Skip to main content

Structural, Physical, and Chemical Properties of Fluorous Compounds

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fluorous Chemistry

Part of the book series: Topics in Current Chemistry ((TOPCURRCHEM,volume 308))

Abstract

The sizes and structures of fluorous molecules are analyzed, particularly with respect to the helical conformations of perfluoroalkyl segments and their phase separation in crystal lattices. Basic molecular properties, bond energies, and special bonding motifs are reviewed. Solubility, adsorption, and related phenomena are treated. Miscibilities of fluorous solvents, and partition coefficients of solutes in fluorous/organic biphase mixtures, are analyzed. Electronic effects and NMR properties are discussed, and some reactions involving the fluorinated parts of fluorous substances are presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Horváth IT, Curran DP, Gladysz JA (2004) Fluorous chemistry: scope and definition. In: Gladysz JA, Curran DP, Horváth IT (eds) Handbook of fluorous chemistry. Weinheim, Wiley/VCH, pp 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  2. Yu MS, Curran DP, Nagashima T (2005) Increasing fluorous partition coefficients by solvent tuning. Org Lett 7:3677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Curran DP, Bajpai R, Sanger E (2006) Purification of fluorous Mitsunobu reactions by liquid-liquid extraction. Adv Synth Catal 348:1621

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Chu Q, Yu MS, Curran DP (2007) New fluorous/organic biphasic systems achieved by solvent tuning. Tetrahedron 63:9890

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Chu Q, Yu MS, Curran DP (2008) CBS reductions with a fluorous prolinol immobilized in a hydrofluoroether solvent. Org Lett 10:749

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gladysz JA (2004) Ponytails: structural and electronic considerations. In: Gladysz JA, Curran DP, Horváth IT (eds) Handbook of fluorous chemistry. Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, pp 41–55

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Rábai J, Szabó D, Borbás EK, Kövesi I, Kövesdi I, Csámpai A, Gömöry Á, Pashinnik VE, Shermolovich YG (2002) Practice of fluorous biphase chemistry: convenient synthesis of novel fluorophilic ethers via a Mitsunobu reaction. J Fluor Chem 114:199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Jiang Z-X, Yu YB (2007) The design and synthesis of highly branched and spherically symmetric fluorinated oils and amphiles. Tetrahedron 63:3982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Szabó D, Bonto A-M, Kövesdi I, Gömöry A, Rábai J (2005) Synthesis of novel lipophilic and/or fluorophilic ethers of perfluoro-tert-butyl alcohol, perfluoropinacol and hexafluoroacetone hydrate via a Mitsunobu reaction: typical cases of ideal product separation. J Fluor Chem 126:641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Szabó D, Mohl J, Bálint A-M, Bodor A, Rábai J (2006) Novel generation ponytails in fluorous chemistry: syntheses of primary, secondary, and tertiary (nonafluoro-tert-butyloxy) ethyl amines. J Fluor Chem 127:1496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Jiang Z-X, Yu YB (2007) The synthesis of a geminally perfluoro-tert-butylated β-amino acid and its protected forms as potential pharmacokinetic modulator and reporter for peptide-based pharmaceuticals. J Org Chem 72:1464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jiang Z-X, Yu YB (2008) The design and synthesis of highly branched and spherically symmetric fluorinated macrocyclic chelators. Synthesis 215

    Google Scholar 

  13. Dunitz JD, Gavezzotti A, Schweizer WB (2003) Molecular shape and intermolecular liaison: hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons. Helv Chim Acta 86:4073

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Dunitz JD (2004) Organic fluorine: odd man out. ChemBioChem 5:614

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bondi A (1964) Van der Waals volumes and radii. J Phys Chem 68:441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Williams DE, Houpt DJ (1986) Fluorine nonbonded potential parameters derived from crystalline perfluorocarbons. Acta Crystallogr B42:286

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hansch C, Leo A, Hoekman D (1995) Exploring QSAR. American Chemical Society, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  18. Smart BE (2001) Fluorine substituent effects (on bioactivity). J Fluor Chem 109:3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kuduva SS, Boese R (2003) Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, Deposition 220154. Refcode OLAWUT

    Google Scholar 

  20. Albinsson B, Michl J (1996) Anti, ortho, and gauche conformers of perfluoro-n-butane: matrix-isolation IR spectra and calculations. J Phys Chem 100:3418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Watkins EK, Jorgensen WL (2001) Perfluoroalkanes: conformational analysis and liquid-state properties from ab initio and Monte Carlo calculations. J Phys Chem A 105:4118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Jang SS, Blanco M, Goddard WA III, Caldwell G, Ross RB (2003) The source of helicity in perfluorinated N-alkanes. Macromolecules 36:5331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bunn CW, Howells ER (1954) Structures of molecules and crystals of fluorocarbons. Nature (London) 174:549

