Abstract
Microwave space-geodetic observations such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) or Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) are delayed in the neutral atmosphere. In order to improve the quality of these techniques for precise applications like reference frame realisation, we need to get more knowledge about the temporal and spatial refractivity variations in the neutrosphere. In addition to the annually to hourly long periodic variations, which can be considered within the adjustment process, micro-scale meteorological phenomena in the range of minutes to sub-seconds affect space-geodetic observations as well. Thus, induced phase fluctuations of wavefronts passing through the turbulent medium form a significant error source for electromagnetic wave propagation.In order to identify high-frequency atmospheric effects, we analysed 1 Hz high-rate GPS observations from the continuous operating GNSS station at the Geodetic Observatory Wettzell and derived post-fit carrier phase residuals for several days with a Kalman-Filter based Precise Point Positioning (PPP) approach. Since undifferenced carrier phase observations contain a superposition of several effects, the computed power-law behaviour of the residuals might not follow the theoretically predicted stochastical behaviour for refractivity fluctuations. Hence, the influence of multipath was identified. A residual stacking was performed, and the reduced residuals were analysed with regard to turbulence characteristics.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aarons J (1982) Global morphology of ionospheric scintillations. Proc IEEE 70(4):360–378. doi:10.1109/PROC.1982.12314
Agnew DC (1992) The time-domain behavior of power–law noises. Geophys Res Lett 19(4):333–336. doi:10.1029/91GL02832
Allan DW (1987) Time and frequency (time-domain) characterization, estimation, and prediction of precision clocks and oscillators. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 34(6):647–654. doi:10.1109/T-UFFC.1987.26997
Atkins C, Ziebart M (2015) Effectiveness of observation-domain sidereal filtering for GPS precise point positioning. GPS Solutions 20(1):111–122. doi:10.1007/s10291-015-0473-1
Bock H, Dach R, Jäggi A, Beutler G (2009) High-rate GPS clock corrections from CODE: support of 1 Hz applications. J Geodesy 83:1083–1094
Böhm J, Werl B, Schuh H (2006) Troposphere mapping functions for GPS and very long baseline interferometry from European Centre for medium-range weather forecasts operational analysis data. J Geophys Res 111(B2)
Carrano CS, Groves K, McNeil W, Doherty P (2013) Direct measurement of the residual in the ionosphere-free linear combination during scintillation. In: International technical meeting (ITM) of the Institute of Navigation, San Diego, CA, January 28–30, 2013, pp 585–596
Fuhrmann T, Luo X, Knöpfler A, Mayer M (2015) Generating statistically robust multipath stacking maps using congruent cells. GPS Solutions 19(1):83–92
Gradinarsky L (2002) Sensing atmospheric water vapor using radiowaves. Dissertation, School of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology
Kermarrec G, Schön S (2014) On the Mátern covariance family: a proposal for modeling temporal correlations based on turbulence theory. J Geodesy 88(11):1061–1079. doi:10.1007/s00190-014-0743-7
NOAA (2016) Space Weather Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/alerts-watches-and-warnings. Accessed 26 Aug 2016
Rost C, Wanninger L (2009) Carrier phase multipath mitigation based on GNSS signal quality measurements. J Appl Geod 3(2):81–87. doi:10.1515/JAG.2009.009
Saastamoinen J (1973) Contributions to the theory of atmospheric refraction. B Geod 107:13–34. doi:10.1007/BF02522083
Schön S, Brunner FK (2008) Atmospheric turbulence theory applied to GPS carrier-phase data. J Geodesy 82:47–57. doi:10.1007/s00190-007-0156-y
Stull RB (2009) An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Springer, Dordrecht
Tatarskii VI (1971) The effects of the turbulent atmosphere on wave propagation. National Technical Information Service, Springfield
Thompson AR, Moran JM, Swenson GW (2001) Interferometry and synthesis in radio astronomy, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York
Tralli DM, Lichten SM (1990) Stochastic estimation of tropospheric path delays in global positioning system geodetic measurements. B Geod 64:127–159. doi:10.1007/BF02520642
Treuhaft RN, Lanyi GE (1987) The effect of the dynamic wet troposphere on radio interferometric measurements. Radio Sci 22(2):251–265
van Dierendonck AJ, McGraw JB, Brown RG (1984) Relationship between Allan variances and Kalman filter parameters. In: Proceedings of the 16th annual PTTI meeting 1984
Vennebusch M, Schön S, Weinbach U (2011) Temporal and spatial stochastic behaviour of high-frequency slant tropospheric delays from simulations and real GPS data. Adv Space Res 47(10):1681–1690. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2010.09.008
Weinbach U, Schön S (2011) GNSS receiver clock modeling when using high-precision oscillators and its impact on PPP. Adv Space Res 47(2):229–238
Weinbach U, Schön S (2015) Improved GPS-based coseismic displacement monitoring using high-precision oscillators. Geophys Res Lett 42(10):3773–3779. doi:10.1002/2015GL063632
Wheelon AD (2001) Electromagnetic scintillation I: geometrical optics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the German Research Foundation (DFG) for its financial support (SCHO 1314/3-1) and the BKG for the GPS data at Wettzell. We further acknowledge the International GNSS Service (IGS) and the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) for their products. The authors are very grateful to anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kube, F., Schön, S. (2016). PPP Carrier Phase Residual Stacking for Turbulence Investigations. In: Freymueller, J.T., Sánchez, L. (eds) International Symposium on Earth and Environmental Sciences for Future Generations. International Association of Geodesy Symposia, vol 147. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/1345_2016_239
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1345_2016_239
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69169-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-69170-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)