Abstract
The postproduction test of integrated circuits is crucial to ensure a high quality of the final product. This test is carried out by checking the correct response of the chip under predefined input stimuli – or test patterns. These patterns are calculated by algorithms for Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG).
The basic concepts and algorithms for ATPG are reviewed in this chapter. Then, an advanced SAT-based ATPG tool is introduced and emprically evaluated.
This work was supported in part by DFG grant DR 287/15-1.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ali, M.F., Safarpour, S., Veneris, A., Abadir, M.S., Drechsler, R.: Post-verification debugging of hierarchical designs. In: Int’l. Conf. on CAD, pp. 871–876 (2005)
Biere, A., Cimatti, A., Clarke, E., Zhu, Y.: Symbolic model checking without bDDs. In: Cleaveland, W.R. (ed.) TACAS 1999. LNCS, vol. 1579, pp. 193–207. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Boolean Satisfiability Research Group at Princeton University. ZCHAFF (2004), http://www.princeton.edu/~chaff/zchaff.html
Brand, D.: Redundancy and don’t cares in logic synthesis. IEEE Trans. on Comp. 32(10), 947–952 (1983)
Breuer, M.A., Friedman, A.D.: Diagnosis & reliable design of digital systems. Computer Science Press, Rockville (1976)
Cook, S.A.: The complexity of theorem proving procedures. In: ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, vol. 3, pp. 151–158 (1971)
Davis, M., Logeman, G., Loveland, D.: A machine program for theorem proving. Comm. of the ACM 5, 394–397 (1962)
Davis, M., Putnam, H.: A computing procedure for quantification theory. Journal of the ACM 7, 506–521 (1960)
Drechsler, R.: Advanced Formal Verification. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2004)
Drechsler, R.: Using synthesis techniques in SAT solvers. In: ITG/GI/GMM-Workshop Methoden und Beschreibungssprachen zur Modellierung und Verifikation von Schaltungen und Systemen, pp. 165–173 (2004)
Eén, N., Biere, A.: Effective preprocessing in SAT through variable and clause elimination. In: Bacchus, F., Walsh, T. (eds.) SAT 2005. LNCS, vol. 3569, pp. 61–75. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Eén, N., Sörensson, N.: An Extensible SAT-solver. In: Giunchiglia, E., Tacchella, A. (eds.) SAT 2003. LNCS, vol. 2919, pp. 502–518. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Eichelberger, E.B., Williams, T.W.: A logic design structure for LSI testability. In: Design Automation Conf., pp. 462–468 (1977)
Fey, G., Safarpour, S., Veneris, A., Drechsler, R.: On the relation between simulation-based and SAT-based diagnosis. In: Design, Automation and Test in Europe (2006)
Fey, G., Shi, J., Drechsler, R.: Efficiency of multiple-valued encoding in SAT-based ATPG. In: Int’l. Symp. on Multi-Valued Logic (2006)
Friedman, A.D.: Easily testable iterative systems. IEEE Trans. on Comp. 22, 1061–1064 (1973)
Fujiwara, H., Shimono, T.: On the acceleration of test generation algorithms. IEEE Trans. on Comp. 32, 1137–1144 (1983)
Goel, P.: An implicit enumeration algorithm to generate tests for combinational logic. IEEE Trans. on Comp. 30, 215–222 (1981)
Goldberg, E., Novikov, Y.: BerkMin: a fast and robust SAT-solver. In: Design, Automation and Test in Europe, pp. 142–149 (2002)
Hsieh, E.R., Rasmussen, R.A., Vidunas, L.J., Davis, W.T.: Delay test generation. In: Design Automation Conf., pp. 486–491 (1977)
Jha, N., Gupta, S.: Testing of Digital Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003)
Jin, H., Somenzi, F.: CirCUs: A hybrid satisfiability solver. In: H. Hoos, H., Mitchell, D.G. (eds.) SAT 2004. LNCS, vol. 3542, pp. 211–223. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Kodandapani, K.L., Pradhan, D.K.: Undetectability of bridging faults and validity of stuck-at fault test sets. IEEE Trans. on Comp. C-29(1), 55–59 (1980)
Kuehlmann, A., Paruthi, V., Krohm, F., Ganai, M.K.: Robust Boolean reasoning for equivalence checking and functional property verification. IEEE Trans. on CAD 21(12), 1377–1394 (2002)
Kunz, W.: HANNIBAL: An efficient tool for logic verification based on recursive learning. In: Int’l. Conf. on CAD, pp. 538–543 (1993)
