Skip to main content

Extra-Coronary Calcium

  • Chapter
Cardiac CT Imaging

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Simon A, Giral P, Levenson J. Extracoronary atherosclerotic plaque at multiple sites and total coronary calcification deposit in asymptomatic men. Association with coronary risk profile. Circulation 1995;92(6):1414–1421.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Iribarren C, Sidney S, Sternfeld B, Browner WS. Calcification of the aortic arch: risk factors and association with coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. JAMA 2000;283(21):2810–2815.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. DeBakey ME, Glaeser DH. Patterns of atherosclerosis: effect of risk factors on recurrence and survival-analysis of 11,890 cases with more than 25-year follow-up. Am J Cardiol 2000;85(9):1045–1053.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Khoury Z, Schwartz R, Gottlieb S, Chenzbraun A, Stern S, Keren A. Relation of coronary artery disease to atherosclerotic disease in the aorta, carotid, and femoral arteries evaluated by ultrasound. Am J Cardiol 19971;80(11):1429–1433.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Takasu J, Takanashi K, Naito S, et al. Evaluation of morphological changes of the atherosclerotic aorta by enhanced computed tomography. Atherosclerosis 1992;97(2–3):107–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Witteman JC, Kok FJ, van Saase JL, Valkenburg HA. Aortic calcification as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Lancet 1986;ii(8516):1120–1122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Witteman JC, Kannel WB, Wolf PA, et al. Aortic calcified plaques and cardiovascular disease (the Framingham Study). Am J Cardiol 1990;66(15):1060–1064.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Allison MA, Criqui MH, Wright CM. Patterns and risk factors for systemic calcified atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24(2):331–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kuller LH, Matthews KA, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Edmundowicz D, Bunker CH. Coronary and aortic calcification among women 8 years after menopause and their premenopausal risk factors: the healthy women study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19(9):2189–2198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Raggi P, Cooil B, Hadi A, Friede G. Predictors of aortic and coronary artery calcium on a screening electron beam tomographic scan. Am J Cardiol 2003;91(6):744–746.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Reaven PD, Sacks J. Coronary artery and abdominal aortic calcification are associated with cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2005;48(2):379–385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Cury RC, Ferencik M, Hoffmann U, et al. Epidemiology and association of vascular and valvular calcium quantified by multidetector computed tomography in elderly asymptomatic subjects. Am J Cardiol 2004;94(3):348–351.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hirose N, Arai Y, Ishii T, Tushima M, Li J. Association of mild hyperhomocysteinemia with aortic calcification in hypercholesterolemic patients. J Atheroscler Thromb 2001;8(3):91–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Yamamoto H, Shavelle D, Takasu J, et al. Valvular and thoracic aortic calcium as a marker of the extent and severity of angiographic coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2003;146(1):153–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Adler Y, Shemesh J, Tenenbaum A, Hovav B, Fisman EZ, Motro M. Aortic valve calcium on spiral computed tomography (dual slice mode) is associated with advanced coronary calcium in hypertensive patients. Coron Artery Dis 2002;13(4):209–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Takasu J, Mao S, Budoff MJ. Aortic atherosclerosis detected with electron-beam CT as a predictor of obstructive coronary artery disease. Acad Radiol 2003;10(6):631–637.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bild DE, Bluemke DA, Burke GL, et al. Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156(9):871–881.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hak AE, Pols HA, van Hemert AM, Hofman A, Witteman JC. Progression of aortic calcification is associated with metacarpal bone loss during menopause: a population-based longitudinal study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20(8):1926–1931.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kiel DP, Kauppila LI, Cupples LA, Hannan MT, O’Donnell CJ, Wilson PW. Bone loss and the progression of abdominal aortic calcification over a 25 year period: the Framingham Heart Study. Calcif Tissue Int 2001;68(5):271–276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kauppila LI, Polak JF, Cupples LA, Hannan MT, Kiel DP, Wilson PW. New indices to classify location, severity and progression of calcific lesions in the abdominal aorta: a 25-year follow-up study. Atherosclerosis 1997;132(2):245–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Tsushima M. The clinical classification of arteriosclerosis and noninvasive methods for diagnosis of atherosclerosis (in Japanese). J Jpn Atheroscler Soc 1985;13:783–791.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Tsushima M, Koh H, Suzuki M, et al. Noninvasive quantitative evaluation of early atherosclerosis and the effect of monatepil, a new antihypertensive agent. An interim report. Am J Hypertens 1994;7(10 Pt 2):154S–160S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hashiba H, Aizawa S, Tamura K, Shigematsu T, Kogo H. Inhibitory effects of etidronate on the progression of vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients. Ther Apher Dial 2004;8(3):241–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M Jr, Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15(4):827–832.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mitchell JR, Cranston WI. A simple method for the quantitative assessment of aortic disease. J Atheroscler Res 1965;39:135–144.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Williams LR, Flinn WR, Yao JS, et al. Extended use of computed tomography in the management of complex aortic problems: a learning experience. J Vasc Surg 1986;4(3):264–271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sutton-Tyrrell K, Kuller LH, Edmundowicz D, et al. Usefulness of electron beam tomography to detect progression of coronary and aortic calcium in middle-aged women. Am J Cardiol 2001;87(5):560–564.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Arai Y, Hirose N, Yamamura K, et al. Long-term effect of lipid-lowering therapy on atherosclerosis of abdominal aorta in patients with hypercholesterolemia: noninvasive evaluation by a new image analysis program. Angiology 2002;53(1):57–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Miwa Y, Tsushima M, Arima H, Kawano Y, Sasaguri T. Pulse pressure is an independent predictor for the progression of aortic wall calcification in patients with controlled hyperlipidemia. Hypertension 2004;43(3):536–540.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Yamaguchi T, Sugimoto T, Yano S, et al. Plasma lipids and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Endocr J 2002;49(2):211–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Parhami F, Morrow AD, Balucan J, et al. Lipid oxidation products have opposite effects on calcifying vascular cell and bone cell differentiation. A possible explanation for the paradox of arterial calcification in osteoporotic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17(4):680–687.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Goldsmith D, Ritz E, Covic A. Vascular calcification: a stiff challenge for the nephrologist: does preventing bone disease cause arterial disease? Kidney Int 2004;66(4):1315–1333.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Raggi P, Bommer J, Chertow GM. Valvular calcification in hemodialysis patients randomized to calcium-based phosphorus binders or sevelamer. J Heart Valve Dis 2004;13(1):134–141.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Bommer J, Strohbeck E, Goerich J, Bahner M, Zuna I. Arteriosclerosis in dialysis patients. Int J Artif Organs 1996;19(11):638–644.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Tenenbaum A, Garniek A, Shemesh J, et al. Dual-helical CT for detecting aortic atheromas as a source of stroke: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography. Radiology 1998;208(1):153–158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kochanek KD, Smith BL. Deaths: preliminary data for 2002. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2004;52(13):1–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Koelemay MJ, Nederkoorn PJ, Reitsma JB, Majoie CB. Systematic review of computed tomographic angiography for assessment of carotid artery disease. Stroke 2004;35(10):2306–2312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Roth M, et al. Correlations between vascular calcification and atherosclerosis: a comparative electron beam CT study of the coronary and carotid arteries. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998;22(2):207–211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wagenknecht LE, Langefeld CD, Carr JJ, et al. Race-specific relationships between coronary and carotid artery calcification and carotid intimal medial thickness. Stroke 2004;35(5):e97–e99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Deneke T, Grewe PH, Ruppert S, Balzer K, Muller KM. Atherosclerotic carotid arteries — calcification and radio-morphological findings. Z Kardiol 2000;89(Suppl 2):36–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Seeger JM, Barratt E, Lawson GA, Klingman N. The relationship between carotid plaque composition, plaque morphology, and neurologic symptoms. J Surg Res 1995;58(3):330–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Adams GJ, Simoni DM, Bordelon CB Jr, et al. Bilateral symmetry of human carotid artery atherosclerosis. Stroke 2002;33(11):2575–2580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Schwartz LB, Bridgman AH, Kieffer RW, et al. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and stroke in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. J Vasc Surg 1995;21(1):146–153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Criqui MH, Langer RD, Fronek A, Feigelson HS. Coronary disease and stroke in patients with large-vessel peripheral arterial disease. Drugs 1991;42(Suppl 5):16–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Denzel C, Lell M, Maak M, et al. Carotid artery calcium: accuracy of a calcium score by computed tomography — an in vitro study with comparison to sonography and histology. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004;28(2):214–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Yamamoto H, Budoff MJ, Lu B, Takasu J, Oudiz RJ, Mao S. Reproducibility of three different scoring systems for measurement of coronary calcium. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2002;18(5):391–397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Budoff MJ, Mao S, Takasu J, Shavelle DM, Zhao XQ, O’Brien KD. Reproducibility of electron-beam CT measures of aortic valve calcification. Acad Radiol 2002;9(10):1122–1127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Espeland MA, Craven TE, Riley WA, Corson J, Romont A, Furberg CD. Reliability of longitudinal ultrasonographic measurements of carotid intimal-medial thicknesses. Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study Research Group. Stroke 1996;27(3):480–485.