Abstract
Co-referential relations between textual and visual elements in illustrations can be encoded efficiently through textual labels. The labels support students to learn unknown terms and focus their attention on important aspects of the illustration; while a functional and aesthetic label layout aims at guaranteeing the readability of text strokes as well as preventing the referential mismatches.
By analyzing a corpus of complex label layouts in hand-drawn illustrations, a classification of label layout styles and several metrics for functional requirements and aesthetic attributes were extracted. As the choice of a specific layout style seems largely determined by individual preferences, a real-time layout algorithm for internal and external labels balances conflicting user-specific requirements, functional and aesthetic attributes.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Agrawala, M., Phan, D., Heiser, J., Haymaker, J., Klingner, J., Hanrahan, P., Tversky, B.: Designing Effective Step-By-Step Assembly Instructions. In: Proc. of the 30th Int. Conf. on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH 2003), pp. 828–837 (2003)
Agrawala, M., Stolte, C.: Rendering Effective Route Maps: Improving Usability Through Generalization. In: Proc. of the 28th Annual Conf. on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH 2001), pp. 241–250 (2001)
Ali, K., Hartmann, K., Strothotte, T.: Label Layout for Interactive 3D Illustrations. Journal of the WSCG 13, 1–8 (2005)
Azuma, R., Furmanskim, C.: Evaluating Label Placement for Augmented Reality View Management. In: Proc. of the IEEE and ACM Int. Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR 2003), pp. 66–75 (2003)
Bekos, M., Kaufmann, M., Symvonis, A., Wolff, A.: Boundary Labeling: Models and Efficient Algorithms for Rectangular Maps. In: Pach, J. (ed.) GD 2004. LNCS, vol. 3383, pp. 49–59. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Bell, B., Feiner, S., Höllerer, T.: View Management for Virtual and Augmented Reality. In: Proc. of Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST 2001), pp. 101–110 (2001)
Christensen, J., Marks, J., Shieber, S.: An Empirical Study of Algorithms for Point-Feature Label Placement. ACM Transactions on Graphics 14(3), 203–232 (1995)
Diepstraten, J., Weiskopf, D., Ertl, T.: Interactive Cutaway Illustrations. Computer Graphics Forum 22(3), 523–532 (2003)
Dörschlag, D., Petzold, I., Plümer, L.: Automatic Labelling of Areas in Thematic Maps. In: Proc. of the 21st Int. Cartographic Conf, ICC 2003 (2003)
Edmondson, S., Christensen, J., Marks, J., Shieber, S.: A General Cartographic Labeling Algorithm. Cartographica 33(4), 13–23 (1997)
Fekete, J.-D., Plaisant, C.: Excentric Labeling: Dynamic Neighborhood Labeling for Data Visualization. In: Proc. of the SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 512–519 (1999)
Goetzelmann, T., Ali, K., Hartmann, K., Strothotte, T.: Interactive Labels (2005) (submitted)
Gray, H.: Anatomy of the Human Body, 20th edn., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1918)
Imhof, E.: Positioning Names on Maps. The American Cartographer 2(2), 128–144 (1975)
Li, W., Agrawala, M., Salesin, D.: Interactive Image-Based Exploded View Diagrams. In: Proc. of Graphics Interface 2004 (GI 2004), pp. 203–212 (2004)
Marks, J., Shieber, S.: The Computational Complexity of Cartographic Label Placement. Technical Report TR-05-91, Center for Research in Computing Technology, Harvard University (1991)
Mayer, R.: Multimedia Learning. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003)
Petzold, I., Gröger, G., Plümer, L.: Fast Screen Map Labeling — Data Structures and Algorithms. In: Proc. of the 21st Int. Cartographic Conf., ICC 2003 (2003)
Peuquet, D.J.: An Examination of Techniques for Remote Formatting Digital Cartographic Data. Part 1: The Raster to Vector Process. Cartographica 18(1), 34–38 (1981)
Pitt, I., Preim, B., Schlechtweg, S.: An Evaluation of Interaction Techniques for the Exploration of 3D-Illustrations. In: Software-Ergonomie 1999. Design von Informationswelten, pp. 275–286 (1999)
Preim, B., Raab, A., Strothotte, T.: Coherent Zooming of Illustrations with 3D-Graphics and Text. In: Davis, W.E., Mantei, M., Klassen, V. (eds.) Proc. of Graphics Interface 1997, pp. 105–113 (1997)
Ritter, F., Berendt, B., Fischer, B., Richter, R., Preim, B.: Virtual 3D Jigsaw Puzzles: Studying the Effect of Exploring Spatial Relations with Implicit Guidance. In: Mensch & Computer 2002, pp. 363–372 (2002)
Ritter, F., Sonnet, H., Hartmann, K., Strothotte, T.: Illustrative Shadows: Integrating 3D and 2D Information Display. In: Proc. of 2003 Int. Conf. on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI 2003), pp. 166–173 (2003)
Rogers, A.: Textbook of Anatomy. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh (1992)
Shih, F., Wu, Y.: Fast Euclidean Distance Transformation in Two Scans Using a 3x3 Neighborhood. Computer Vision and Image Understanding 93(2), 195–205 (2004)
Sobotta, J., Putz, R., Pabst, R. (eds.): Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy. Volume 2: Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis, Lower Limb. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimure, 12. English edition (1997)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Hartmann, K., Götzelmann, T., Ali, K., Strothotte, T. (2005). Metrics for Functional and Aesthetic Label Layouts. In: Butz, A., Fisher, B., Krüger, A., Olivier, P. (eds) Smart Graphics. SG 2005. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3638. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/11536482_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/11536482_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-28179-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-31905-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)