Abstract
Tucked inside our cells, we animals (and plants, and fungi) carry mitochondria, minuscule descendants of bacteria that invaded our common ancestor 2 billion years ago. This unplanned breakthrough endowed our ancestors with a convenient, portable source of energy, enabling them to progress towards more ambitious forms of life. Mitochondria still manufacture most of our energy; we have evolved to invest it to grow and produce offspring, and to last long enough to make it all happen. Yet because the continuous generation of energy is inevitably linked to that of toxic free radicals, mitochondria give us life and give us death. Stripping away clutter and minutiae, here we present a big-picture perspective of how mitochondria work, how they are passed on virtually only by mothers, and how they shape the lifestyles of species and individuals. We discuss why restricting food prolongs lifespan, why reproducing shortens it, and why moving about protects us from free radicals despite increasing their production. We show that our immune cells use special mitochondria to keep control over our gut microbes. And we lay out how the fabrication of energy and free radicals sets the internal clocks that command our everyday rhythms—waking, eating, sleeping. Mitochondria run the show.
Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place.
—Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There
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Notes
- 1.
Only two, because one of the four stations is just an alternative entry point for electrons.
- 2.
Some protons are allowed to leak back into the matrix through pores in the membrane. This transfer reduces the difference in proton concentration on either side of the membrane and dissipates as heat part of the energy that was pent up in it. In warm-blooded animals, this comes in handy to maintain body temperature (Brand et al. 1991).
- 3.
Other women were around at the time and also earlier, of course, but their own mitochondrial lineages happened to become extinct. Some of these women may well have descendants alive today, yet not in a direct female line but passing, at some point or other, through a male (a dead end for mitochondria).
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Kramer, P., Bressan, P. (2019). Mitochondria Inspire a Lifestyle. In: Sutovsky, P. (eds) Cellular and Molecular Basis of Mitochondrial Inheritance. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, vol 231. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/102_2018_5
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