Kunz, W., Pradhan, D.K.: Recursive learning: A new implication technique for efficient solutions of CAD problems: Test, verification and optimization. IEEE Trans. on CAD 13(9), 1143–1158 (1994)
Larrabee, T.: Test pattern generation using Boolean satisfiability. IEEE Trans. on CAD 11, 4–15 (1992)
Lee, H.K., Ha, D.S.: Atalanta: An efficient ATPG for combinational circuits. Technical Report 12, Dep. of Electrical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1993)
Marques-Silva, J.: The impact of branching heuristics in propositional satisfiability algorithms. In: Barahona, P., Alferes, J.J. (eds.) EPIA 1999. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 1695, pp. 62–74. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Marques-Silva, J.P., Sakallah, K.A.: Robust search algorithms for test pattern generation. Technical Report RT/02/97, Dept. of Informatics, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Protugal (January 1997)
Marques-Silva, J.P., Sakallah, K.A.: GRASP: A search algorithm for propositional satisfiability. IEEE Trans. on Comp. 48(5), 506–521 (1999)
Moskewicz, M.W., Madigan, C.F., Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Malik, S.: Chaff: Engineering an efficient SAT solver. In: Design Automation Conf., pp. 530–535 (2001)
Niermann, T.M., Patel, J.H.: HITEC: A test generation package for sequential circuits. In: European Conf. on Design Automation, pp. 214–218 (1991)
Roth, J.P.: Diagnosis of automata failures: A calculus and a method. IBM J. Res. Dev. 10, 278–281 (1966)
Schulz, M., Trischler, E., Sarfert, T.: SOCRATES: A highly efficient automatic test pattern generation system. In: Int’l. Test Conf., pp. 1016–1026 (1987)
Sentovich, E., Singh, K., Lavagno, L., Moon, Ch., Murgai, R., Saldanha, A., Savoj, H., Stephan, P., Brayton, R., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A.: SIS: A system for sequential circuit synthesis. Technical report, University of Berkeley (1992)
Shi, J., Fey, G., Drechsler, R., Glowatz, A., Hapke, F., Schlöffel, J.: PASSAT: Effcient SAT-based test pattern generation for industrial circuits. In: IEEE Annual Symposium on VLSI, pp. 212–217 (2005)
Shi, J., Fey, G., Drechsler, R., Glowatz, A., Schlöffel, J., Hapke, F.: Experimental studies on SAT-based test pattern generation for industrial circuits. In: Int’l. Conf. on ASIC, pp. 967–970 (2005)
Smith, A., Veneris, A., Viglas, A.: Design diagnosis using Boolean satisfiability. In: ASP Design Automation Conf., pp. 218–223 (2004)
Smith, G.L.: Model for delay faults based upon paths. In: Int’l. Test Conf., pp. 342–349 (1985)
Stephan, P., Brayton, R.K., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A.L.: Combinational test generation using satisfiability. IEEE Trans. on CAD 15, 1167–1176 (1996)
Storey, T.M., Barry, J.W.: Delay test simulation. In: Design Automation Conf., pp. 492–494 (1977)
Tafertshofer, P., Ganz, A.: SAT based ATPG using fast justification and propagation in the implication graph. In: Int’l. Conf. on CAD, pp. 139–146 (1999)
Tafertshofer, P., Ganz, A., Henftling, M.: A SAT-based implication engine for efficient ATPG, equivalence checking, and optimization of netlists. In: Int’l. Conf. on CAD, pp. 648–655 (1997)
Williams, M.J.Y., Angell, J.B.: Enhancing testability of large-scale integrated circuits via test points and additional logic. IEEE Trans. on Comp. C-22(1), 46–60 (1973)
Zhang, L., Madigan, C.F., Moskewicz, M.H., Malik, S.: Efficient conflict driven learning in a Boolean satisfiability solver. In: Int’l. Conf. on CAD, pp. 279–285 (2001)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Drechsler, R., Fey, G. (2006). Automatic Test Pattern Generation. In: Bernardo, M., Cimatti, A. (eds) Formal Methods for Hardware Verification. SFM 2006. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3965. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/11757283_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/11757283_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-34304-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-34305-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)