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Electrospun Fibers as Substrates for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

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Biomedical Applications of Polymeric Nanofibers

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 246))

Abstract

Since axonal regeneration is possible in the peripheral nervous system, lesions can be treated by suturing disconnected nerve stumps or, when a lesion-induced gap must be bridged, by grafting an autologous nerve. However, nerve transplantations require multiple operations and cause a sensory deficit at the donor site. It is therefore desirable to develop artificial conduits for nerve regeneration as alternatives to the autograft. A core concept for the design of such implants is the incorporation of orientated nanofibers.

Artificial implants have to promote and guide axonal growth, the migration of Schwann cells, and they must not cause excessive inflammatory reactions. With hollow tubes, which are already used as nerve bridges in clinical studies, it is not possible to achieve regeneration over distances much larger than 30 mm. For this purpose, biocompatible tubes are being developed that contain orientated electrospun fibers consisting of a range of natural or synthetic materials. More recently, artificial guidance materials have been endowed with biologically active molecules. Extracellular matrix proteins or synthetic peptides that activate integrin receptors have been coupled to electrospun fibers. Other approaches adopted gradients of neurotrophins or incorporate living cells. One of the long-term goals of this research is to develop cell-free artificial implants that become integrated at the lesion site to the extent that they become populated by migrating host glia and allow a similar degree of regeneration that is supported by the autologous nerve.

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Abbreviations

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

CAM:

Cell adhesion molecule

CNS:

Central nervous system

CNTF:

Ciliary neurotrophic factor

DRG:

Dorsal root ganglion

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

ePTFE:

Extended poly(tetrafluoroethylene)

ErbB:

Erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogen (epidermal growth factor receptor family)

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

GDNF:

Glial-derived neurotrophic factor

GFR:

Receptor of GDNF-family ligands

GGF:

Glial growth factor

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

IL:

Interleukin

LIF:

Leukemia inhibitory factor

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

NT:

Neurotrophin

PAN-MA:

Poly(acrylonitrile-co-methacrylate)

PCL:

Poly(ε-caprolactone)

PCLEEP:

Poly(caprolactone-co-ethyl ethylene phosphate)

PGA:

Poly(glycolic acid)

PHB:

Poly(hydroxybutyric acid)

pHEMA:

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

pHEMA-MMA:

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate)

PLA:

Poly(lactic acid); the d- and l-isomers are often referred to as PDLA, PLLA, respectively

PLGA:

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

PN:

Peripheral nerve

PNS:

Peripheral nervous system

PPE:

Polyphosphoester

PPy:

Poly(pyrrole)

sPEG:

Star-shaped poly(ethylene glycol)

STAT:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

trk:

Tyrosine kinase/tropomyosin receptor kinase (neurotrophin receptor)

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Acknowledgment

A research project to develop an artificial nerve implant, conducted by JM and GB, is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ME 1261/11-1).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, C/Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain

    Jörg Mey

  2. Institut für Biologie II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

    Jörg Mey & Andreas Kriebel

  3. Institut für Neuropathologie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

    Gary Brook & Dorothée Hodde

Authors
  1. Jörg Mey
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  2. Gary Brook
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  3. Dorothée Hodde
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  4. Andreas Kriebel
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Correspondence to Jörg Mey .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of, Amrita Center for, Cochin, 682041, India

    Rangasamy Jayakumar

  2. Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of, Amrita Center for, Cochin, 682041, India

    Shantikumar Nair

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Mey, J., Brook, G., Hodde, D., Kriebel, A. (2011). Electrospun Fibers as Substrates for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. In: Jayakumar, R., Nair, S. (eds) Biomedical Applications of Polymeric Nanofibers. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 246. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2011_122

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