    Google Scholar 

  24. Baker RJ, McCabe T, O’Brien JE, Ogilvie HV (2010) Thermomorphic metal scavengers: a synthetic and multinuclear NMR study of highly fluorinated ketones and their application in heavy metal removal. J Fluor Chem 131:621

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. da Costa RC, Hampel F, Gladysz J (2007) Crystal structure of an unusual bis(fluorous phosphine) ruthenium(III) complex derived from a fluorous Grubbs’ catalyst. Polyhedron 26:581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Monde K, Miura N, Hashimoto M, Taniguchi T, Inabe T (2006) Conformational analysis of chiral helical perfluoroalkyl chains by VCD. J Am Chem Soc 128:6000

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Barnes NA, Brisdon AK, Brown FRW, Cross WI, Crossley IR, Fish C, Herbert CJ, Pritchard RG, Warren JE (2011) Synthesis of gold(I) fluoroalkyl and fluoroalkenyl-substituted phosphine complexes and factors affecting their crystal packing. Dalton Trans 40:1743

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kirsch P, Bremer M (2010) Understanding fluorine effects in liquid crystals. ChemPhysChem 11:357 and references therein

    Google Scholar 

  29. Rocaboy C, Hampel F, Gladysz JA (2002) Syntheses and reactivities of disubstituted and trisubstituted fluorous pyridines with high fluorous phase affinities: solid state, liquid crystal, and ionic liquid-phase properties. J Org Chem 67:6863 and references therein

    Google Scholar 

  30. Casnati A, Liantonio R, Metrangolo P, Resnati G, Ungaro R, Ugozzoli F (2006) Molecular and supramolecular homochirality: enantiopure perfluorocarbon rotamers and halogen-bonded fluorous double helices. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:1915; Angew Chem 118:1949

    Google Scholar 

  31. Casnati A, Cavallo G, Metrangolo P, Resnati G, Ugozzoli F, Ungaro R (2009) The role of building-block metrics in the halogen-bonding-driven self-assembly of calixarenes, inorganic salts and diiodoperfluoroalkanes. Chem Eur J 15:7903

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. van Duijnen PT, Swart M (1998) Molecular and atomic polarizabilities: Thole’s model revisited. J Phys Chem A 102:2399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Smart BE (1995) Physical and physicochemical properties. In: Hudlický M, Pavlath AE (eds) Chemistry of organic fluorine compounds, ACS Monograph 187. ACS, Washington DC, p 979

    Google Scholar 

  34. For some lead references, see [34] and [35]. Palomo C, Aizpurua JM, Loinaz I, Fernandez-Berridi MJ, Irusta L (2001) Scavenging of fluorinated N,N′-dialkylureas by hydrogen binding: a novel separation method for fluorous synthesis. Org Lett 3:2361

    Google Scholar 

  35. O’Neal KL, Weber SG (2009) Molecular and ionic hydrogen bond formation in fluorous solvents. J Phys Chem B 113:149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Legon AC (2008) The interaction of dihalogens and hydrogen halides with Lewis bases in the gas phase: an experimental comparison of the halogen bond and the hydrogen bond. Struct Bond 126:17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Metrangolo P, Meyer F, Pilati T, Resnati G, Terraneo G (2008) Halogen bonding in supramolecular chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed 47:6114; Angew Chem 120:6206

    Google Scholar 

  38. Dordonne S, Crousse B, Bonnet-Delpon D, Legros J (2011) Fluorous tagging of DABCO through halogen bonding: recyclable catalyst for the Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction. Chem Commun 47:5855

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Serratrice G, Delpuech J-J, Diguet R (1982) Isothermal compressibilities of fluorocarbons. Relationship to gas solubility. Nouv J Chem 6:489

    Google Scholar 

  40. Gladysz JA, Emnet C (2004) Fluorous solvents and related media. In: Gladysz JA, Curran DP, Horváth IT (eds) Handbook of fluorous chemistry. Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, pp 11–23

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  41. For some recent measurements of oxygen, water and halogen solubilities, see [41]–[43]. Costa Gomes MF, Deschamps J, Menz J-H (2004) Solubility of dioxygen in seven fluorinated liquids. J Fluor Chem 125:1325

    Google Scholar 

  42. Freire MG, Gomes L, Santos LMNBF, Marrucho IM, Coutinho JAP (2006) Water solubility in linear fluoroalkanes used in blood substitute formulations. J Phys Chem B 110:22923

