Abstract
In this paper we argue for our NPAR system as an effective 2D alternative to most of NPR research which is focused on frame coherent stylised rendering of 3D models. Our approach gives a highly stylised look to images without the support of 3D models, and yet they still behave as though animated by drawing, which they are.
First, a stylised brush tool is used to freely draw extreme poses of characters. Each character is built up of 2D drawn brush strokes which are manually grouped into layers. Each layer is assigned its place in a drawing hierarchy called a Hierarchical Display Model (HDM). Next, multiple HDMs are created for the same character, each corresponding to a specific view. A collection of HDMs essentially reintroduces some correspondence information to the 2D drawings needed for in-betweening and, in effect, eliminates the need for a true 3D model.
Once the models are composed the animator starts by defining keyframes from extreme poses in time. Next, brush stroke trajectories defined by the keyframe HDMs are in-betweened automatically across intermediate frames. Finally, each HDM of each generated in-between frame is traversed and all elements are drawn one on another from back to front.
Our techniques support highly rendered styles which are particularly difficult to animate by traditional means including the ‘airbrushed’, scraperboard, watercolour, Gouache, ‘ink-wash’, and the ‘crayon’ styles.
We believe our system offers a new fresh perspective on computer aided animation production and associated tools.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Patterson, J.W., Willis, P.J.: Computer assisted animation: 2D or not 2D? The Computer Journal 37(10), 829–839 (1994)
Blair, P.: Cartoon Animation. Walter Foster Publishing Inc., (1994) ISBN: 1-56010-084-2
Reeves, W.: Inbetweening for computer animation utilizing moving point constraints. Computer Graphics 15(3), 263–269 (1981)
Sederberg, T.W., Greenwood, E.: A physically based approach to 2D shape blending. Computer Graphics 26, 25–34 (1992)
Ranjian, V., Fournier, A.: Matching and interpolation of shapes using unions of circles. Computer Graphics Forum 15, 129–142 (1996)
Kort, A.: Computer aided inbetweening. In: NPAR2002: Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, pp. 125–132 (2002)
Burtnyk, N., Wein, M.: Computer-generated key-frame animation. Journal of the Society Motion Picture and Television Engineers 8(3), 149–153 (1971)
Shapira, M., Rappoport, A.: Shape blending using a star-skeleton representation. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 15, 44–51 (1995)
Yu, J., Patterson, J.W.: Object deformation using quaternions. In: Proceedings of 14th Annual Conference on Eurographics, UK, pp. 75–88.
Agarwala, A., Hertzmann, A., Salesin, D., Seitz, S.: Keyframe-based tracking for rotoscoping and animation. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH, pp. 584–591. ACM, New York (2004)
Hays, J., Essa, I.: Image and video based painterly animation. In: NPAR2004: Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, pp. 113–120 (2004)
Hertzmann, A.: Painterly rendering with curved brush strokes of multiple sizes. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH, pp. 453–460. ACM, New York (1998)
Hertzmann, A., Perlin, K.: Painterly rendering for video and interaction. In: NPAR 2000: Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, pp. 7–12 (2000)
Decaudin, P.: Modélisation par Fusion de Formes 3D pour la Synthèse d’Images - Rendu de Scènes 3D Imitant le Style “Dessin Animé”. PhD thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiegne (France) (1996)
Lake, A., Marshall, C., Harris, M., Blackstein, M.: Stylized rendering techniques for scalable real-time 3D animation. In: NPAR 2000: Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, pp. 13–20 (2000)
Meier, B.J.: Painterly rendering for animation. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH, vol. 25(4), pp. 477–484. ACM Press, New York (1996)
Daniels, E.: Deep canvas in Disney’s Tarzan. In: Conference abstracts and applications of SIGGRAPH, p. 200. ACM Press, New York (1999)
Kalnins, R.D., Markosian, L., Meier, B.J., Kowalski, M.A., Lee, J.C., Davidson, P.L., Webb, M., Hughes, J.F., Finkelstein, A.: WYSIWYG NPR: drawing strokes directly on 3D models. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH, pp. 755–762. ACM, New York (2002)
Cohen, J.M., Hughes, J.F., Zeleznik, R.C.: A world made of drawings. In: NPAR2000: Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, pp. 83–90 (2000)
Rademacher, P.: View-dependent geometry. In: Rockwood, A. (ed.) Proceedings of SIGGRAPH, pp. 439–446. ACM, Addison Wesley Longman, Los Angeles (1999)
Catmull, E.: The problems of computer-assisted animation. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH, vol. 12(3), pp. 348–353. ACM, New York (1978)
Vansichem, G., Wauters, E., Van Reeth, F.: Real-time modeled drawing and manipulation of stylized cartoon characters. In: Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Computer Graphics and Imaging, Honolulu, HI, USA, IASTED, pp. 44–49 (2001)
Di Fiore, F., Van Reeth, F.: Modelling in 2D enabling fluid stylised animation. In: Proceedings of GraphiCon, International Conference on Computer Graphics & Vision, pp. 124–130 (2003)
Northrup, J.D., Markosian, L.: Artistic silhouettes: A hybrid approach. In: NPAR2000: Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, pp. 31–37 (2000)
Van Laerhoven, T., Van Reeth, F.: Real-time simulation of watery paint. In: Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, pp. 429–439 (2005)
Flerackers, C.: New algorithms and techniques in 2.5d animation. Master’s thesis, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg (2002)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Di Fiore, F., Van Reeth, F., Patterson, J., Willis, P. (2006). Highly Stylised Drawn Animation. In: Nishita, T., Peng, Q., Seidel, HP. (eds) Advances in Computer Graphics. CGI 2006. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4035. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/11784203_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/11784203_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-35638-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-35639-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)