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Upconverting Phosphor Labels for Bioanalytical Assays

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Advances in Chemical Bioanalysis

Part of the book series: Bioanalytical Reviews ((BIOREV,volume 1))

Abstract

Upconverting phosphors (UCPs) are photoluminescent inorganic crystals capable of photon upconversion upon absorption of two or more sequential photons. UCPs produce bright, structured emission at wavelengths shorter than the excitation radiation rendering them highly advanced labels for bioanalytical assays. The exceptional anti-Stokes emission allows total elimination of autofluorescence originating mainly from biomolecules and other sample components. UCPs are excited with near-infrared radiation which provides several advantages over ultraviolet excitation—including optimal penetration of biological material. This chapter summarizes the bioanalytical in vitro applications of UCPs and discusses the advantages and challenges of the emerging label technology. In addition, synthesis of the UCP labels and some of the instruments used for UCP detection are shortly reviewed. Bioimaging and therapeutic applications based on UCPs are outside of the scope of this chapter.

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Abbreviations

APTE:

Addition of photons by transfer of energy (upconversion mechanism)

CCD:

Charge-coupled device (light detector)

CTAB:

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (cationic surfactant)

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (chelating agent)

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EMU:

Energy migration-mediated upconversion (upconversion mechanism)

ESA:

Excited state absorption (upconversion mechanism)

ETU:

Energy transfer upconversion (upconversion mechanism)

f-PSA:

Free prostate-specific antigen (prostate cancer marker)

GSA:

Ground-state absorption

LD:

Laser diode (excitation source)

LED:

Light emitting diode (excitation source)

LF:

Lateral flow (assay format)

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

LRET:

Lanthanide resonance energy transfer

NIR:

Near-infrared radiation (wavelength 750–1,400 nm)

PA:

Photon avalanche (upconversion mechanism)

PD:

Photodiode (light detector)

PEI:

Polyethyleneimine

PMT:

Photomultiplier tube (light detector)

POCT:

Point-of-care testing

PVP:

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

R 0 :

Förster radius (the distance at which energy transfer efficiency is 50 %)

RET:

Resonance energy transfer (nonradiative energy transfer mechanism)

SEB:

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B

SET:

Surface energy transfer (energy transfer to a metallic surface)

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TOP:

Trioctylphosphine

TOPO:

Trioctylphosphine oxide

UCP:

Upconverting phosphor (photoluminescent inorganic compound)

UC-RET:

Upconversion resonance energy transfer

UV:

Ultraviolet radiation (wavelength <380 nm)

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Dr. Paul Corstjens and Jan Slats (Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands) for microscopy examination of the PTIR550/F material. Financial support from the Research Executive Agency (REA) of the European Union under Grant Agreement number PITN-GA-2010-264772 (ITN CHEBANA) is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Terhi Riuttamäki (née Rantanen)

    Present address: Kaivogen Oy, Tykistökatu 4D, 20520, Turku, Finland

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  1. Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland

    Terhi Riuttamäki (née Rantanen) & Tero Soukka

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  1. Terhi Riuttamäki (née Rantanen)
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Correspondence to Terhi Riuttamäki (née Rantanen) .

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  1. Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

    Frank-Michael Matysik

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Riuttamäki (née Rantanen), T., Soukka, T. (2013). Upconverting Phosphor Labels for Bioanalytical Assays. In: Matysik, FM. (eds) Advances in Chemical Bioanalysis. Bioanalytical Reviews, vol 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/11663_2013_3

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