Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Urinary Tract Infections in the Non-pregnant Woman

  • Chapter
Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery

  • 528 Accesses

Abstract

Infections of the urinary tract are common problems encountered in primary care and specialty care practice. There are an estimated seven to eight million physician visits for acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections and more than one million hospitalizations annually in the United States [1]. They account for over US$1 billion in health care costs annually in the United States [2]. This figure would be much higher if other costs were included such as laboratory tests, outpatient-therapy, and missed days from work or school. Women are more afflicted by urinary tract infections compared to men except at the extremes of age. Indeed, urinary tract infections are the most frequent bacterial infection in women. Approximately half of adult women report an experience with urinary tract infection at some point in their lives [3]. Of women who experience an initial infection, 25–30% will have recurrent episodes [4]. Women with recurrent urinary tract infections account for a significant portion of referrals to gynecologists, urologists, and urogynecologists.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG, Falagas M, Damer DH. Guidelines for Infectious Diseases in Primary Care. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kunin CM. Urinary tract infections in females. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:1–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kunin CM. Urinary Tract Infections, 5th edn. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hooton TM. Recurrent urinary tract infections in women. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001;17:259–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Foxman B, Frerichs RR. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: I Diaphragm use and sexual intercourse. Am J Public Health 1985;75:1308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Health Indicators 1999 CD-ROM, Statistics Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Romano JM, Jaye D. UTI in the elderly: common yet atypical. Geriatrics 1981;36:113–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Shortliffe LMD, Stamey TA. Urinary tract infections in adult women. In: Walsh PC, Gittes RE, Permufter AF et al., editors. Campbell’s Urology. Philadelphia: WS Saunders, 1986;797–830.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Abrutyn E, Biscia JA, Kaye D. The treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988;36:473–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. McCue JD. Effective treatment in the long-term care setting. Geriatrics 2000;55 (Sept):48–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sourander LB. Urinary tract infection in the aged — an epidemiological study. Am Med Intern Fenn 1966;55(45):7–55.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Thiede HA. The prevalence of urogynecologic disorders. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1989;16(4):709–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Foxman B, Somsel P, Sobel JD et al. Urinary tract infection among women aged 40–65: behavioral and sexual risk factors. J Clin Epidemiol 2001;54(7):710–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Maybeck CE. Treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in nonpregnant women. Postgrad Med J 1972;48:69.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kunin CM, McCormack RC. An epidemiologic study of bacteriuria and blood pressure among nuns and working women. N Engl J Med 1968;278:635.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Raz R, Gennesin Y, Wasser J et al. Recurrent urinary tract infections in post-menopausal women. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:152–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Raz R. Postmenopausal women with recurrent UTI. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001;17:269–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ronald AR, Harding GKM. Complicated urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11(3):583–593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hooton TM, Stamm WE. Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11:551–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. McCarty JM, Richard G, Huck W et al. A randomized trial of short-course ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of acute urinary tract infection in women. Ciprofloxacin Urinary Tract Infection Group. Am J Med 1999;106:292–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Stamm WE, Counts GW, Running KR et al. Diagnosis of coliform infection in acutely dysuric women. N Engl J Med 1982;307:463–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bartlett RC, O’Neill D, McLaughlin JC. Detection of bacteriuria by leukocyte esterase, nitrite, and the Automicrobic System. Am J Clin Pathol 1984;82:683–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Semeniuk H, Church D. Evaluation of the leukocyte esterase and nitrite urine dipstick screening tests for detection of bacteriuria in women with suspected uncomplicated urinary tract infections. J Clin Microb 1999;37(9):3051–2.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Leibovici L, Wysenbeek AJ. Single-dose antibiotic treatment for symptomatic urinary tract infections in women: a metaanalysis of randomized trials. Q J Med 1991;285:43.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Norrby SR. Short-term treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections in women. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12:458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hooton TM. Practice guidelines for urinary tract infection in the era of managed care. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999;11:241–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Warren JW, Abrutyn E, Stamm WE et al. Guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of uncomplicated acute bacterial cystitis and acute pyelonephritis in women. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:745–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Iravani A, Klimberg I, Echold RM et al. A trial comparing low-dose, short-course ciprofloxacin and standard 7 day therapy with co-trimoxazole or nitrofurantoin in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;43(Suppl A):67–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Stamm WE. Increasing antimicrobial resistance under the management of uncomplicated community-acquired urinary tract infections. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:41–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Mazulli T, Skulnick M, Low DE et al. Susceptibility of community Gram negative urinary tract isolates to mecillinam and other oral agents. Presented 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, CA, 24–27 September 1998. Abstract E-038.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Reckendorf HK, Castringius RG, Spingler HK. Comparative pharmacodynamics, urinary excretion, and half-life determinations of nitrofurantoin sodium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1962;2:531–7.

    Google Scholar 

  32. McCarty JM, Rishard G, Huck W et al. A randomized trial of short-course ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of acute urinary tract infection in women. Ciprofloxacin Urinary Tract Infection Group. Am J Med 1999;106:292–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gupta K, Scholes D, Stamm WE. Increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens causing acute uncomplicated cystitis in women. JAMA 1999;281:736–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Dyer IE, Sankary TM, Dawson JA. Antibiotic resistance in bacterial urinary tract infections, 199–1997. West J Med 1988;169:265–8.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Gupta K, Sahm DF, Mayfield D, Stamm WE. Antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens causing community acquired UTI in women: a nationwide analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(1):89–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhanel GG, Karlowsky JA, Harding GK et al. A Canadian national surveillance study of urinary tract isolates from outpatients: a comparison of the activities of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, mecillinam, nitrofurantoin, and ciprofloxacin. The Canadian Urinary Isolate Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:1089–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Trienekens T, Stobberingh E, Beckers F, Knottnerus A. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of uropathogens isolated from general practice patients in southern Netherlands. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994;33:1064–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gruneberg RN. Changes in urinary pathogens and their antibiotic sensitivities, 1971–1992. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994;33(Suppl A):1–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Perrin M, Donnio PY, Heurtin-Lecorre C et al. Comparative antimicrobial resistance and genomic diversity of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections in the community and in hospitals. J Hosp Infect 1999;41:273–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Weber G, Risenberg K, Schlaeffer F et al. Changing trends in frequency and antimicrobial resistance of urinary pathogens in outpatient clinics and a hospital in Southern Israel, 1991–1995. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997;16:834–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Christaens TH, Heytens S, Verschraegen G et al. Which bacteria are found in women with uncomplicated urinary tract infections in primary health care, and what is their susceptibility pattern anno 95–96? Acta Clin Belg 1998;53:184–8.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Orrett FA, Shurland SM. The changing patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility of urinary pathogens in Trinidad. Singapore Med J 1998;39:256–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Iqbal J, Rahman M, Kabir MS, Rahman M. Increasing ciprofloxacin resistance among prevalent urinary tract bacterial isolated in Bangladesh. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1997;50:241–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Garcia-Rodriguez JA. Bacteriological comparison of cefixime in patients with noncomplicated urinary tract infection in Spain. Preliminary results. Chemotherapy 1998;44(Suppl 1):28–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Safrin S, Siegel D, Black D. Pyelonephritis in adult women: inpatient versus outpatient therapy. Am J Med 1988;85:793–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Pinson AG, Philbrick JT, Lindbeck, Schorling JB. ED management of acute pyelonephritis in women: a cohort study. Am J Emerg Med 1994;12:271–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Stamm WE, McKevitt M, Counts GW. Acute renal infection in women: treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or ampicillin for two or six weeks. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:341–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Jernelius H, Zbornik J, Bauer CA. One or three weeks’ treatment of acute pyelonephritis? A double blind comparison, using a fixed combination of pivampicillin plus pivmecillinam,. Acta Med Scand 1988;223:469–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Bergeron MG. Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults. Med Clin North Am 1995;79:619–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Bach D, van den Berg-Segers A, Hubner A et al. Rufloxacin once daily versus ciprofloxacin twice daily in the treatment of patients with acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis. J Urol 1995;154:19–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bailey RR, Peddie BA. Treatment of acute urinary tract infection in women. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:430.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Talen D, Stamm WE, Reuning-Scherer J, Church D. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) 7 day vs. TMP/SMX 14 day +/− ceftriaxone (CRO) for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis: a randomized, double-blind trial. Boston: International Congress of Infectious Diseases, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ronald AR, Nicolle LE, Harding GKM. Standard of therapy for urinary tract infections in adults. Infection 1992;20(Suppl 3):S164–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Melekos MD, Naber KG. Complicated urinary tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000;15:247–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Stamm WE. