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Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Vol. 172 pp 39–75Cite as

Exosomes: From Functions in Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Diagnostic and Therapeutic Opportunities

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Part of the book series: Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology ((REVIEWS,volume 172))

Abstract

Since their first description in the 1980s, exosomes, small endosomal-derived extracellular vesicles, have been involved in innate and adaptive immunity through modulating immune responses and mediating antigen presentation. Increasing evidence has reported the role of exosomes in host-pathogen interactions and particularly in the activation of antimicrobial immune responses. The growing interest concerning exosomes in infectious diseases, their accessibility in various body fluids, and their capacity to convey a rich content (e.g., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) to distant recipient cells led the scientific community to consider the use of exosomes as potential new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In this review, we summarize current understandings of exosome biogenesis and their composition and highlight the function of exosomes as immunomodulators in pathological states such as in infectious disorders. The potential of using exosomes as diagnostic and therapeutic tools is also discussed.

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Abbreviations

Ag:

Antigen

AIEC:

Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli

APC:

Antigen-presenting cells

APOBEC3G:

Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G

BAT3:

HLA-B-associated transcript 3

BCR:

B-cell receptor

CD:

Crohn’s disease

CMV:

Cytomegalovirus

CXCL11:

C-X-C motif chemokine 11

DC:

Dendritic cell

DT:

Diphtheria toxoid

EBV:

Epstein-Barr virus

EF1α1:

Elongation factor 1-alpha 1

EM:

Electron microscopy

ESCRT:

Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport

EV:

Extracellular vesicle

FACS:

Fluorescence activated cell sorting

FasL:

Fas ligand

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

GPC1:

Glypican-1

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

HSC:

Heat-shock cognate

HSP:

Heat-shock protein

HTLV-1:

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1

i.v.:

Intravenous

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1

IEC:

Intestinal epithelial cell

IFN:

Interferon

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

IL:

Interleukin

ILV:

Intraluminal vesicles

LAM:

Lipoarabinomannan

LF:

Lethal factor

LMP1:

Latent membrane protein 1

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1

MFGE8:

Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex molecules

miRNA:

MicroRNA

MVE:

Multivesicular endosome

MyD88:

Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88

NEF:

Negative regulatory factor

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-kappa B

NK:

Natural killer

NKG2D:

Natural killer group 2 member D receptor

OVA:

Ovalbumin

PA:

Protective antigen

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

PfPTP2:

Plasmodium falciparum tyrosine phosphatase 2

RANTES:

Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted

SNARE:

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment protein (SNAP) receptors

TAR:

Transactivating response

TGF-β:

Tumor growth factor beta

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

TRAIL:

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

tRNA:

Transfer RNA

TSG101:

Tumor susceptibility gene 101

vtRNA:

Vault RNA

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Ministère de la Recherche et de la Technologie, Inserm (UMR1071), INRA (USC 2018), the European Union FP7 People Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship (to H.N.), and grants from the Association F. Aupetit (AFA), Région Auvergne (“Nouveau chercheur” grant to H.N.) and Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR “Jeune Chercheuse Jeune Chercheur” Nutribiote to N.B).

No competing interest exists.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Clermont Auvergne, M2iSH, UMR 1071 INSERM/University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63001, France

    Jessica Carrière, Nicolas Barnich & Hang Thi Thu Nguyen

  2. INRA USC 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, 63001, France

    Jessica Carrière, Nicolas Barnich & Hang Thi Thu Nguyen

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  1. Jessica Carrière
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  2. Nicolas Barnich
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  3. Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
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Correspondence to Hang Thi Thu Nguyen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Bernd Nilius

  2. Cardiovascular Research Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA

    Pieter de Tombe

  3. Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Munich, Bayern, Germany

    Thomas Gudermann

  4. Department of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany

    Reinhard Jahn

  5. Department of Cytobiology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany

    Roland Lill

  6. Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

    Ole H. Petersen

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Carrière, J., Barnich, N., Nguyen, H.T.T. (2016). Exosomes: From Functions in Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Diagnostic and Therapeutic Opportunities. In: Nilius, B., de Tombe, P., Gudermann, T., Jahn, R., Lill, R., Petersen, O. (eds) Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Vol. 172. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, vol 172. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/112_2016_7

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