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 1997;340(1):14–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Hollander M, Hak AE, Koudstaal PJ, et al. Comparison between measures of atherosclerosis and risk of stroke: the Rotterdam Study. Stroke 2003;34(10):2367–2372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Krajewski LP, Olin JW. Peripheral vascular diseases. In: Young JR, Olin JW, Bartholomew JR (eds) St. St Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, 1996:208–233.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Criqui MH, Langer RD, Fronek A, et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med 1992;326(6):381–386.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Portugaller HR, Schoellnast H, Hausegger KA, Tiesenhausen K, Amann W, Berghold A. Multislice spiral CT angiography in peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a valuable tool in detecting significant arterial lumen narrowing? Eur Radiol 2004;14(9):1681–1687.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Tins B, Oxtoby J, Patel S. Comparison of CT angiography with conventional arterial angiography in aortoiliac occlusive disease. Br J Radiol 2001;74(879):219–225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Rubin GD, Schmidt AJ, Logan LJ, Sofilos MC. Multi-detector row CT angiography of lower extremity arterial inflow and runoff: initial experience. Radiology 2001;221(1):146–158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Otto CM, Kuusisto J, Reichenbach DD, Gown AM, O’Brien KD. Characterization of the early lesion of “degenerative” valvular aortic stenosis. Histological and immunohistochemical studies. Circulation1994;90(2):844–853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. O’Brien KD, Reichenbach DD, Marcovina SM, Kuusisto J, Alpers CE, Otto CM. Apolipoproteins B, (a), and E accumulate in the morphologically early lesion of “degenerative” valvular aortic stenosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16(4):523–532.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. O’Brien KD, Kuusisto J, Reichenbach DD, et al. Osteopontin is expressed in human aortic valvular lesions. Circulation 1995;92(8):2163–2168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Mohler ER, III, Adam LP, McClelland P, Graham L, Hathaway DR. Detection of osteopontin in calcified human aortic valves. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17(3):547–552.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Mohler ER, III, Gannon F, Reynolds C, Zimmerman R, Keane MG, Kaplan FS. Bone formation and inflammation in cardiac valves. Circulation 2001;103(11):1522–1528.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Rosenhek R, Binder T, Porenta G, et al. Predictors of outcome in severe, asymptomatic aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2000;343(9):611–617.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Bahler RC, Desser DR, Finkelhor RS, Brener SJ, Youssefi M. Factors leading to progression of valvular aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1999;84(9):1044–1048.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. MacMillan RM, Rees MR, Lumia FJ, Maranhao V. Preliminary experience in the use of ultrafast computed tomography to diagnose aortic valve stenosis. Am Heart J 1988;115(3):665–671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kizer JR, Gefter WB, deLemos AS, Scoll BJ, Wolfe ML, Mohler ER, III. Electron beam computed tomography for the quantification of aortic valvular calcification. J Heart Valve Dis 2001;10(3):361–366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Morgan-Hughes GJ, Roobottom CA, Marshall AJ. Aortic valve imaging with computed tomography: a review. J Heart Valve Dis 2002;11(5):604–611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Shavelle DM, Takasu J, Budoff MJ, Mao S, Zhao XQ, O’Brien KD. HMG CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) and aortic valve calcium. Lancet 2002;359(9312):1125–1126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Pohle K, Maffert R, Ropers D, et al. Progression of aortic valve calcification: association with coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors. Circulation 2001;104(16):1927–1932.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Walsh CR, Larson MG, Kupka MJ, et al. Association of aortic valve calcium detected by electron beam computed tomography with echocardiographic aortic valve disease and with calcium deposits in the coronary arteries and thoracic aorta. Am J Cardiol 2004;93(4):421–425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Shavelle DM, Budoff MJ, Buljubasic N, et al. Usefulness of aortic valve calcium scores by electron beam computed tomography as a marker for aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 2003;92(3):349–353.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Cowell SJ, Newby DE, Burton J, et al. Aortic valve calcification on computed tomography predicts the severity of aortic stenosis. Clin Radiol 2003;58(9):712–716.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Pohle K, Otte M, Maffert R, et al. Association of cardiovascular risk factors to aortic valve calcification as quantified by electron beam computed tomography. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79(10):1242–1246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Callister TQ, Cooil B, Raya SP, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ, Raggi P. Coronary artery disease: improved reproducibility of calcium scoring with an electron-beam CT volumetric method. Radiology 1998;208(3):807–814.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Budoff MJ, Mao S, Takasu J, Shavelle DM, Zhao XQ, O’Brien KD. Reproducibility of electron-beam CT measures of aortic valve calcification. Acad Radiol 2002;9(10):1122–1127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Messika-Zeitoun D, Aubry MC, Detaint D, et al. Evaluation and clinical implications of aortic valve calcification measured by electron-beam computed tomography. Circulation 2004;110(3):356–362.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kaden JJ, Freyer S, Weisser G, et al. Correlation of degree of aortic valve stenosis by Doppler echocardiogram to quantity of calcium in the valve by electron beam tomography. Am J Cardiol 2002;90(5):554–557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Salami B, Shavelle DM, Xiang M, et al. Aortic valve calcium and c-reactive protein contribute independently to coronary heart disease incidence. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43(Suppl A):517A (Abstract).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Novaro GM, Tiong IY, Pearce GL, Lauer MS, Sprecher DL, Griffin BP. Effect of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors on the progression of calcific aortic stenosis. Circulation 2001;104(18):2205–2209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Rosenhek R, Rader F, Loho N, et al. Statins but not angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors delay progression of aortic stenosis. Circulation 2004;110(10):1291–1295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Bellamy MF, Pellikka PA, Klarich KW, Tajik AJ, Enriquez-Sarano M. Association of cholesterol levels, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase inhibitor treatment, and progression of aortic stenosis in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40(10):1723–1730.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Kronzon I, Goldman ME. Association of coronary risk factors and use of statins with progression of mild valvular aortic stenosis in older persons. Am J Cardiol 2001;88(6):693–695.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Rossebo AB, Pedersen TR, Skjaerpe T, et al. Design of the simvastatin and ezetimide in Aortic Stenosis (SEAS) Study. Atherosclerosis 2004;170(Suppl 4):253.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Takasu J, Shavelle DM, O’Brien KD, et al. Association between progression of aortic valve calcification and coronary calcification: assessment by electron beam tomography. Acad Radiol 2005;12(3):298–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Roberts WC. The senile cardiac calcification syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1986;58(6):572–574.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Korn D, Desanctis RW, Sell S. Massive calcification of the mitral annulus. A clinicopathological study of fourteen cases. N Engl J Med 1962;267:900–909.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Fulkerson PK, Beaver BM, Auseon JC, Graber HL. Calcification of the mitral annulus: etiology, clinical associations, complications and therapy. Am J Med 1979;66(6):967–977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Aronow WS. Mitral annular calcification: significant and worth acting upon. Geriatrics 1991;46(4):73–80, 85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Boon A, Cheriex E, Lodder J, Kessels F. Cardiac valve calcification: characteristics of patients with calcification of the mitral annulus or aortic valve. Heart 1997;78(5):472–474.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Marzo KP, Herling IM. Valvular disease in the elderly. Cardiovasc Clin 1993;23:175–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Adler Y, Fisman EZ, Shemesh J, Tanne D, Hovav B, Motro M, Schwammenthal E, Tenenbaum A. Usefulness of helical computed tomography in detection of mitral annular calcification as a marker of coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2005;101(3):371–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Tenenbaum A, Shemesh J, Fisman EZ, Motro M. Advanced mitral annular calcification is associated with severe coronary calcification on fast dual spiral computed tomography. Invest Radiol 2000;35(3):193–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Yamamoto H, Shavelle D, Takasu J, Lu B, Mao SS, Fischer H, Budoff MJ. Valvular and thoracic aortic calcium as a marker of the extent and severity of angiographic coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2003;146(1):153–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Kamensky G, Lisy L, Polak E, Piknova E, Plevova N. Mitral annular calcifications and aortic plaques as predictors of increased cardiovascular mortality. J Cardiol 2001;37Suppl 1:21–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Kronzon I, Gutstein H. Association of mitral annular calcium with new thromboembolic stroke at 44-month follow-up of 2,148 persons, mean age 81 years. Am J Cardiol 1998;81(1):105–106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Adler Y, Koren A, Fink N, Tanne D, Fusman R, Assali A, Yahav J, Zelikovski A, Sagie A. Association between mitral annulus calcification and carotid atherosclerotic disease. Stroke 1998;29(9):1833–1837.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Adler Y, Herz I, Vaturi M, Fusman R, Shohat-Zabarski R, Fink N, Porter A, Shapira Y, Assali A, Sagie A. Mitral annular calcium detected by transthoracic echocardiography is a marker for high prevalence and severity of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Am J Cardiol 1998;82(10):1183–1186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Park H, Das M, Aronow WS, McClung JA, Belkin RN. Relation of decreased ankle-brachial index to prevalence of atherosclerotic risk factors, coronary artery disease, aortic valve calcium, and mitral annular calcium. Am J Cardiol 2005;95(8):1005–1006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shavelle, D.M., Takasu, J. (2006). Extra-Coronary Calcium. In: Budoff, M.J., Shinbane, J.S., Achenbach, S., Raggi, P., Rumberger, J.A. (eds) Cardiac CT Imaging. Springer, London . https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-146-6_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-146-6_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-028-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-146-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics