Abstract
Brown adipose tissue aging and the concomitant loss of thermogenic capacity have been linked to an inability to maintain normal energy homeostasis in late life. Similarly, the ability of white fat to convert into brite/beige adipose tissue declines. This may ultimately exacerbate the progression of age-related metabolic pathologies, such as insulin resistance and obesity. The depletion of all types of brown adipocytes during aging is well-established and has been described in rodent models as well as humans. We here review the available literature on the potential mechanisms leading to cell-autonomous and microenvironment-related aspects of brown adipocyte dysfunction. Among these, cellular senescence, mitochondrial impairment, and deteriorating changes to the local and endocrine microenvironments have been proposed. An important goal of aging research is to develop approaches that may not only extend life expectancy but also prolong health-span. These efforts may also be aimed at maintaining metabolic health throughout life by targeting brown adipocyte function.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alvarez-Rodriguez L, Lopez-Hoyos M, Munoz-Cacho P et al (2012) Aging is associated with circulating cytokine dysregulation. Cell Immunol 273:124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.01.001
Araki S, Okazaki M, Goto S (2004) Impaired lipid metabolism in aged mice as revealed by fasting-induced expression of apolipoprotein mRNAs in the liver and changes in serum lipids. Gerontology 50:206–215. https://doi.org/10.1159/000078349
Atlantis E, Martin SA, Haren MT et al (2008) Lifestyle factors associated with age-related differences in body composition: the Florey Adelaide Male Aging Study. Am J Clin Nutr 88:95–104
Bahler L, Verberne HJ, Admiraal WM et al (2016) Differences in sympathetic nervous stimulation of brown adipose tissue between the young and old, and the lean and obese. J Nucl Med 57:372–377. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.115.165829
Baker DJ, Wijshake T, Tchkonia T et al (2011) Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders. Nature 479:232–236. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10600
Bakker LE, Boon MR, van der Linden RA et al (2014) Brown adipose tissue volume in healthy lean south Asian adults compared with white Caucasians: a prospective, case-controlled observational study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2:210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70156-6
Bal NC, Maurya SK, Sopariwala DH et al (2012) Sarcolipin is a newly identified regulator of muscle-based thermogenesis in mammals. Nat Med 18:1575–1579. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2897
Barbatelli G, Murano I, Madsen L et al (2010) The emergence of cold-induced brown adipocytes in mouse white fat depots is determined predominantly by white to brown adipocyte transdifferentiation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 298:E1244–E1253. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00600.2009
Bargut TC, Silva-e-Silva AC, Souza-Mello V et al (2016) Mice fed fish oil diet and upregulation of brown adipose tissue thermogenic markers. Eur J Nutr 55:159–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0834-0
Baylis D, Bartlett DB, Patel HP et al (2013) Understanding how we age: insights into inflammaging. Longev Healthspan 2:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-2395-2-8
Bazzocchi A, Diano D, Ponti F et al (2013) Health and ageing: a cross-sectional study of body composition. Clin Nutr 32:569–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2012.10.004
Berry DC, Jiang Y, Arpke RW et al (2016) Cellular aging contributes to failure of cold-induced beige adipocyte formation in old mice and humans. Cell Metab. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.10.023
Bordicchia M, Liu D, Amri EZ et al (2012) Cardiac natriuretic peptides act via p38 MAPK to induce the brown fat thermogenic program in mouse and human adipocytes. J Clin Invest 122:1022–1036. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI59701
Brendle C, Werner MK, Schmadl M et al (2018) Correlation of brown adipose tissue with other body fat compartments and patient characteristics: a retrospective analysis in a large patient cohort using PET/CT. Acad Radiol 25:102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2017.09.007
Cannon B, Nedergaard J (2004) Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiol Rev 84:277–359. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00015.2003
Cao W, Medvedev AV, Daniel KW et al (2001) Beta-adrenergic activation of p38 MAP kinase in adipocytes: cAMP induction of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene requires p38 MAP kinase. J Biol Chem 276:27077–27082. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M101049200
Caso G, McNurlan MA, Mileva I et al (2013) Peripheral fat loss and decline in adipogenesis in older humans. Metabolism 62:337–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2012.08.007
Chao PT, Yang L, Aja S et al (2011) Knockdown of NPY expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus promotes development of brown adipocytes and prevents diet-induced obesity. Cell Metab 13:573–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.019
Chavey C, Mari B, Monthouel MN et al (2003) Matrix metalloproteinases are differentially expressed in adipose tissue during obesity and modulate adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 278:11888–11896. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M209196200
Chouchani ET, Kazak L, Jedrychowski MP et al (2016) Mitochondrial ROS regulate thermogenic energy expenditure and sulfenylation of UCP1. Nature 532:112–116. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17399. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7597/abs/nature17399.html#supplementary-information
Chumlea WC, Guo SS, Kuczmarski RJ et al (2002) Body composition estimates from NHANES III bioelectrical impedance data. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26:1596–1609. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802167
Craft CS, Pietka TA, Schappe T et al (2014) The extracellular matrix protein MAGP1 supports thermogenesis and protects against obesity and diabetes through regulation of TGF-beta. Diabetes 63:1920–1932. https://doi.org/10.2337/db13-1604
Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G et al (2009) Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med 360:1509–1517. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810780
Cypess AM, Weiner LS, Roberts-Toler C et al (2015) Activation of human brown adipose tissue by a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist. Cell Metab 21:33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2014.12.009
Doyle AG, Herbein G, Montaner LJ et al (1994) Interleukin-13 alters the activation state of murine macrophages in vitro: comparison with interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma. Eur J Immunol 24:1441–1445. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830240630
Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL et al (2006) Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification. Cell 126:677–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.044
Epel ES, Merkin SS, Cawthon R et al (2008) The rate of leukocyte telomere shortening predicts mortality from cardiovascular disease in elderly men. Aging 1:81–88. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100007
Fabbiano S, Suarez-Zamorano N, Rigo D et al (2016) Caloric restriction leads to browning of white adipose tissue through type 2 immune signaling. Cell Metab 24:434–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.023
Fischer K, Ruiz HH, Jhun K et al (2017) Alternatively activated macrophages do not synthesize catecholamines or contribute to adipose tissue adaptive thermogenesis. Nat Med 23:623. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4316
Florez-Duquet M, McDonald RB (1998) Cold-induced thermoregulation and biological aging. Physiol Rev 78:339–358
Florez-Duquet M, Horwitz BA, McDonald RB (1998) Cellular proliferation and UCP content in brown adipose tissue of cold-exposed aging Fischer 344 rats. Am J Phys 274:R196–R203
Gabaldon AM, Florez-Duquet ML, Hamilton JS et al (1995) Effects of age and gender on brown fat and skeletal muscle metabolic responses to cold in F344 rats. Am J Phys 268:R931–R941. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.4.R931
Gabaldon AM, Gavel DA, Hamilton JS et al (2003) Norepinephrine release in brown adipose tissue remains robust in cold-exposed senescent Fischer 344 rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 285:R91–R98. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00494.2002
Gordon S, Taylor PR (2005) Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity. Nat Rev Immunol 5:953–964. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1733
Guo W, Pirtskhalava T, Tchkonia T et al (2007) Aging results in paradoxical susceptibility of fat cell progenitors to lipotoxicity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 292:E1041–E1051. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00557.2006
Harman D (1988) Free radicals in aging. Mol Cell Biochem 84:155–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421050
Heaton JM (1972) The distribution of brown adipose tissue in the human. J Anat 112:35–39
Heaton GM, Wagenvoord RJ, Kemp A Jr et al (1978) Brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria: photoaffinity labelling of the regulatory site of energy dissipation. Eur J Biochem 82:515–521
Himms-Hagen J, Melnyk A, Zingaretti MC et al (2000) Multilocular fat cells in WAT of CL-316243-treated rats derive directly from white adipocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 279:C670–C681
Ishibashi J, Seale P (2010) Medicine. Beige can be slimming. Science 328:1113–1114. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1190816
Jones PP, Davy KP, Alexander S et al (1997) Age-related increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity is associated with abdominal adiposity. Am J Phys 272:E976–E980. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.6.E976
Kawate R, Talan MI, Engel BT (1993) Aged C57BL/6J mice respond to cold with increased sympathetic nervous activity in interscapular brown adipose tissue. J Gerontol 48:B180–B183. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/48.5.B180
Kazak L, Chouchani ET, Jedrychowski MP et al (2015) A creatine-driven substrate cycle enhances energy expenditure and thermogenesis in beige fat. Cell 163:643–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.035
Keipert S, Kutschke M, Ost M et al (2017) Long-term cold adaptation does not require FGF21 or UCP1. Cell Metab 26:437–446 e435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.07.016
Kirkland JL, Hollenberg CH, Kindler S et al (1994) Effects of age and anatomic site on preadipocyte number in rat fat depots. J Gerontol 49:B31–B35
Kirkland JL, Tchkonia T, Pirtskhalava T et al (2002) Adipogenesis and aging: does aging make fat go MAD? Exp Gerontol 37:757–767
Koksharova E, Ustyuzhanin D, Philippov Y et al (2017) The relationship between brown adipose tissue content in supraclavicular fat depots and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 19:96–102. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2016.0360
Kontani Y, Wang Y, Kimura K et al (2005) UCP1 deficiency increases susceptibility to diet-induced obesity with age. Aging Cell 4:147–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2005.00157.x
Kuk JL, Saunders TJ, Davidson LE et al (2009) Age-related changes in total and regional fat distribution. Ageing Res Rev 8:339–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2009.06.001
Kusminski CM, Shetty S, Orci L et al (2009) Diabetes and apoptosis: lipotoxicity. Apoptosis 14:1484–1495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-009-0352-8
Kyle UG, Genton L, Hans D et al (2001) Age-related differences in fat-free mass, skeletal muscle, body cell mass and fat mass between 18 and 94 years. Eur J Clin Nutr 55:663–672. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601198
Lapointe J, Hekimi S (2010) When a theory of aging ages badly. Cell Mol Life Sci 67:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0138-8
Lee YH, Petkova AP, Mottillo EP et al (2012) In vivo identification of bipotential adipocyte progenitors recruited by beta3-adrenoceptor activation and high-fat feeding. Cell Metab 15:480–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2012.03.009
Liu D, Hornsby PJ (2007) Senescent human fibroblasts increase the early growth of xenograft tumors via matrix metalloproteinase secretion. Cancer Res 67:3117–3126. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3452
Liu J, Divoux A, Sun J et al (2009) Genetic deficiency and pharmacological stabilization of mast cells reduce diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Nat Med 15:940–945. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.1994
Lumeng CN, Bodzin JL, Saltiel AR (2007) Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. J Clin Invest 117:175–184. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI29881
Lumeng CN, Liu J, Geletka L et al (2011) Aging is associated with an increase in T cells and inflammatory macrophages in visceral adipose tissue. J Immunol 187:6208–6216. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1102188
Ma X, Xu L, Gavrilova O et al (2014) Role of forkhead box protein A3 in age-associated metabolic decline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:14289–14294. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407640111
Maryanovich M, Zahalka AH, Pierce H et al (2018) Adrenergic nerve degeneration in bone marrow drives aging of the hematopoietic stem cell niche. Nat Med. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0030-x
Mattson MP (2010) Perspective: does brown fat protect against diseases of aging? Ageing Res Rev 9:69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2009.11.004
McDonald RB, Horwitz BA (1999) Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis during aging and senescence. J Bioenerg Biomembr 31:507–516
McDonald RB, Horwitz BA, Hamilton JS et al (1988) Cold- and norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis in younger and older Fischer 344 rats. Am J Phys 254:R457–R462
McDonald RB, Day C, Carlson K et al (1989) Effect of age and gender on thermoregulation. Am J Phys 257:R700–R704
McNelis JC, Olefsky JM (2014) Macrophages, immunity, and metabolic disease. Immunity 41:36–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.010
Moisan A, Lee YK, Zhang JD et al (2015) White-to-brown metabolic conversion of human adipocytes by JAK inhibition. Nat Cell Biol 17:57–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb3075
Mori MA, Raghavan P, Thomou T et al (2012) Role of microRNA processing in adipose tissue in stress defense and longevity. Cell Metab 16:336–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2012.07.017
Mori MA, Thomou T, Boucher J et al (2014) Altered miRNA processing disrupts brown/white adipocyte determination and associates with lipodystrophy. J Clin Invest 124:3339–3351. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI73468
Nedergaard J, Cannon B (2010) The changed metabolic world with human brown adipose tissue: therapeutic visions. Cell Metab 11:268–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2010.03.007
Nedergaard J, Bengtsson T, Cannon B (2007) Unexpected evidence for active brown adipose tissue in adult humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293:E444–E452. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00691.2006
Nguyen KD, Qiu Y, Cui X et al (2011) Alternatively activated macrophages produce catecholamines to sustain adaptive thermogenesis. Nature 480:104–108. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10653
Nisoli E, Briscini L, Tonello C et al (1997) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces apoptosis in rat brown adipocytes. Cell Death Differ 4:771–778. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4400292
Nisoli E, Briscini L, Giordano A et al (2000) Tumor necrosis factor alpha mediates apoptosis of brown adipocytes and defective brown adipocyte function in obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:8033–8038
Ohmura K, Ishimori N, Ohmura Y et al (2010) Natural killer T cells are involved in adipose tissues inflammation and glucose intolerance in diet-induced obese mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30:193–199. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.198614
Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Fukano K, Tsubota A et al (2017) Cell-cycle arrest in mature adipocytes impairs BAT development but not WAT browning, and reduces adaptive thermogenesis in mice. Sci Rep 7:6648. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07206-8
Petrovic N, Walden TB, Shabalina IG et al (2010) Chronic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) activation of epididymally derived white adipocyte cultures reveals a population of thermogenically competent, UCP1-containing adipocytes molecularly distinct from classic brown adipocytes. J Biol Chem 285:7153–7164. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.053942
Pfannenberg C, Werner MK, Ripkens S et al (2010) Impact of age on the relationships of brown adipose tissue with sex and adiposity in humans. Diabetes 59:1789–1793. https://doi.org/10.2337/db10-0004
Ramage LE, Akyol M, Fletcher AM et al (2016) Glucocorticoids acutely increase brown adipose tissue activity in humans, revealing species-specific differences in UCP-1 regulation. Cell Metab 24:130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.011
Rodeheffer MS, Birsoy K, Friedman JM (2008) Identification of white adipocyte progenitor cells in vivo. Cell 135:240–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.036
Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Pujol E, Justo R et al (2002) Sex-dependent thermogenesis, differences in mitochondrial morphology and function, and adrenergic response in brown adipose tissue. J Biol Chem 277:42958–42963. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M207229200
Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Monjo M, Frontera M et al (2007) Sex steroid receptor expression profile in brown adipose tissue. Effects of hormonal status. Cell Physiol Biochem 20:877–886. https://doi.org/10.1159/000110448
Rogers NH, Landa A, Park S et al (2012) Aging leads to a programmed loss of brown adipocytes in murine subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Aging Cell 11:1074–1083. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12010
Rosenwald M, Perdikari A, Rulicke T et al (2013) Bi-directional interconversion of brite and white adipocytes. Nat Cell Biol 15:659–667. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2740
Sahin E, Colla S, Liesa M et al (2011) Telomere dysfunction induces metabolic and mitochondrial compromise. Nature 470:359–365. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09787
Saito M, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Matsushita M et al (2009) High incidence of metabolically active brown adipose tissue in healthy adult humans: effects of cold exposure and adiposity. Diabetes 58:1526–1531. https://doi.org/10.2337/db09-0530
Sakamoto T, Takahashi N, Sawaragi Y et al (2013) Inflammation induced by RAW macrophages suppresses UCP1 mRNA induction via ERK activation in 10T1/2 adipocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 304:C729–C738. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00312.2012
Scarpace PJ, Mooradian AD, Morley JE (1988) Age-associated decrease in beta-adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase activity in rat brown adipose tissue. J Gerontol 43:B65–B70
Scarpace PJ, Matheny M, Bender BS et al (1992) Impaired febrile response with age: role of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 200:353–358
Schafer MJ, White TA, Evans G et al (2016) Exercise prevents diet-induced cellular senescence in adipose tissue. Diabetes 65:1606–1615. https://doi.org/10.2337/db15-0291
Schulz TJ, Zarse K, Voigt A et al (2007) Glucose restriction extends Caenorhabditis elegans life span by inducing mitochondrial respiration and increasing oxidative stress. Cell Metab 6:280–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2007.08.011
Schulz TJ, Huang TL, Tran TT et al (2011) Identification of inducible brown adipocyte progenitors residing in skeletal muscle and white fat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:143–148. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010929108
Seals DR, Bell C (2004) Chronic sympathetic activation: consequence and cause of age-associated obesity? Diabetes 53:276–284
Seals DR, Esler MD (2000) Human ageing and the sympathoadrenal system. J Physiol 528:407–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00407.x
Sellayah D, Sikder D (2014) Orexin restores aging-related brown adipose tissue dysfunction in male mice. Endocrinology 155:485–501. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1629
Shan T, Liu W, Kuang S (2013) Fatty acid binding protein 4 expression marks a population of adipocyte progenitors in white and brown adipose tissues. FASEB J 27:277–287. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.12-211516
Shao M, Ishibashi J, Kusminski CM et al (2016) Zfp423 maintains white adipocyte identity through suppression of the beige cell thermogenic gene program. Cell Metab 23:1167–1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.023
Sherratt MJ (2009) Tissue elasticity and the ageing elastic fibre. Age (Dordr) 31:305–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-009-9103-6
Singer K, Morris DL, Oatmen KE et al (2013) Neuropeptide Y is produced by adipose tissue macrophages and regulates obesity-induced inflammation. PLoS One 8:e57929. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057929
Slawik M, Vidal-Puig AJ (2006) Lipotoxicity, overnutrition and energy metabolism in aging. Ageing Res Rev 5:144–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2006.03.004
Soumano K, Desbiens S, Rabelo R et al (2000) Glucocorticoids inhibit the transcriptional response of the uncoupling protein-1 gene to adrenergic stimulation in a brown adipose cell line. Mol Cell Endocrinol 165:7–15
Sprenger CC, Plymate SR, Reed MJ (2010) Aging-related alterations in the extracellular matrix modulate the microenvironment and influence tumor progression. Int J Cancer 127:2739–2748. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25615
Steculorum SM, Ruud J, Karakasilioti I et al (2016) AgRP neurons control systemic insulin sensitivity via myostatin expression in brown adipose tissue. Cell 165:125–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.044
Stein M, Keshav S, Harris N et al (1992) Interleukin 4 potently enhances murine macrophage mannose receptor activity: a marker of alternative immunologic macrophage activation. J Exp Med 176:287–292
St-Onge MP, Gallagher D (2010) Body composition changes with aging: the cause or the result of alterations in metabolic rate and macronutrient oxidation? Nutrition 26:152–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2009.07.004
St-Pierre J, Drori S, Uldry M et al (2006) Suppression of reactive oxygen species and neurodegeneration by the PGC-1 transcriptional coactivators. Cell 127:397–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.024
Sun K, Kusminski CM, Scherer PE (2011) Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity. J Clin Invest 121:2094–2101. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI45887
Tchkonia T, Pirtskhalava T, Thomou T et al (2007) Increased TNFalpha and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein with aging predispose preadipocytes to resist adipogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293:E1810–E1819. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00295.2007
Tchkonia T, Thomou T, Zhu Y et al (2013) Mechanisms and metabolic implications of regional differences among fat depots. Cell Metab 17:644–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.008
Terzi MY, Izmirli M, Gogebakan B (2016) The cell fate: senescence or quiescence. Mol Biol Rep 43:1213–1220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-016-4065-0
Thuzar M, Law WP, Ratnasingam J et al (2017) Glucocorticoids suppress brown adipose tissue function in humans: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Obes Metab 20:840. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13157
Valle A, Guevara R, Garcia-Palmer FJ et al (2008a) Caloric restriction retards the age-related decline in mitochondrial function of brown adipose tissue. Rejuvenation Res 11:597–604. https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2007.0626
Valle A, Santandreu FM, Garcia-Palmer FJ et al (2008b) The serum levels of 17beta-estradiol, progesterone and triiodothyronine correlate with brown adipose tissue thermogenic parameters during aging. Cell Physiol Biochem 22:337–346. https://doi.org/10.1159/000149812
van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM et al (2009) Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J Med 360:1500–1508. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808718
Virtanen KA, Lidell ME, Orava J et al (2009) Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. N Engl J Med 360:1518–1525. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808949
Vishvanath L, MacPherson KA, Hepler C et al (2016) Pdgfrbeta(+) mural preadipocytes contribute to adipocyte hyperplasia induced by high-fat-diet feeding and prolonged cold exposure in adult mice. Cell Metab 23:350–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.018
Visser M, Pahor M, Tylavsky F et al (2003) One- and two-year change in body composition as measured by DXA in a population-based cohort of older men and women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 94:2368–2374. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00124.2002
Wallace DC (1999) Mitochondrial diseases in man and mouse. Science 283:1482–1488
Weiskopf D, Weinberger B, Grubeck-Loebenstein B (2009) The aging of the immune system. Transpl Int 22:1041–1050. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00927.x
Wiley CD, Velarde MC, Lecot P et al (2016) Mitochondrial dysfunction induces senescence with a distinct secretory phenotype. Cell Metab 23:303–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.11.011
World Health Organization (2015) Ageing and health. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs404/en/
World Health Organization (2017) Obesity and overweight. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
Wu J, Bostrom P, Sparks LM et al (2012) Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell 150:366–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.016
Wynn TA (2007) Common and unique mechanisms regulate fibrosis in various fibroproliferative diseases. J Clin Invest 117:524–529. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI31487
Xu M, Palmer AK, Ding H et al (2015) Targeting senescent cells enhances adipogenesis and metabolic function in old age. elife 4:e12997. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12997
Yadav H, Quijano C, Kamaraju AK et al (2011) Protection from obesity and diabetes by blockade of TGF-beta/Smad3 signaling. Cell Metab 14:67–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2011.04.013
Yoneshiro T, Aita S, Matsushita M et al (2011) Age-related decrease in cold-activated brown adipose tissue and accumulation of body fat in healthy humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 19:1755–1760. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.125
Yoneshiro T, Aita S, Matsushita M et al (2013) Recruited brown adipose tissue as an antiobesity agent in humans. J Clin Invest 123:3404–3408. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI67803
Yu GL, Bradley JD, Attardi LD et al (1990) In vivo alteration of telomere sequences and senescence caused by mutated tetrahymena telomerase RNAs. Nature 344:126–132. https://doi.org/10.1038/344126a0
Yu S, Qualls-Creekmore E, Rezai-Zadeh K et al (2016) Glutamatergic preoptic area neurons that express leptin receptors drive temperature-dependent body weight homeostasis. J Neurosci 36:5034–5046. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0213-16.2016
Zhu Y, Tchkonia T, Pirtskhalava T et al (2015) The Achilles’ heel of senescent cells: from transcriptome to senolytic drugs. Aging Cell 14:644–658. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12344
Zingaretti MC, Crosta F, Vitali A et al (2009) The presence of UCP1 demonstrates that metabolically active adipose tissue in the neck of adult humans truly represents brown adipose tissue. FASEB J 23:3113–3120. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.09-133546
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC-StG 311082), the Emmy Noether Program of the German Research Foundation (DFG; grant SCHU 2445/2-1), and a grant from the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the State of Brandenburg (DZD grant 82DZD00302).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Graja, A., Gohlke, S., Schulz, T.J. (2018). Aging of Brown and Beige/Brite Adipose Tissue. In: Pfeifer, A., Klingenspor, M., Herzig, S. (eds) Brown Adipose Tissue. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 251. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2018_151
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2018_151
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-10512-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-10513-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)