Abstract
MRI uses a variety of different magnetic fields to produce images. These all interact with the body in some way. This chapter considers how they interact with the fetus in particular, and whether they pose any risk to the fetus. It also considers practical aspects of MR scanning that can cause problems for the mother or fetus.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Baker PN, Johnson IR, Harvey PR, Gowland PA, Mansfield P (1994) A 3-year follow-up of children imaged in-utero with echo-planar magnetic-resonance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170(1):32–33
Brunelli R, Masselli G, Gualdi G, De Spirito M, Aarasassi T, Perrone G, De Pratti V, Arpe SD, Anceschi MM (2008) Gadolinium-enhanced MRI mapping of placental perfusion in normal and IUGR pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 199(6):470
Clements H, Duncan KR, Fielding K, Gowland PA, Johnson IR, Baker PN (2000) Infants exposed to MRI inutero have a normal paediatric assessment at 9 months of age. Br J Radiol 73(866):190–194
Denegre JM, Valles JM, Lin K, Jordan WB, Mowry KL (1998) Cleavage planes in frog eggs are altered by strong magnetic fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(25):14729–14732
Duncan K, Baker PN, Johnson IR, Gowland P (1996) Treat patients with kindness during magnetic resonance imaging. Br Med J 312(7043):1421–1421
Edwards MJ (2006) Hyperthermia and fever during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 76(7):507–516
Etzel RA, Balk SJ, Bearer CF, Miller MD, Shea KM, Simon PR (1997) Noise: a hazard for the fetus and newborn. Pediatrics 100(4):724–727
Glover P, Hykin J, Gowland P, Wright J, Johnson I, Mansfield P (1995) An assessment of the intrauterine sound intensity level during obstetric echo-planar magnetic-resonance-imaging. Br J Radiol 68(814):1090–1094
Glover PM, Cavin I, Qian W, Bowtell R, Gowland PA (2007) Magnetic-field-induced vertigo: a theoretical and experimental investigation. Bioelectromagnetics 28(5):349–361
Gowland PA, De Wilde J (2008) Temperature increase in the fetus due to radio frequency exposure during magnetic resonance scanning. Phys Med Biol 53(21):L15–L18
Hand JW, Li Y, Thomas EL, Rutherford MA, Hajnal JV (2006) Prediction of specific absorption rate in mother and fetus associated with MRI examinations during pregnancy. Magn Reson Med 55(4):883–893
Hand JW, Li Y, Hajnal JV (2010) Numerical study of RF exposure and the resulting temperature rise in the foetus during a magnetic resonance procedure. Phys Med Biol 55(4):913–930
HPA (2008) Static magnetic fields (RCE-6). HPA-Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation, Chilton
ICNIRP (2009a) Guidelines on limits of exposure to static magnetic fields. Health Phys 96(4):504–514
ICNIRP (2009b) Amendment to the ICNIRP “Statement on medical magnetic resonance (MR) procedures: protection of patients”. Health Phys 97(3):259–261
Juutilainen J (2005) Developmental effects of electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics Suppl 7:S107–S115
Kanal E, Gillen J, Evans JA, Savitz DA, Shellock FG (1993) Survey of reproductive health among female MR workers. Radiology 187(2):395–399
Kanal E, Borgstede JP, Barkovich AJ, Bell C, Bradley WG, Felmlee JP, Froelich JW, Kaminski EM, Keeler EK, Lester JW, Scoumis EA, Zaremba LA, Zinninger MD (2002) American College of Radiology white paper on MR safety. Am J Roentgenol 178:1335–1347
Kanal E, Borgstede JP, Barkovich AJ, Bell C, Bradley WG, Etheridge S, Felmlee JP, Froelich JW, Hayden J, Kaminski EM, Lester JW, Scoumis EA, Zaremba LA, Zinninger MD (2004) American College of Radiology White Paper on MR Safety.2004 Updates and Revisions. Am J Roentgenol 182(5):1111–1114
Kinouchi Y, Yamaguchi H, Tenforde TS (1996) Theoretical analysis of magnetic field interactions with aortic blood flow. Bioelectromagnetics 17(1):21–32
Kok RD, de Vries MM, Heerschap A, van den Berg PP (2004) Absence of harmful effects of magnetic resonance exposure at 1.5 T inutero during the third trimester of pregnancy: a follow-up study. Magn Reson Imaging 22(6):851–854
Levine D, Zuo C, Faro CB, Chen Q (2001) Potential heating effect in the gravid uterus during MR HASTE imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 13(6):856–861
Marsal K, Lindblad A, Lingman G, Eiknes SH (1984) Blood-flow in the fetal descending aorta – intrinsic-factors affecting fetal blood-flow, i.e. fetal breathing movements and cardiac-arrhythmia. Ultrasound Med Biol 10(3):339–348
Michel SCA, Rake A, Keller TM, Huch R, Konig V, Seifert B, Marincek B, Kubik-Huch RA (2003) Fetal cardiographic monitoring during 1.5-T MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol 180(4):1159–1164
Myers C, Duncan KR, Gowland PA, Johnson IR, Baker PN (1998) Failure to detect intrauterine growth restriction following inutero exposure to MRI. Br J Radiol 71(845):549–551
Nakahara T, Yaguchi H, Yoshida M, Miyakoshi J (2002) Effects of exposure of CHO-K1 cells to a 10 T static magnetic field. Radiology 224(3):817–822
Poutamo J, Partanen K, Vanninen R, Vainio P, Kirkinen P (1998) MRI does not change fetal cardiotocographic parameters. Prenat Diagn 18(11):1149–1154
Richards DS, Frentzen B, Gerhardt KJ, McCann ME, Abrams RM (1992) Sound levels in the human uterus. Obstet Gynecol 80(2):186–190
Shamsi S, Wu DG, Chen J, Liu R, Kainz W (2006) SAR evaluation of pregnant woman models in 64 MHz MRI birdcage coil. IEEE MTT S Int Microw Symp Dig 1–5:225–228
Vadeyar SH, Moore RJ, Strachan BK, Gowland PA, Shakespeare SA, James DK, Johnson IR, Baker PN (2000) Effect of fetal magnetic resonance imaging on fetal heart rate patterns. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182(3):666–669
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gowland, P. (2010). Safety of Fetal MRI Scanning. In: Prayer, D. (eds) Fetal MRI. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2010_122
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2010_122
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-73270-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-73271-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)