti E, Vlastos G (2010) Loco-regional treatment in metastatic breast cancer patients: Is there a survival benefit? Breast Cancer Res Treat 119(3):537–545. doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0610-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mann RM, Loo CE, Wobbes T, Bult P, Barentsz JO, Gilhuijs KG, Boetes C (2010) The impact of preoperative breast mri on the re-excision rate in invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat 119(2):415–422. doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0616-6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mannino M, Yarnold J (2009) Accelerated partial breast irradiation trials: diversity in rationale and design. Radiother Oncol 91(1):16–22. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2008.12.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matzinger O, Heimsoth I, Poortmans P, Collette L, Struikmans H, Van Den Bogaert W, Fourquet A, Bartelink H, Ataman F, Gulyban A, Pierart M, Van Tienhoven G (2010) Toxicity at three years with and without irradiation of the internal mammary and medial supraclavicular lymph node chain in stage l to III breast cancer (EORTC trial 22922/10925). Acta Oncol 49(1):24–34. doi:10.3109/02841860903352959

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milano MT, Zhang H, Metcalfe SK, Muhs AG, Okunieff P (2009) Oligometastatic breast cancer treated with curative-intent stereotactic body radiation therapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 115(3):601–608. doi:10.1007/s10549-008-0157-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moon SK, Kim YS, Kim SY, Lee MJ, Keum HS, Kim SJ, Youn SM (2010) A dosimetric analysis of imrt and multistatic fields techniques for left breast radiotherapy. Med Dosim. doi:10.1016/j.meddos.2010.05.003

  • Morrow M, Strom EA, Bassett LW, Dershaw DD, Fowble B, Giuliano A, Harris JR, O’Malley F, Schnitt SJ, Singletary SE, Winchester DP (2002) Standard for breast conservation therapy in the management of invasive breast carcinoma. CA Cancer J Clin 52(5):277–300

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Offersen BV, Overgaard M, Kroman N, Overgaard J (2009) Accelerated partial breast irradiation as part of breast conserving therapy of early breast carcinoma: a systematic review. Radiother Oncol 90(1):1–13. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2008.08.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okaro AC, Durkin DJ, Layer GT, Kissin MW, Karanjia ND (2005) Hepatic resection for breast cancer metastases. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 87(3):167–170. doi:10.1308/1478708051711

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osborn M (1987) Breast development and anatomy. Breast disease. Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Overgaard M, Hansen PS, Overgaard J, Rose C, Andersson M, Bach F, Kjaer M, Gadeberg CC, Mouridsen HT, Jensen MB, Zedeler K (1997) Postoperative radiotherapy in high-risk premenopausal women with breast cancer who receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Danish breast cancer cooperative group 82b trial. N Engl J Med 337(14):949–955. doi:10.1056/NEJM199710023371401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Overgaard M, Jensen MB, Overgaard J, Hansen PS, Rose C, Andersson M, Kamby C, Kjaer M, Gadeberg CC, Rasmussen BB, Blichert-Toft M, Mouridsen HT (1999) Postoperative radiotherapy in high-risk postmenopausal breast-cancer patients given adjuvant tamoxifen: Danish breast cancer cooperative group DBCG 82c randomised trial. Lancet 353(9165):1641–1648. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09201-0

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Overgaard M, Nielsen HM, Overgaard J (2007) Is the benefit of postmastectomy irradiation limited to patients with four or more positive nodes, as recommended in international consensus reports? A subgroup analysis of the DBCG 82 b&c randomized trials. Radiother Oncol 82(3):247–253. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2007.02.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, Dempsey RJ, Mohiuddin M, Kryscio RJ, Markesbery WR, Foon KA, Young B (1998) Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized trial. JAMA 280(17):1485–1489. doi:10.1001/jama.280.17.1485

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pentheroudakis G, Lazaridis G, Pavlidis N (2010) Axillary nodal metastases from carcinoma of unknown primary (cupax): a systematic review of published evidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 119(1):1–11. doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0554-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce LJ, Phillips KA, Griffith KA, Buys S, Gaffney DK, Moran MS, Haffty BG, Ben-David M, Kaufman B, Garber JE, Merajver SD, Balmana J, Meirovitz A, Domchek SM (2010) Local therapy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with operable breast cancer: comparison of breast conservation and mastectomy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 121(2):389–398. doi:10.1007/s10549-010-0894-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinero-Madrona A, Nicolas-Ruiz F, Galindo-Fernandez PJ, Illana-Moreno J, Canteras-Jordana M, Parrilla-Paricio P (2007) Technical features of interest in lymphatic basin localization in breast cancer sentinel lymph node biopsy. Cir Esp 81(5):264–268. 13101822[pii]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pocard M, Pouillart P, Asselain B, Falcou MC, Salmon RJ (2001) hepatic resection for breast cancer metastases: results and prognosis (65 cases). Ann Chir 126(5):413–420. S0003394401005260[pii]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poortmans P (2007) Evidence based radiation oncology: breast cancer. Radiother Oncol 84(1):84–101. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2007.06.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poortmans PM, Venselaar JL, Struikmans H, Hurkmans CW, Davis JB, Huyskens D, van Tienhoven G, Vlaun V, Lagendijk JJ, Mijnheer BJ, De Winter KA, Van der Hulst MH, Van den Bogaert WF (2001) The potential impact of treatment variations on the results of radiotherapy of the internal mammary lymph node chain: a quality-assurance report on the dummy run of EORTC phase III randomized trial 22922/10925 in stage I–III breast cancer(1). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 49(5):1399–1408. S0360301600015492[pii]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poortmans P, Kouloulias VE, Venselaar JL, Struikmans H, Davis JB, Huyskens D, van Tienhoven G, Hurkmans C, Mijnheer B, Van den Bogaert W (2003) Quality assurance of EORTC trial 22922/10925 investigating the role of internal mammary–medial supraclavicular irradiation in stage I-III breast cancer: the individual case review. Eur J Cancer 39(14):2035–2042. S0959804903004556[pii]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poortmans P, Bartelink H, Horiot JC, Struikmans H, Van den Bogaert W, Fourquet A, Jager J, Hoogenraad W, Rodrigus P, Warlam-Rodenhuis C, Collette L, Pierart M (2004) The influence of the boost technique on local control in breast conserving treatment in the EORTC ‘boost versus no boost’ randomised trial. Radiother Oncol 72(1):25–33. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2004.03.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ragaz J, Olivotto IA, Spinelli JJ, Phillips N, Jackson SM, Wilson KS, Knowling MA, Coppin CM, Weir L, Gelmon K, Le N, Durand R, Coldman AJ, Manji M (2005) Locoregional radiation therapy in patients with high-risk breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: 20-year results of the british columbia randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(2):116–126. doi:10.1093/jnci/djh297

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapiti E, Verkooijen HM, Vlastos G, Fioretta G, Neyroud-Caspar I, Sappino AP, Chappuis PO, Bouchardy C (2006) Complete excision of primary breast tumor improves survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer at diagnosis. J Clin Oncol 24(18):2743–2749. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.2226

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reed VK, Cavalcanti JL, Strom EA, Perkins GH, Oh JL, Tereffe W, Yu TK, Yeung H, Whitman GJ, Bedrosian I, Macapinlac HA, Buchholz TA, Woodward WA (2008) Risk of subclinical micrometastatic disease in the supraclavicular nodal bed according to the anatomic distribution in patients with advanced breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 71(2):435–440. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.10.025

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiterkamp J, Voogd AC, Bosscha K, Tjan-Heijnen VC, Ernst MF (2010) Impact of breast surgery on survival in patients with distant metastases at initial presentation: a systematic review of the literature. Breast Cancer Res Treat 120(1):9–16. doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0670-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitt SJ, Abner A, Gelman R, Connolly JL, Recht A, Duda RB, Eberlein TJ, Mayzel K, Silver B, Harris JR (1994) The relationship between microscopic margins of resection and the risk of local recurrence in patients with breast cancer treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy. Cancer 74(6):1746–1751

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahar KH, Buchholz TA, Delpassand E, Sahin AA, Ross MI, Ames FC, Kuerer HM, Feig BW, Meric-Bernstam F, Babiera GV, Singletary SE, Akins JS, Mirza NQ, Hunt KK (2005) Lower and central tumor location correlates with lymphoscintigraphy drainage to the internal mammary lymph nodes in breast carcinoma. Cancer 103(7):1323–1329. doi:10.1002/cncr.20914

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherry MM, Greco FA, Johnson DH, Hainsworth JD (1986) Metastatic breast cancer confined to the skeletal system. An indolent disease. Am J Med 81(3):381–386. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(86)90286-X

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sickles EA (1995) Management of probably benign breast lesions. Radiol Clin North Am 33(6):1123–1130

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith BD, Arthur DW, Buchholz TA, Haffty BG, Hahn CA, Hardenbergh PH, Julian TB, Marks LB, Todor DA, Vicini FA, Whelan TJ, White J, Wo JY, Harris JR (2009) Accelerated partial breast irradiation consensus statement from the american society for radiation oncology (astro). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 74(4):987–1001. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.02.031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Straver ME, Loo CE, Rutgers EJ, Oldenburg HS, Wesseling J, Vrancken Peeters MJ, Gilhuijs KG (2010a) MRI-model to guide the surgical treatment in breast cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ann Surg 251(4):701–707. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181c5dda3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straver ME, Meijnen P, van Tienhoven G, van de Velde CJ, Mansel RE, Bogaerts J, Duez N, Cataliotti L, Klinkenbijl JH, Westenberg HA, van der Mijle H, Snoj M, Hurkmans C, Rutgers EJ (2010b) Sentinel node identification rate and nodal involvement in the EORTC 10981–22023 amaros trial. Ann Surg Oncol 17(7):1854–1861. doi:10.1245/s10434-010-0945-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strom EA, Woodward WA, Katz A, Buchholz TA, Perkins GH, Jhingran A, Theriault R, Singletary E, Sahin A, McNeese MD (2005) Clinical investigation: regional nodal failure patterns in breast cancer patients treated with mastectomy without radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 63(5):1508–1513. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.05.044

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE, Valdes Olmos RA, Kroon BB (2001) Anatomy and physiology of lymphatic drainage of the breast from the perspective of sentinel node biopsy. J Am Coll Surg 192(3):399–409. S1072-7515(00)00776-6[pii]

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urban JA, Marjani MA (1971) Significance of internal mammary lymph node metastases in breast cancer. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 111(1):130–136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Broek N, van der Sangen MJ, van de Poll-Franse LV, van Beek MW, Nieuwenhuijzen GA, Voogd AC (2007) Margin status and the risk of local recurrence after breast-conserving treatment of lobular breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 105(1):63–68. doi:10.1007/s10549-006-9431-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Laan HP, Dolsma WV, Maduro JH, Korevaar EW, Hollander M, Langendijk JA (2007) Three-dimensional conformal simultaneously integrated boost technique for breast-conserving radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68(4):1018–1023. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.01.037

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Laan HP, Dolsma WV, Schilstra C, Korevaar EW, de Bock GH, Maduro JH, Langendijk JA (2010) Limited benefit of inversely optimised intensity modulation in breast conserving radiotherapy with simultaneously integrated boost. Radiother Oncol 94(3):307–312. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2010.01.024

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Zee J, van der Holt B, Rietveld PJ, Helle PA, Wijnmaalen AJ, van Putten WL, van Rhoon GC (1999) Reirradiation combined with hyperthermia in recurrent breast cancer results in a worthwhile local palliation. Br J Cancer 79(3–4):483–490. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6690075

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Mourik AM, Elkhuizen PH, Minkema D, Duppen JC, van Vliet-Vroegindeweij C (2010) Multiinstitutional study on target volume delineation variation in breast radiotherapy in the presence of guidelines. Radiother Oncol 94(3):286–291. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2010.01.009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veronesi U, Luini A, Galimberti V, Marchini S, Sacchini V, Rilke F (1990) Extent of metastatic axillary involvement in 1446 cases of breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 16(2):127–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voogd AC, Nielsen M, Peterse JL, Blichert-Toft M, Bartelink H, Overgaard M, van Tienhoven G, Andersen KW, Sylvester RJ, van Dongen JA (2001) Differences in risk factors for local and distant recurrence after breast-conserving therapy or mastectomy for stage I and II breast cancer: pooled results of two large european randomized trials. J Clin Oncol 19(6):1688–1697

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whelan TJ, Pignol JP, Levine MN, Julian JA, MacKenzie R, Parpia S, Shelley W, Grimard L, Bowen J, Lukka H, Perera F, Fyles A, Schneider K, Gulavita S, Freeman C (2010) Long-term results of hypofractionated radiation therapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 362(6):513–520. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1002985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitman GJ, Strom EA (2009) Workup and staging of locally advanced breast cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 19(4):211–221. doi:10.1016/j.semradonc.2009.05.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yarnold J, Bentzen SM, Coles C, Haviland J (2010) Hypofractionated whole-breast radiotherapy for women with early breast cancer: myths and realities. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.08.035

  • Yoshimoto M, Tada K, Nishimura S, Makita M, Iwase T, Kasumi F, Okumura S, Sato Y, Nakagawa K (2008) Favourable long-term results after surgical removal of lung metastases of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 110(3):485–491. doi:10.1007/s10549-007-9747-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Mr. Lionel Santibañez, from the Department of Scientific Publications, The University Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, as well as their colleagues for their support and providing clinical material and experience.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Elizabeth S. Bloom, Thomas A. Buchholz & Eric A. Strom

  2. Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute Verbeeten, Tilburg, The Netherlands

    Philip Poortmans

  3. Department of Radiation Oncology, Rigshospitalet/Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Marianne Aznar

Authors
  1. Elizabeth S. Bloom
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Philip Poortmans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marianne Aznar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Thomas A. Buchholz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Eric A. Strom
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elizabeth S. Bloom .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institutet Stockholm Sweden, MMC 436, Dept.of Oncol-Pathol Karolinska, Delaware St. SE 420, Minneapolis, 55455, Minnesota, USA

    Seymour H. Levitt

  2. UC Davis Cancer Center, Dept. Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, X Street 4501, Sacramento, 95817, California, USA

    James A. Purdy

  3. School of Medicine, Dept. Radiation Oncology, Washington University, Forest Park Ave. 4511, St. Louis, 63108-2138, Michigan, USA

    Carlos A. Perez

  4. Instituut Verbeeten, Tilburg, 5042 SB, Netherlands

    Philip Poortmans

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bloom, E.S., Poortmans, P., Aznar, M., Buchholz, T.A., Strom, E.A. (2011). Breast Cancer: Intact and Post Mastectomy. In: Levitt, S., Purdy, J., Perez, C., Poortmans, P. (eds) Technical Basis of Radiation Therapy. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2011_163

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2011_163

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-11571-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-11572-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation