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Evolutionary History of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

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Voltage-gated Sodium Channels: Structure, Function and Channelopathies

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 246))

Abstract

Every cell within living organisms actively maintains an intracellular Na+ concentration that is 10–12 times lower than the extracellular concentration. The cells then utilize this transmembrane Na+ concentration gradient as a driving force to produce electrical signals, sometimes in the form of action potentials. The protein family comprising voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) is essential for such signaling and enables cells to change their status in a regenerative manner and to rapidly communicate with one another. NaVs were first predicted in squid and were later identified through molecular biology in the electric eel. Since then, these proteins have been discovered in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Recent research has succeeded in decoding the amino acid sequences of a wide variety of NaV family members, as well as the three-dimensional structures of some. These studies and others have uncovered several of the major steps in the functional and structural transition of NaV proteins that has occurred along the course of the evolutionary history of organisms. Here we present an overview of the molecular evolutionary innovations that established present-day NaV α subunits and discuss their contribution to the evolutionary changes in animal bodies.

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Acknowledgments

Drs. Patrick Lemaire, Hiroki Nishida, and Hitoshi Sawada allowed us to utilize genome datasets from ascidians, Halocynthia roretzi and H. aurantium, before the publication of the data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan

    Atsuo Nishino

  2. Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan

    Yasushi Okamura

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  1. Atsuo Nishino
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  2. Yasushi Okamura
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Correspondence to Atsuo Nishino .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. CERVO Brain Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale, Quebec, Canada

    Mohamed Chahine

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Nishino, A., Okamura, Y. (2017). Evolutionary History of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels. In: Chahine, M. (eds) Voltage-gated Sodium Channels: Structure, Function and Channelopathies. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 246. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2017_70

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