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention. Am J Med 1991;91(Suppl 3B):S65–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Kawada Y. Comparison of complicated urinary tract infections in men and women. Infection 1994;22(Suppl 1):S55–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Bailey RR, Lynn KL, Robson RA et al. DMSA renal scans in adults with acute pyelonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1996;46:99–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Johnson JR, Vincent LM, Wanf K et al. Renal ultrasonography correlates of acute pyelonephritis. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:15–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Talner LB, Davidson AJ, Lebowitz RL et al. Acute pyelonephritis: can we agree on terminology? Radiology 1994;192:297–305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Gillenwater JY. The pathophysiology of urinary tract obstruction. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Stamey TA, Vaughan ED, editors. Campbell’s Urology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1992;299–332.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Schaeffer JA. Infections of the urinary tract. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Stamey TA, Vaughan ED, editors. Campbell’s Urology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1992;731–806.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Weidner W, Ludwig M, Weimar B et al. Rational diagnostic steps in acute pyelonephritis with special reference to ultrasonography and computed tomography scan. Int J Antmicrob Agents 1999;11:257–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Stamey TA. Pathogenesis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Huland H, Busch R. Chronic pyelonephritis as a cause of end-stage renal disease. J Urol 1982;127:642–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Sklar AH, Caruana RJ, Lammers JE, Strauser GD. Renal infections in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1987;10:81–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Nicolle LE. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11:647–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Schaeffer AJ, Rajan N, Cao Q et al. Host pathogenesis in urinaryntract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001;17:245–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Brandtzaeg P. Mucosal immunity in the female genital tract. J Reprod Immunol 1997;36:23–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Raz R, Stamm WE. A controlled trial of intravaginal estriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections. N Engl J Med 1993;329:753–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Eriksen BC. A randomized, open, parallel-group study on the preventive effect of an estradiol-releasing vaginal ring (Estring) on recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1072–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Warren JW. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11(3):609–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Mulhall AB, Chapman RG, Crow RA. Bacteriuria during indwelling urethral catheterisation. J Hosp Infect 1988;11:253–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ramsay JWA, Garnham AJ, Mulhall AB et al. Biofilms, bacteria and bladder catheters. A clinical study. Br J Urol 1989;64:395–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Zimmerli W, Lew PD, Waldvogel FA. Pathogenesis of foreign body infection. Evidence for local granulocyte defect. J Clin Invest 1984;73:1191–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Rahav G, Pinco E, Silbaq F et al. Molecular epidemiology of catheter-associated bacteriuria in nursing home patients. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:1031–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Warren JW, Tenney JH, Hoopes JM et al. A prospective microbiologic study of bacteriuria in patients with chronic indwelling urethral catheters. J Infect Dis 1982;146:719–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Warren JW. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001;17:299–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Mobley HLT, Warren JW. Urease-positive bacteriuria and obstruction of long-term urinary catheters. J Clin Microbiol 1987;25:2216–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Jacobs L, Skidmore E, Freeman K et al. Oral fluconazole compared with bladder irrigation with amphotericin B for treatment of fungal urinary tract infections in elderly patients. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:30–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Patterson JE, Andriole VT. Bacterial urinary tract infections in diabetes. Infect Dis Clin N Am 1997;11(3):735–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Botalla MA, Baladimos MC, Bradley RF. Bacteriuria in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1971;7:297–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Stamey TA, Kaufman MF. Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections. II. A comparison of growth in normal vaginal fluid of common versus uncommon serogroups of Escherichia coli. J Urol 1975;114:264–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Schaeffer AJ, Jones JM, Dunn JK. Association of in vitro Escherichia coli adherence to vaginal and buccal epithelial cells with susceptibility of women to recurrent urinary-tract infections. N Engl J Med 1981;304:1062–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL et al. Risk factors for recurrent UTI in young women. J Infect Dis 2000;182:1177–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Hooton TM, Stapleton AE, Roberts PL et al. Perineal anatomy and urine-voiding characteristics of young women with and without recurrent urinary tract infections. N Engl J Med 1993;329:753–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Nicolle LE, Ronald AR. Recurrent urinary tract infection in adult women: diagnosis and treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1987;1:793–806.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Ronald AR, Conway B. An approach to urinary tract infections in ambulatory women. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 1988;9:76–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hooton TM. Recurrent urinary tract infection in women. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001;17:259–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Nicolle LE, Ronald AR. Recurrent urinary tract infection in adult women: diagnosis and treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1987;1:793–806.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Nicolle LE. Prophylaxis: recurrent urinary tract infection in women. Infection 1992;20:5203–5.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Chew LD, Fihn SD. Recurrent cystitis in nonpregnant women. West J Med 1999;170:274–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Stapleton A, Latham RH, Johnson C, Stamm WE. Postcoital antimicrobial prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infection. J Infect Dis 1988;157:1239–41.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Foxman B, Geiger AM, Palm K et al. First-time urinary tract infection and sexual behaviour. Epidemiology 1995;6:162–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Avorn J, Monane M, Gurwitz, Gurwitz JH et al. Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice. JAMA 1994;271:751–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Sobota AE. Inhibition of bacterial adherence by cranberry juice: potential use for the treatment of urinary tract infections. J Urol 1984:131;1013–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Schmidt DR, Sobota AW. An examination of the anti-adherence activity of cranberry juice on urinary and nonurinary bacterial isolates. Microbios 1988;55:173–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Ofek I, Goldhar J, Zafriri D et al. Anti-Escherichia adhesin activity of cranberry and blueberry juices. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1599.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Chan RCY, Bruce AW, Reid G. Adherence of cervical, vaginal and distal urethral normal microbial flora to human uroepithelial cells and the inhibition of adherence of gram-negative uropathogens by competitive exclusion. J Urol 1984;131:596–601.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Chan RCY, Reid G, Irwin RT et al. Competitive exclusion of uropathogens from human uroepithelial cells by Lactobacillus whole cells and cell wall fragments. Infect Immun 1985;47:84–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Klebanoff SJ, Hillier SL, Eschenbach DA et al. Control of microbial flora of the vagina by H2O2-generating lactobacilli. J Infect Dis 1991;164:94–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. McGroarty JA, Reid G. Detection of a lactobacillus substance that inhibits Escherichia coli. Can J Microbiol 1988;34:974–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. McGroarty JA, Reid G. Inhibition of enterococci by Lactobacillus species in vitro. Microb Ecol Health Dis 1988;1:215–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Stamm WE, Norrby SR. Urinary tract infections: disease panorama and challenges. J Infect Dis 2001;183(Suppl 1):S1–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Gentelet H, Carrricajo A, Rusch P et al. Evaluation of a new rapid urine screening analyzer: cell Facts. Pathol Biol 2001;49:262–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Stamm WE. Patient-initiated treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in young women. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:9–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Langermann S, Ballou WR Jr. Vaccination utilizing the FimCH complex as a strategy to prevent Escherichia coli urinary tract infections. J Infect Dis 2001;183(Suppl 1):S84–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Kozlowski PA, Cu-Uvin S, Neutra MR et al. Mucosal vaccination strategies for women. J Infect Dis 1999;179(Suppl 3):S493–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Uehling DT, Hopkins WJ, Beierle LM et al. Vaginal mucosal immunization for recurrent urinary tract infection: extended phase II clinical trial. J Infect Dis 2001;183(Suppl 1):S81–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Dr Abheha Satkunaratnam (Clinical Fellow)

  2. Section of Urogynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, Lawrence and Frances Bloomberg Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Professor Harold P. Drutz (Professor and Head)

Authors
  1. Dr Abheha Satkunaratnam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Professor Harold P. Drutz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Urogynecology Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    H. P. Drutz BA, MD, FRC(C), FACOG, FSOGC

  2. Division of Urology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    S. Herschorn BSc, MDCM, FRCSC

  3. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    N. E. Diamant MD, FRCP(C)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Satkunaratnam, A., Drutz, H.P. (2003). Urinary Tract Infections in the Non-pregnant Woman. In: Drutz, H.P., Herschorn, S., Diamant, N.E. (eds) Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-238-1_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-238-1_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-237-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-238-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation