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Secondary Metabolites from Higher Fungi: Discovery, Bioactivity, and Bioproduction

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Biotechnology in China I

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering / Biotechnology ((ABE,volume 113))

Abstract

Medicinal higher fungi such as Cordyceps sinensis and Ganoderma lucidum have been used as an alternative medicine remedy to promote health and longevity for people in China and other regions of the world since ancient times. Nowadays there is an increasing public interest in the secondary metabolites of those higher fungi for discovering new drugs or lead compounds. Current research in drug discovery from medicinal higher fungi involves a multifaceted approach combining mycological, biochemical, pharmacological, metabolic, biosynthetic and molecular techniques. In recent years, many new secondary metabolites from higher fungi have been isolated and are more likely to provide lead compounds for new drug discovery, which may include chemopreventive agents possessing the bioactivity of immunomodulatory, anticancer, etc. However, numerous challenges of secondary metabolites from higher fungi are encountered including bioseparation, identification, biosynthetic metabolism, and screening model issues, etc. Commercial production of secondary metabolites from medicinal mushrooms is still limited mainly due to less information about secondary metabolism and its regulation. Strategies for enhancing secondary metabolite production by medicinal mushroom fermentation include two-stage cultivation combining liquid fermentation and static culture, two-stage dissolved oxygen control, etc. Purification of bioactive secondary metabolites, such as ganoderic acids from G. lucidum, is also very important to pharmacological study and future pharmaceutical application. This review outlines typical examples of the discovery, bioactivity, and bioproduction of secondary metabolites of higher fungi origin.

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Abbreviations

ABTS:

2,2'-Azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)

Abu:

Aminobutyric acid

Aib:

α-Aminoisobutyric acid

Ala:

Alanine

BHA:

Butyl hydroxyanisole

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

DHNM:

Dihydroxynaphthalene melanin

DMBA:

7,12-Dimethylbenz[α]anthracene

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl

EBV-EA:

Epstein–Barr virus early antigen

EC50:

50%Effective concentration

ESI-MS:

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Glc:

Glucose

GLP:

Ganoderma lucidum peptide

Gly:

Glycine

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

HRMS:

High-resolution mass spectrometry

HyLeu:

Hydroxyleucine

IC50:

50% Inhibitory concentration value

kDa:

Kilo Dalton

Leu:

Leucine

Lxx:

N-methylleucine/N-methylisoleucine/N-methylalloisoleucine

MePro:

Methylproline

mg:

Milligram

mL:

Milliliter

mmol:

Millimolar

NE:

Norepinephrine

NmePh:

N-Methylphenylalanine

NmeVal:

N-Methylvaline

Phe:

Phenylalanine

Pro:

Proline

PTP1B:

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

PTP1B:

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

RP-HPLC:

Reversed phase HPLC

TCM:

Traditional Chinese medicine

TPA:

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

UV:

Ultraviolet

Val:

Valine

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Acknowledgments

We appreciate the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC project Nos. 20762017, 30821005 and 20776084), Program for Excellent Young Talents of Science and Technology of Guizhou Province (No.QKT200786), the National High Technology R&D Program (863 Program project # 2007AA021506) of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST), and the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (project nos. B203 and B505).

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  1. School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Jian-Jiang Zhong

  2. Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, China

    Jian-Hui Xiao

  3. State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China

    Jian-Hui Xiao

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  1. Jian-Jiang Zhong
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  1. College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai, Minhang, 200240, China, People's Republic

    Jian-Jiang Zhong

  2. Dept. Bioscience & Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China, People's Republic

    Feng-Wu Bai

  3. Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China, People's Republic

    Wei Zhang

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Zhong, JJ., Xiao, JH. (2009). Secondary Metabolites from Higher Fungi: Discovery, Bioactivity, and Bioproduction. In: Zhong, JJ., Bai, FW., Zhang, W. (eds) Biotechnology in China I. Advances in Biochemical Engineering / Biotechnology, vol 113. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2008_26

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