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Enzymatic Polymerization to Polysaccharides

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Enzyme-Catalyzed Synthesis of Polymers

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 194))

Abstract

Polysaccharides are formed by repeated glycosylations between a sugar donor and a sugar acceptor. This chapter reviews the in vitro synthesis of polysaccharides by “enzymatic polymerization.” As catalyst, a hydrolase enzyme is used where the monomer was designed based on the concept of a “transition-state analog substrate” (TSAS), sugar fluoride monomers for the polycondensation, and sugar oxazoline monomers for the ring-opening polyaddition. Enzymatic polymerization enabled the first in vitro synthesis of natural polysaccharides such as cellulose, xylan, chitin, hyaluronan, and chondroitin, and also of unnatural polysaccharides such as a cellulose-xylan hybrid, a regularly methylated cellulose, and derivatives of hyaluronan and chondroitin. The polymerization mechanism is discussed here. Mutant enzymes were effective for polysaccharide synthesis, where only polycondensation of monomers was induced by suppressing the hydrolysis activity. The polymerization principle was extended to a stepwise synthesis of oligosaccharides. By using characteristics of the polymerization to produce a polysaccharide by a single step, in situ observations of the polymerization reaction by TEM, POM, SEM, and SANS revealed the formation of various high-order molecular structures from the polysaccharide molecules.

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Abbreviations

Ala:

alanine

BTH:

bovine testicular hyaluronidase

CBD:

cellulose binding domain

Ch:

chondroitin

Chi-oxa:

chitobiose oxazoline monomer

DMF:

dimethylformamide

DMSO:

dimethyl sulfoxide

DP:

degree of polymerization

ECM:

extracellular matrix

EG:

endoglucanase

GAG:

glycosaminoglycan

GalNAc:

N-acetyl-d-galactosamine

GlcA:

d-glucuronic acid

GlcNAc:

N-acetyl-d-glucosamine

Glu:

glutamic acid

HA:

hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan)

MALDI-TOF:

matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight

OTH:

ovine testicular hyaluronidase

POM:

polarization optical microscopy

SANS:

small-angle neutron scattering

SEM:

scanning electron microscopy

TEM:

transmission electron microscopy

TSAS:

transition-state analogue substrate

UDP:

uridine 5′-diphospho-

α-CF:

α-cellobiosyl fluoride

β-CF:

β-cellobiosyl fluoride

α-LF:

α-lactosyl fluoride

β-LF:

β-lactosyl fluoride

α-MF:

α-maltosyl fluoride

β-XF:

β-xylobiosyl fluoride

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. R & D Center for Bio-based Materials, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, 606-8585, Kyoto, Japan

    Shiro Kobayashi

  2. Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 615-8510, Kyoto, Japan

    Shiro Kobayashi & Masashi Ohmae

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  1. Shiro Kobayashi
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  2. Masashi Ohmae
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Correspondence to Shiro Kobayashi .

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Shiro Kobayashi Helmut Ritter David Kaplan

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Kobayashi, S., Ohmae, M. Enzymatic Polymerization to Polysaccharides. In: Kobayashi, S., Ritter, H., Kaplan, D. (eds) Enzyme-Catalyzed Synthesis of Polymers. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 194. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_032

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