Abstract
Spatial information is often presented as maps in location-based services, which makes it necessary to label cartographic features in real time. Features may be dense all over the map, or in certain areas. Owing to the limited free spaces, it is always difficult to label dense features. Aiming to utilize free spaces efficiently, this paper proposed a density-based method of labelling dense features. The method placed labels of dense features earlier than sparse ones, so that free spaces were allotted to dense features before consumed by sparse features. An efficient algorithm was developed for map labelling in real time. We implemented this method in a Java environment. A case study shows sound cartographic results and acceptable efficiency of the labelling.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Christensen, J., Marks, J., Shieber, S.: An Empirical Study of Algorithms for Point-Feature Label Placement. ACM Transactions on Graphics 14, 203–232 (1995)
Dijk, V.S., Thierens, D., Berg, D.M.: Using Genetic Algorithms for Solving Hard Problems in GIS. Geoinformatica 6, 381–413 (2002)
Douglas, D.H., Peucker, T.K.: Algorithms for the Reduction of the Number of Points Required to Represent a Digitized Line or Its Caricature. The Canadian Cartographer 10, 112–122 (1973)
Ebner, D., Klau, W.G., Weiskircher, R.: Force-Based Label Number Maximization (2003), http://www.ads.tuwien.ac.at
Edmondson, S., Christensen, J., Marks, J., Shieber, S.: A General Cartographic Labeling Algorithm. Cartographica 33, 13–23 (1997)
Formann, M., Wagner, E.: A Packing Problem with Applications to Lettering of Maps. In: Proc. 7th Ann. ACM Sympos. Comput. Geom., pp. 281–288 (1991)
GiMoDig, Geospatial Info-Mobility Service by Real-Time Data-Integration and Generalization (2004), http://gimodig.fgi.fi/
GML, Geographic Makeup Language (2003), http://www.opengis.org/techno/documents/02-023r4.pdf
Harrie, L., Johansson, M.: Real-Time Data Generalization and Integration Using Java. Geoforum Perspektiv, 29–34 (2003)
Imhof, E.: Positioning Names on Maps. The American Cartographer 2, 128–144 (1975)
Lehto, L.: GiMoDig System Architecture (2003), http://gimodig.fgi.fi/deliverables.php
Robinson, A.H., Morrison, J.L., Muehrcke, P.C., Kimerling, A.J., Guptill, S.C.: Elements of Cartography, 6th edn. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (1995)
Sarjakoski, T., Lehto, L.: Mobile Map Services Based on an Open System Architecture. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference, Durban, South Africa, pp. 1107–1113 (2003)
Strijk, T., van Kreveld, M.: Practical Extensions of Point Labeling in the Slider Model. GeoInformatica 6, 181–197 (2002)
van Kreveld, M., Strijk, T., Wolff, A.: Point Labeling with Sliding Labels. Computational Geometry 13, 21–47 (1999)
Verner, V.O., Wainwright, L.R., Schoenefeld, D.A.: Placing Text Labels on Maps and Diagrams Using Genetic Algorithms with Masking. Informs Journal on Computing 9, 266–275 (1997)
Vivid Solutions: Java Topology Suite (2004), http://www.vividsolutions.com/jts/jtshome.htm
Wagner, F., Wolff, A.: A Practical Map Labeling Algorithm. Computational Geometry 7, 387–404 (1997)
WFS, Web Feature Service Implementation Specification (2003), http://www.opengis.org/techno/specs/02-058.pdf
Wolff, A., Knipping, L., van Kreveld, M.: A Simple and Efficient Algorithm for High-Quality Line Labeling. In: Proceedings of 15th European Workshop on Computational Geometry (CG 1999), Sophia-Antipolis, pp. 93–96 (1999)
Wolff, A.: The Map-Labeling Bibliography (2004), http://i11www.ira.uka.de/~awolff/maplabeling/bibliography/
Zhang, Q., Harrie, L.: Real-Time Map Labelling for Mobile Applications. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems (accepted)
Zoraster, S.: Practical Results Using Simulated Annealing for Point Feature Label Placement. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 24, 228–238 (1997)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Zhang, QN. (2005). Labeling Dense Maps for Location-Based Services. In: Kwon, YJ., Bouju, A., Claramunt, C. (eds) Web and Wireless Geographical Information Systems. W2GIS 2004. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3428. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/11427865_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/11427865_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-26004-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-31964-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)