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Multiscale View of Cytoskeletal Mechanoregulation of Cell and Tissue Polarity

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The Actin Cytoskeleton

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 235))

Abstract

The ability of cells to generate, maintain, and repair tissues with complex architecture, in which distinct cells function as coherent units, relies on polarity cues. Polarity can be described as an asymmetry along a defined axis, manifested at the molecular, structural, and functional levels. Several types of cell and tissue polarities were described in the literature, including front-back, apical-basal, anterior–posterior, and left-right polarity. Extensive research provided insights into the specific regulators of each polarization process, as well as into generic elements that affect all types of polarities. The actin cytoskeleton and the associated adhesion structures are major regulators of most, if not all, known forms of polarity. Actin filaments exhibit intrinsic polarity and their ability to bind many proteins including the mechanosensitive adhesion and motor proteins, such as myosins, play key roles in cell polarization. The actin cytoskeleton can generate mechanical forces and together with the associated adhesions, probe the mechanical, structural, and chemical properties of the environment, and transmit signals that impact numerous biological processes, including cell polarity. In this article we highlight novel mechanisms whereby the mechanical forces and actin-adhesion complexes regulate cell and tissue polarity in a variety of natural and experimental systems.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to E. Fuchs for providing Celsr1 antibody. C.L. is supported by a grant from the I-CORE Gene Regulation in Complex Human Disease, Center number 41/11, and the Israel Science Foundation grant number 1113/15. BG is the incumbent of the Erwin Netter Chair in cell and tumor biology and recipient of grants from the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust and the ERC SynAd project (Grant agreement No.: 294852)

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  1. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel

    Chen Luxenburg

  2. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel

    Benjamin Geiger

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  1. Chen Luxenburg
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  2. Benjamin Geiger
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Correspondence to Chen Luxenburg or Benjamin Geiger .

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  1. Cell Biology, Life Sciences, BRICS, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany

    Brigitte M. Jockusch

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© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

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Luxenburg, C., Geiger, B. (2016). Multiscale View of Cytoskeletal Mechanoregulation of Cell and Tissue Polarity. In: Jockusch, B. (eds) The Actin Cytoskeleton. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 235. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2016_34

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