    Google Scholar 

  43. Podgorsek A, Stavber S, Zupan M, Iskra J, Padua AAH, Costa Gomes MF (2008) Solvation of halogens in fluorous phases. Experimental and simulation data for F2, Cl2, and Br2 in several fluorinated liquids. J Phys Chem B 112:6653

    Google Scholar 

  44. van Vliet MCA, Arends IWCE, Sheldon RA (1999) Perfluoroheptadecan-9-one: a selective and reusable catalyst for epoxidations with hydrogen peroxide. Chem Commun 263

    Google Scholar 

  45. Wende M, Meier R, Gladysz JA (2001) Fluorous catalysis without fluorous solvents: a friendlier catalyst recovery/recycling protocol based upon thermomorphic properties and liquid/solid phase separation. J Am Chem Soc 123:11490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ishihara K, Kondo S, Yamamoto H (2001) 3,5-Bis(perfluorodecyl)phenylboronic acid as an easily recyclable direct amide condensation catalyst. Synlett 1371

    Google Scholar 

  47. Gladysz JA (2009) Catalysis involving fluorous phases: fundamentals and directions for greener methodologies. In: Anastas P (ed), Crabtree RH (vol ed) Handbook of green chemistry, vol 1: Homogeneous catalysis. Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, p 17

    Google Scholar 

  48. Additional recent literature Vuluga D, Legros J, Crousse B, Bonnet-Delpon D (2010) Fluorous 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) salts as simple recyclable acylation catalysts. Chem Eur J 16:1776

    Google Scholar 

  49. Miura T, Nakashima K, Tada N, Itoh A (2011) An effective and catalytic oxidation using recyclable fluorous IBX. Chem Commun 47:1875

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Jessop PG, Ikariya T, Noyori R (1999) Homogeneous catalysis in supercritical fluids. Chem Rev 99:475

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. For recent references see [51] and [52]. Berven BM, Koutsantonis GA, Skelton BW, Trengove RD, White AH (2009) Highly fluorous complexes of ruthenium and osmium and their solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide. Inorg Chem 48:11832

    Google Scholar 

  52. Harwardt T, Franciò G, Leitner W (2010) Continuous-flow homogeneous catalysis using the temperature-controlled solvent properties of supercritical carbon dioxide. Chem Commun 46:6669

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Jessop PG, Olmstead MM, Ablan CD, Grabenauer M, Sheppard D, Eckert CA, Liotta CL (2002) Carbon dioxide as a solubility ‘switch’ for the reversible dissolution of highly fluorinated complexes and reagents in organic solvents: application to crystallization. Inorg Chem 41:3463

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ablan CD, Hallett JP, West KN, Jones RS, Eckert CA, Liotta CL, Jessop PG (2003) Use and recovery of a homogeneous catalyst with carbon dioxide as a solubility switch. Chem Commun 2972

    Google Scholar 

  55. For a recent reference, see Motreff A, Belin C, da Costa RC, El Bakkari M, Vincent J-M (2010) Self-adaptive hydrophilic and coordinating Teflon surfaces through a straightforward physisorption process. Chem Commun 46:6261

    Google Scholar 

  56. van Zee NJ, Dragojlovic V (2009) Phase-vanishing reactions with PTFE (Teflon) as a phase screen. Org Lett 11:3190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Zhao H, Zhang J, Wu N, Zhang X, Crowley K, Weber SG (2005) Transport of organic solutes through amorphous teflon AF films. J Am Chem Soc 127:15112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Purse BW, Rebek J Jr (2005) Encapsulation of oligoethylene glycols and perfluoro-n-alkanes in a cylindrical host molecule. Chem Commun 722

    Google Scholar 

  59. Horváth IT (1998) Fluorous biphase chemistry. Acc Chem Res 31:641

    Google Scholar 

  60. van den Broeke J, Winter F, Deelman B-J, van Koten G (2002) A highly fluorous room-temperature ionic liquid exhibiting fluorous biphasic behavior and its use in catalyst recycling. Org Lett 4:3851

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Juliette JJJ, Rutherford D, Horváth IT, Gladysz JA (1999) Transition metal catalysis in fluorous media: practical application of a new immobilization principle to rhodium-catalyzed hydroborations of alkenes and alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 121:2696

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. West KN, Hallett JP, Jones RS, Bush D, Liotta CL, Eckert CA (2004) CO2-induced miscibility of fluorous and organic solvents for recycling homogeneous catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 43:4827

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Leo A, Hansch C, Elkins D (1971) Partition coefficients and their uses. Chem Rev 71:525

