Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bernageau, J, and D Goutallier. La mesure de la distance TA-GT. In Le scanner ostéo-articulation. Le genou. Paris: Vigot, 1991, pp. 132–144.
Brattström, H. Shape of the intercondylar groove normally and in recurrent dislocation of patella: A clinical and x-ray anatomical investigation. Acta Orthop Scan Supplementum 1964; 68.
Bruce, WD, and PM Stevens. Surgical correction of miserable malalignment syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 2004; 24: 392–396.
Cahue, S, D Dunlop, K Hayes, J Song, L Torres, and L Sharma. Varus-valgus alignment in the progression of patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:2184–2190.
Cooke, TD, N Price, B Fisher, and D Hedden. The inwardly pointing knee: An unrecognized problem of external rotational malalignment. Clin Orthop 1990;260: 56–60.
Cooke, TD, J Li, and RA Scudamore. Radiographic assessment of bony contributions to knee deformity. Ortho Clin. North Am 1994; 25: 387–393.
Chao, EY, EV Neluheni, RW Hsu, and D Paley. Biomechanics of malalignment. Ortho Clin North Am 1994; 25: 379–386.
Dejour, H, G Walch, P Neyret, and P Adeleine. La dysplasie de la trochlee femorale. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 1990; 76: 45–54.
Dejour, H, G Walch, L Nove-Josserand, and C Guier. Factors of patellar instability: An anatomic radiographic study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1994; 2: 19–26.
Delgado, ED, PL Schoenecker, MM Rich, and AM Capelli. Treatment of severe torsional malalignment syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 1996; 16: 484–488.
Eckhoff, DG, AW Brown, RF Kilcoyne, and ER Stamm. Knee version associated with anterior knee pain. Clin Orthop 1997; 339: 152–155.
Elahi, S, S Cahue, DT Felson, L Engelman, and L Sharma. The association between varus-valgus alignment and patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 1874–1880.
Fujikawa, K, BB Seedhom, and V Wright. Biomechanics of the patello-femoral joint: Part II. A study of the effect of simulated femoro-tibial varus deformity on the congruity of the patello-femoral compartment and movement of the patella. Engineering in Medicine 1983; 12: 13–21.
Goutallier, D, J Bernageau, and B Lecudonnec. Mesure de l’écart tubérosité tibiale antérieure-gorge de la trochlée (TA-GT). Rev Chir Orthop, 1978; 64: 423–428.
Greene, CG, TB Edwards, MR Wade, and EW Carson. Reliability of the quadriceps angle measurement. Am J Knee Surg 2001; 14: 97–103.
Grelsamer, RP, and JL Tedder. The lateral trochlear sign: Femoral trochlear dysplasia as seen on a lateral view roentgenograph. Clin Orthop 1992; 281: 159–162.
Hefzy, MS, WT Jackson, SR Saddemi, and YF Hsieh. Effects of tibial rotations on patellar tracking and patellofemoral contact areas. J Biomed Eng 1992; 14: 329–343.
Hsu, RW, S Himeno, MB Coventry, and EY Chao. Normal axial alignment of the lower extremity and load-bearing distribution at the knee. Clin Ortho 1990; 255: 215–227.
Hvid, I, LI Andersen, and H Schmidt. Chondromalacia patellae: The relation to abnormal patellofemoral joint mechanics. Acta Orthop Scand 1981; 52: 661–666.
Insall, J, KA Falvo, and DW Wise. Chondromalacia patellae: A prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1976; 58-A: 1–8.
Jaarsma, RL, BF Ongkiehong, C Gruneberg, N Verdonschot, J Duysens, and A van Kampen. Compensation for rotational malalignment after intramedullary nailing for femoral shaft fractures: An analysis by plantar pressure measurements during gait. Injury 2004; 35: 1270–1278.
James, S, BT Bates, and LR Ostering. Injuries to runners. Am J Sports Med 1978; 6: 40–50.
Janssen, G. Increased medial torsion of the knee joint producing chondromalacia patella. In Trickey, E, and P Hertel, eds., Surgery and Arthroscopy of the Knee, 2nd Congress. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986, pp. 263–267.
Kelman, GJ, L Focht, JD Krakauer et al. A cadaveric study of patellofemoral kinematics using a biomechanical testing ring and gait laboratory motion analysis. Orthop Trans 1989; 13: 248–249.
Kijowski, R, D Plagens, SJ Shaeh, and RT Teitge. The effects of rotational deformities of the femur on contact pressure and contact area in the patellofemoral joint and on strain in the medial patellofemoral ligament. Presented at the annual meeting International Patellofemoral Study Group, Napa Valley, San Francisco, September 1999.
Lauren, CA, R Dussault, and HP Levesque. The tangential x-ray investigation of the patellofemoral joint: X-ray technique, diagnostic criteria and their interpretation. Clin Orthop 1979; 144: 16–26.
Lee, TQ, SH Anzel, KA Bennett, D Pang, and WC Kim. The influence of fixed rotational deformities of the femur on the patellofemoral contact pressures in human cadaver knees. Clin Orthop 1994; 302: 69–74.
Lee, TQ, BY Yang, MD Sandusky, and PJ McMahon. The effects of tibial rotation on the patellofemoral joint: Assessment of the changes in in-situ strain in the peripatellar retinaculum and the patellofemoral contact pressures and areas. J Rehabil Res Dev 2001; 38: 463–469.
Lee, TQ, G Morris, and RP Csintalan. The influence of tibial and femoral rotation on patellofemoral contact area and pressure. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2003; 33: 686–693.
Lerat, JL, B Moyen et al. Morphological types of the lower limbs in femoro-patellar disequilibrium: Analysis in 3 planes. Acta Orthop Belg 1989; 55: 347–355.
Lösel, S, MJ Burgess-Milliron, LJ Micheli, and CJ Edington. A simplified technique for determining foot progression angle in children 4 to 16 years of age. J Pediatr Orthop 1996; 16: 570–574.
Malghem, J, and B Maldague. Depth insufficiency of the proximal trochlear groove on lateral radiographs of the knee: Relation to patellar dislocation. Radiology 1989; 170: 507–510.
Meister, K, and SL James. Proximal tibial derotation osteotomy for anterior knee pain in the miserably malaligned extremity. Am J Orthop 1995; 24: 149–155.
Moreland, JR, LW Bassett, and GJ Hanker. Radiographic analysis of the axial alignment of the lower extremity. J Bone Joint Surg 1987; 69-A: 745–749.
Reikeras, O, and A Hoiseth. Torsion of the leg determined by computed tomography. Acta Orthop Scand 1989; June, 60(3): 330–333.
Sayli, U, S Bolukbasi, OS Atik, and S Gundogdu. Determination of tibial torsion by computed tomography. J Foot Ankle Surg 1994; Mar.–Apr., 33(2): 144–147.
Seber, S, B Hazer, N Kose, E Gokturk, I Gunal, and A Turgut. Rotational profile of the lower extremity and foot progression angle: Computerized tomographic examination of 50 male adults. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2000; 120: 255–258.
Server, F, RC Miralles, E Garcia, and JM Soler. Medial rotational tibial osteotomy for patellar instability secondary to lateral tibial torsion. Int Orthop 1996; 20: 153–158.
Strecker, W, M Franzreb, T Pfeiffer, S Pokar, M Wikstrom, and L Kinzl. Computerized tomography measurement of torsion angle of the lower extremities. Unfallchirug 1994; 97: 609.
Strecker, W, P Keppler, F Gebhard, and L Kinzl. Length and torsion of the lower limb. J Bone Joint Surg 1997; 79-B: 1019–1023.
Takai, S, K Sakakida, F Yamashita, F Suzu, and F Izuta. Rotational alignment of the lower limb in osteoarthritis of the knee. Int Orthop 1985; 9: 209–215.
Tornetta, P, G Ritz, and A Kantor. Femoral torsion after interlocked nailing of unstable femoral fractures. J Trauma 1995; 38: 213–219.
Turner, MS. The association between tibial torsion and knee joint pathology. Clin Orthop 1994; 302: 47–51.
Yoshioka, Y, D Siu, and TDV Cooke. The anatomy and functional axes of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg 1987; 69-A: 873–880.
Yoshioka, Y, and TDV Cooke. Femoral anteversion: Assessment based on function axes. J Orthop Res 1987; 5: 86–91.
Yoshioka, Y, DW Siu, RA Scudamore, and TDV Cooke. Tibial anatomy and functional axes. J Ortho Res 1989; 7: 132–137.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Teitge, R.A., Torga-Spak, R. (2006). Skeletal Malalignment and Anterior Knee Pain: Rationale, Diagnosis, and Management. In: Sanchis-Alfonso, V. (eds) Anterior Knee Pain and Patellar Instability. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-143-1_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-143-1_11
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-003-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-143-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)