Skip to main content

Pathogenesis of Anterior Knee Pain and Patellar Instability in the Active Young

What Have We Learned from Realignment Surgery?

  • Chapter
Anterior Knee Pain and Patellar Instability

Conclusions

This study is not intended to advocate for a particular surgical technique, but it does provide insight into improving our understanding of the pathophysiology of anterior knee pain syndrome. Our objectives were: to identify a relationship, or lack of one, between the presence of PFM and the presence of anterior knee pain and/or patellar instability; to analyze the long-term response of VMO muscle fibers to increased resting length; and to determine the incidence of patellofemoral arthrosis after IPR surgery. Our findings indicate (1) that not all PFM knees show symptoms; that is, PFM is not a sufficient condition for the onset of symptoms, at least in postoperative patients; (2) that the advancement of VMO has no deleterious effects on VMO; and (3) that IPR does not predispose to retropatellar arthrosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 199.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abraham, E, E Washington, and TL Huang. Insall proximal realignment for disorders of the patella. Clin Orthop 1989; 248: 61–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Aglietti, P, R Buzzi, P De Biase et al. Surgical treatment of recurrent dislocation of the patella. Clin Orthop 1994; 308: 8–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ahmed, AM, and NA Duncan. Correlation of patellar tracking pattern with trochlear and retropatellar surface topographies. J Biomech Eng 2000; 122: 652–660.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Arnbjornsson, A, N Egund, and O Rydling. The natural history of recurrent dislocation of the patella: Longterm results of conservative and operative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg 1992; 74-B: 140–142.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Barber-Westin, SD, FR Noyes, and JW McCloskey. Rigorous statistical reliability, validity and responsiveness testing of the Cincinnati knee rating system in 350 subjects with uninjured, injured, or anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knees. Am J Sports Med 1999; 27: 402–416.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Buchthal, F. An Introduction to Electromyography. Glydendal: Scandinavian University Books, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cerny, K. Vastus medialis oblique/vastus lateralis muscle activity ratios for selected exercises in persons with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. Phys Ther 1995; 75: 672–683.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Crosby, EB, and Insall. Recurrent dislocation of the patella: Relation of treatment to osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg 1976; 58-A: 9–13.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Dye, SF, HU Staubli, RM Biedert et al. The mosaic of pathophysiology causing patellofemoral pain: Therapeutic implications. Oper Tech Sports Med 1999; 7: 46–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Farahmand, F, and MN Tahmasbi, and AA Amis. Lateral force-displacement behaviour of the human patella and its variation with knee flexion: A biomechanical study in vitro. J Biomech 1998; 31: 1147–1152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ficat, P, C Ficat, and A Bailleux. Syndrome d’hyperpression externe de la rotule (S. H.P.E). Rev Chir Orthop 1975; 61: 39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fithian, DC, E Nomura, and E Arendt. Anatomy of patellar dislocation. Oper Tech Sports Med 2001; 9: 102–111.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Fithian, DC, EW Paxton, and AB Cohen. Indications in the treatment of patellar instability. J Knee Surg 2004; 17: 47–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Fulkerson, JP. The etiology of patellofemoral pain in young active patients: A prospective study. Clin Orthop 1983; 179: 129–133.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Fulkerson, JP, R Tennant, and JS Jaivin. Histologic evidence of retinacular nerve injury associated with patellofemoral malalignment. Clin Orthop 1985; 197: 196–205.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Grelsamer, RP, and J McConnell, eds. The Patella: A Team Approach. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Heegaard, J, PF Leyvraz, and A Van Kampen. Influence of soft structures on patellar three-dimensional tracking. Clin Orthop 1994; 299: 235–243.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hughston, JC. Subluxation of the patella. J Bone Joint Surg 1968; 50-A: 1003–1026.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Insall, JN. “Chondromalacia Patellae”: Patellar Malalignment Syndrome. Orthop Clin North Am 1979; 10: 117–127.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Insall, J, PG Bullough, and AH Burnstein. Proximal “tube” realignment of the patella for chondromalacia patellae. Clin Orthop 1979; 144: 63–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lysholm, J, and J Gillquist. Evaluation of knee ligament surgery results with special emphasis on use of a scoring scale. Am J Sports Med 1982; 10: 150–154.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Merchant, AC, RL Mercer, and RH Jacobsen. Roentgenographic analysis of patellofemoral congruence. J Bone Joint Surg 1974; 56-A: 1391–1396.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Merchant, AC, and RL Mercer. Lateral release of the patella: A preliminary report. Clin Orthop 1974; 103: 40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Merchant, AC. Radiography of the patellofemoral joint. Oper Tech Sports Med 1999; 7: 59–64.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Sanchis-Alfonso, V, E Gastaldi-Orquín, and V Martinez-SanJuan. Usefulness of computed tomography in evaluating the patellofemoral joint before and after Insall’s realignment: Correlation with short-term clinical results. Am J Knee Surg 1994; 7: 65–72.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Sanchis-Alfonso, V, E Roselló-Sastre, C Monteagudo-Castro et al. Quantitative analysis of nerve changes in the lateral retinaculum in patients with isolated symptomatic patellofemoral malalignment: A preliminary study. Am J Sports Med 1998; 26: 703–709.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Sanchis-Alfonso, V, E Roselló-Sastre, and V Martinez-SanJuan. Pathogenesis of anterior knee pain syndrome and functional patellofemoral instability in the active young: A review. Am J Knee Surg 1999; 12: 29–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sanchis-Alfonso, V, and E Roselló-Sastre. Immunohistochemical analysis for neural markers of the lateral retinaculum in patients with isolated symptomatic patellofemoral malalignment: A neuroanatomic basis for anterior knee pain in the active young patient. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28: 725–731.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sanchis-Alfonso, V, E Roselló-Sastre, and F Revert. Neural growth factor expression in the lateral retinaculum in painful patellofemoral malalignment. Acta Orthop Scand 2001; 72: 146–149.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sanchis-Alfonso, V, and E Roselló-Sastre. Anterior knee pain in the young patient: What causes the pain? “Neural model.” Acta Orthop Scand 2003; 74: 697–703.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sanchis-Alfonso, V, E Roselló-Sastre, F Revert et al. Histologic retinacular changes associated with ischemia in painful patellofemoral malalignment. Orthopedics 2005; 28: 593–599.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Schutzer, SF, GR Ramsby, and JP Fulkerson. The evaluation of patellofemoral pain using computerized tomography: A preliminary study. Clin Orthop 1986; 204: 286–293.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Scott, J, and EC Huskisson. Graphic representation of pain. Pain 1976; 2: 175–184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Tegner, Y, and J Lysholm. Rating systems in the evaluation of knee ligament injuries. Clin Orthop 1985; 198: 43–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wojtys, EM, DN Beaman, RA Glover et al. Innervation of the human knee joint by substance-P fibers. Arthroscopy 1990; 6: 254–263.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Zeichen, J, P Lobenhoffer, T Gerich et al. Medium-term results of the operative treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation by Insall proximal realignment. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1999; 7: 173–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sanchis-Alfonso, V., Ordoño, F., Subías-López, A., Monserrat, C. (2006). Pathogenesis of Anterior Knee Pain and Patellar Instability in the Active Young. In: Sanchis-Alfonso, V. (eds) Anterior Knee Pain and Patellar Instability. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-143-1_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-143-1_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-003-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-143-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics