Abstract
Researchers have recently focused on superhydrophobic coatings as an ice-mitigation tool. These surfaces have a high degree of water-repellency and were shown in previous low-speed droplet studies to reduce surface ice adhesion strength. However, there has been little research regarding testing in aerospace icing conditions, that is, high-speed super-cooled droplet impact (>50 m/s) on a cold substrate in an environment where the air temperature is below freezing. A detailed set of experiments was conducted in an icing wind tunnel to measure the ice adhesion strength of various superhydrophobic coatings by subjecting the surfaces to a super-cooled icing cloud consisting of 20 μm droplets at a constant liquid water content (LWC) of 0.4 g/m3. Test conditions included air speeds of 50 and 70 m/s and in glaze (−5°C) and rime ice regimes (−15°C). The accreted ice was then removed by pressurized nitrogen in the tensile direction in an ice adhesion test. The pressure required for ice removal and the fraction of ice remaining were combined into an overall adhesion parameter (AP). Results showed that the present superhydrophobic coatings generally resulted in increased ice APs relative to the baseline titanium surface. The strongest indicator of ice adhesion performance for these coatings was found to be the surface roughness lateral auto-correlation length. Only superhydrophobic coatings with length-scales less than 40 μm reduced the ice AP. When compared to previous results, it can be seen that increased droplet impact speeds tended to increase the ice adhesion strength on the superhydrophobic coatings. This was because of the increased droplet impact Bernoulli and hammer pressures which exceeded the resistive capillary pressure of the surface features induced by large surface lateral auto-correlation lengths.
References
Kinnersley S, Roelen A (2007) The contribution of design to accidents. Saf Sci 45:31–60
Sokhey J (2014) Images of ice accretion in aircraft engines. Personal communication
Hempe D (2004) Turbojet, turboprop, and turbofan engine induction system icing and ice ingestion. Federal Aviation Administration AC, Washington, pp 20–147
Render P, Jenkinson L (1996) Investigation into ice detection parameters for turboprop aircraft. J Aircr 33:125–130
Shires G, Munns G (1958) The icing of compressor blades, and their protection by surface heating. Aeronautical Research Council, London. Technical Report 3041
Cao L, Jones AK, Sikka VK, Wu J, Gao D (2009) Anti-icing superhydrophobic coatings. Langmuir 25:12444–12448
Kulinich S, Farzaneh M (2009) Ice adhesion on super-hydrophobic surfaces. Appl Surf Sci 255:8153–8157
Mishchenko L, Hatton B, Bahadur V, Taylor JA, Krupenkin T, Aizenberg J (2010) Design of ice-free nanostructured surfaces based on repulsion of impacting water droplets. ACS Nano 4:7699–7707
Jung S, Dorrestijn M, Raps D, Das A, Megaridis CM, Poulikakos D (2011) Are superhydrophobic surfaces best for icephobicity? Langmuir 27:3059–3066
Wang F, Li C, Lv Y, Lv F, Du Y (2010) Ice accretion on superhydrophobic aluminum surfaces under low-temperature conditions. Cold Reg Sci Technol 62:29–33
Tourkine P, Le Merrer M, Quéré D (2009) Delayed freezing on water repellent materials. Langmuir 25:7214–7216
Meuler AJ, McKinley GH, Cohen RE (2010) Exploiting topographical texture to impart icephobicity. ACS Nano 4:7048–7052
Sarshar MA, Swarctz C, Hunter S, Simpson J, Choi C (2013) Effects of contact angle hysteresis on ice adhesion and growth on superhydrophobic surfaces under dynamic flow conditions. Colloid Polym Sci 291:427–435
He M, Wang J, Li H, Song Y (2011) Super-hydrophobic surfaces to condensed micro-droplets at temperatures below the freezing point retard ice/frost formation. Soft Matter 7:3993–4000
Yang S, Xia Q, Zhu L, Xue J, Wang Q, Chen Q (2011) Research on the icephobic properties of fluoropolymer-based materials. Appl Surf Sci 257:4956–4962
Jung S, Tiwari MK, Doan NV, Poulikakos D (2012) Mechanism of supercooled droplet freezing on surfaces. Nat Commun 3:615
Kulinich S, Farhadi S, Nose K, Du X (2010) Superhydrophobic surfaces: are they really ice-repellent? Langmuir 27:25–29
Ge L, Ding G, Wang H, Yao J, Cheng P, Wang Y (2013) Anti-icing property of superhydrophobic octadecyltrichlorosilane film and its ice adhesion strength. J Nanomater 2013:3
Susoff M, Siegmann K, Pfaffenroth C, Hirayama M (2013) Evaluation of icephobic coatings—screening of different coatings and influence of roughness. Appl Surf Sci 282:870–879
Chen J, Liu J, He M, Li K, Cui D, Zhang Q, Zeng X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Song Y (2012) Superhydrophobic surfaces cannot reduce ice adhesion. Appl Phys Lett 101:111603
Wang Y, Xue J, Wang Q, Chen Q, Ding J (2013) Verification of icephobic/anti-icing properties of a superhydrophobic surface. Appl Mater Sci 5:3370–3381
Varanasi KK, Deng T, Smith JD, Hsu M, Bhate N (2010) Frost formation and ice adhesion on superhydrophobic surfaces. Appl Phys Lett 97:234102
Kulinich S, Farzaneh M (2011) On ice-releasing properties of rough hydrophobic coatings. Cold Reg Sci Technol 65:60–64
Jafari R, Menini R, Farzaneh M (2010) Superhydrophobic and icephobic surfaces prepared by RF-sputtered polytetrafluoroethylene coatings. Appl Surf Sci 257:1540–1543
Kulinich S, Farzaneh M (2009) How wetting hysteresis influences ice adhesion strength on superhydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir 25:8854–8856
Farhadi S, Farzaneh M, Kulinich S (2011) Anti-icing performance of superhydrophobic surfaces. Appl Surf Sci 257:6264–6269
Andrews E, Lockington N (1983) The cohesive and adhesive strength of ice. J Mater Sci 18:1455–1465
Anderson TL, Anderson T (2005) Fracture mechanics: fundamentals and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Pervier M (2012) Mechanics of ice detachment applied to turbomachinery. Dissertation. Cranfield University, Cranfield
Namjoshi S, Jain V, Mall S (2002) Effects of shot-peening on fretting-fatigue behavior of Ti-6Al-4V. J Eng Mater Tech 124:222–228
Andrews E, Stevenson A (1978) Fracture energy of epoxy resin under plane strain conditions. J Mater Sci 13:1680–1688
Steele A, Bayer I, Loth E (2012) Adhesion strength and superhydrophobicity of polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposite coatings. J Appl Polym Sci 125:E445–E452
Davis A, Yeong YH, Steele A, Loth E, Bayer IS (2014) Spray impact resistance of a superhydrophobic nanocomposite coating. AICHE J 60:3025–3032
Yeong YH, Davis A, Steele A, Loth E, Bayer IS (2014) Spray deposition effects on superhydrophobicity and durability of nano-coatings. Surf Sci 2:70
Davis A, Yeong YH, Steele A, Bayer IS, Loth E (2014) Superhydrophobic nanocomposite surface topography and ice adhesion. ACS Appl Mater Inter 6(12):9272
Cassie A, Baxter S (1944) Wettability of porous surfaces. Trans Faraday Soc 40:546–551
Meuler AJ, Smith JD, Varanasi KK, Mabry JM, McKinley GH, Cohen RE (2010) Relationships between water wettability and ice adhesion. ACS Appl Mater Inter 2:3100–3110
Yeong YH, Milionis A, Loth E, Sokhey J, Lambourne A (2015) Atmospheric ice adhesion on water-repellent coatings: wetting and surface topology effects. Langmuir 31:13107–13116
Michigan Metrology (2014) 3D parameters-spatial parameters. http://www.michmet.com/3d_s_spatial_parameters_sal.htm. Accessed Mar 28 2014
Deng T, Varanasi KK, Hsu M, Bhate N, Keimel C, Stein J, Blohm M (2009) Nonwetting of impinging droplets on textured surfaces. Appl Phys Lett 94:133109
Field J (1999) ELSI conference: invited lecture: liquid impact: theory, experiment, applications. Wear 233:1–12
Varanasi KK, Deng T, Hsu M, Bhate N (2009) Hierarchical superhydrophobic surfaces resist water droplet impact. Paper presented at the 2009 NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Expo, May 3–7, 2009, Houston, Texas, USA
Wenzel RN (1936) Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water. Ind Eng Chem 28:988–994
Extrand C (2006) Designing for optimum liquid repellency. Langmuir 22:1711–1714
Fortin G, Perron J (2012) Ice adhesion models to predict shear stress at shedding. J Adhes Sci Technol 26:523–553
Engel OG (1955) J Res Natl Bur Stand 54:281
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yeong, Y.H., Sokhey, J., Loth, E. (2018). Ice Adhesion on Superhydrophobic Coatings in an Icing Wind Tunnel. In: Wohl, C., Berry, D. (eds) Contamination Mitigating Polymeric Coatings for Extreme Environments. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 284. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2017_32
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2017_32
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-45838-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-45839-3
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)