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kiss LE, Kövesdi I, Rábai J (2001) An improved design of fluorophilic molecules: prediction of the ln P fluorous partition coefficient, fluorophilicity, using 3D QSAR descriptors and neural networks. J Fluor Chem 108:95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Gladysz JA, Emnet C, Rábai J (2004) Partition coefficients involving fluorous solvents. In: Gladysz JA, Curran DP, Horváth IT (eds) Handbook of fluorous chemistry. Weinheim, Wiley/VCH, pp 56–100

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  66. Huque FTT, Jones K, Saunders RA, Platts JA (2002) Statistical and theoretical studies of fluorophilicity. J Fluor Chem 115:119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. de Wolf E, Ruelle P, van den Broeke J, Deelman B-J, van Koten G (2004) Prediction of partition coefficients of fluorous and nonfluorous solutes in fluorous biphasic solvent systems by mobile order and disorder theory. J Phys Chem B 108:1458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Mercader AG, Duchowicz PR, Sanservino MA, Fernández FM, Castro EA (2007) QSPR analysis of fluorophilicity for organic compounds. J Fluor Chem 128:484

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. de Wolf ACA (2002) Fluorous phosphines as green ligands for homogeneous catalysis; solving problems in fluorous catalysis, Chap 7. Doctoral Thesis, University of Utrecht

    Google Scholar 

  70. Dolbier WR (2009) Guide to fluorine NMR for organic chemists. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ

    Book  Google Scholar 

  71. White HF (1966) Fluorine resonance spectra-structure correlations for perhalogenated propanes. Anal Chem 38:625

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Foris A (2004) 19F and 1H NMR spectra of halocarbons. Magn Reson Chem 42:534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Richter B, de Wolf E, van Koten G, Deelman B-J (2000) Synthesis and properties of a novel family of fluorous triphenylphosphine derivatives. J Org Chem 65:3885

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Szlávik Z, Tárkányi G, Gömöry Á, Tarczay G, Rábai J (2001) Convenient syntheses and characterization of fluorophilic perfluorooctyl-propyl amines and ab initio calculations of proton affinities of related model compounds. J Fluor Chem 108:7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Ribeiro AA (1997) 19F, 13C single- and two-bond 2D NMR correlations in perfluoroheptanoic acid. J Fluor Chem 83:61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kysilka O, Rybáčková M, Skalický M, Kvíčalová M, Cvačka J, Kvíčala J (2008) HFPO trimer-based alkyl triflate, a novel building block for fluorous chemistry. Preparation, reactions and 19F gCOSY analysis. Coll Czech Chem Commun 73:1799

    Google Scholar 

  77. Kang ET, Zhang Y (2000) Surface modification of fluoropolymers via molecular design. Adv Mater 12:1481

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Rocaboy C, Rutherford D, Bennett BL, Gladysz JA (2000) Strategy and design in fluorous phase immobilization: a systematic study of the effect of ‘pony tails’ (CH2)3(CF2)n-1CF3 on the partition coefficients of benzenoid compounds. J Phys Org Chem 13:596

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Bayliff AE, Bryce MR, Chambers RD, Matthews RS (1985) Direct observation of simple fluorinated carbanions. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1018

    Google Scholar 

  80. Zhang Q, Luo Z, Curran DP (2000) Separation of “light fluorous” reagents and catalysts by fluorous solid-phase extraction: synthesis and study of a family of triarylphosphines bearing linear and branched fluorous tags. J Org Chem 65:8866

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Chambers RD, Magron C, Sandford G (1999) Reactions involving fluoride ion. Part 44.1 Synthesis and chemistry of aromatics with bulky perfluoroalkyl substituents. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1:283

    Google Scholar 

  82. Ravishankara AR, Solomon S, Turnipseed AA, Warren RF (1993) Atmospheric lifetimes of long-lived halogenated species. Science 259:194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Lopez-Espinosa M-J, Fletcher T, Armstrong B, Genser B, Dhatariya K, Mondal D, Ducatman A, Leonardi G (2011) Association of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) with age of puberty among children living near a chemical plant. Environ Sci Technol doi: 10.1021/es1038694, and references therein

  84. Amii H, Uneyama K (2009) C-F bond activation in organic synthesis. Chem Rev 109:2119

    Google Scholar 

  85. Douvris C, Ozerov OV (2008) Hydrodefluorination of perfluoroalkyl groups using silylium-carborane catalysts. Science 321:1188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

The authors thank the Welch Foundation (A-1656) for support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John A. Gladysz .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gladysz, J.A., Jurisch, M. (2011). Structural, Physical, and Chemical Properties of Fluorous Compounds. In: Horváth, I. (eds) Fluorous Chemistry. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 308. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/128_2011_282

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics