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Microwave-Assisted Step-Growth Polymerizations (From Polycondensation to C–C Coupling)

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Microwave-assisted Polymer Synthesis

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 274))

Abstract

The use of microwave irradiation has become a widespread and convenient method for heating food and beverages in modern society due to the energy efficient and volumetric heating observed with microwave irradiation. The application of microwave or dielectric heating in chemistry has been limited, however, with most applications occurring in organic chemistry. This new technology provides novel approaches for enhancing the material properties. The technique offers a simple, clean, fast, efficient, and economic method for the synthesis of a large number of organic molecules, which provided the momentum for many chemists to switch from traditional heating method to microwave-assisted chemistry. In recent years, the use of microwave irradiation has become a common heat source in organic chemistry. Inspired by this enormous success, chemists are also increasingly studying microwave irradiation for polymerization reactions. Polymer technology forms one of the largest areas of application of microwave technology, and the methods and procedures used therein are among the most developed in chemistry. The main areas in which the use of this energy has been explored in recent years are step-growth polymerizations, ring-opening polymerizations, and radical polymerizations. Its specific heating method attracts extensive interest because of rapid heating, suppressed side reactions, energy saving, direct heating, decreased environmental pollution, and safe operation. In the present chapter, an overview will be given of recent applications of microwave technology in well-known step-growth polymerization reactions. A comparison with the conventional methods demonstrates the advantages of microwaves in synthetic condensation polymerization chemistry.

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Abbreviations

BCMO:

3,3-Bis(chloromethyl)oxetane

DAI:

Diphenylamino-isosorbide

DBTDL:

Dibutyltin dilaurate

DDS:

4,4′-Diaminodiphenylsulfone

DMAc:

N,N-Dimethylacetamide

DMF:

N,N-Dimethylformamide

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

HMDI:

Hexamethylene diisocyanate

IL:

Ionic liquid

IPDI:

Isophorone diisocyanate

MALDI-TOF MS:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

MDI:

4,4′-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate

M n :

Number-average molecular weight

MPU:

4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)urazole

M w :

Weight-average molecular weight

NMP:

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

PA:

Poly(amide)

PAI:

Poly(amide-imide)

PEA:

Poly(ester-amide)

PEG:

Poly(ethylene glycol)

PEI:

Poly(ester-imide)

PHU:

4-Phenylurazole

PI:

Poly(imide)

PPV:

Poly(phenylene vinylene)

PTC:

Phase-transfer catalysis

Py:

Pyridine

T g :

Glass transition temperature

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

TPP:

Triphenyl phosphite

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Acknowledgments

We wish to express our gratitude to the Research Affairs Division Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, for partial financial support. Further financial support from National Elite Foundation (NEF) and Center of Excellency in Sensors and Green Chemistry Research (IUT) is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran

    Shadpour Mallakpour & Amin Zadehnazari

  2. Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Institute, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran

    Shadpour Mallakpour

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  1. Shadpour Mallakpour
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  2. Amin Zadehnazari
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Correspondence to Shadpour Mallakpour .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Organic Chemistry Supramolecular Chemistry group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Richard Hoogenboom

  2. Institute for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany

    Ulrich S. Schubert

  3. Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Leoben, Austria

    Frank Wiesbrock

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Mallakpour, S., Zadehnazari, A. (2013). Microwave-Assisted Step-Growth Polymerizations (From Polycondensation to C–C Coupling). In: Hoogenboom, R., Schubert, U., Wiesbrock, F. (eds) Microwave-assisted Polymer Synthesis. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 274. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2013_275

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