Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
deSouza NM, Puni R, Zbar A, Gilderdale DJ, Coutts GA, and Krausz T. MR imaging of the anal sphincter in multiparous females using an endoanal coil: correlation with in vitro anatomy and appearances in fecal incontinence. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;167:1465–71.
Gold DM, Bartram CI, Halligan S, Humphries KN, Kamm MA, and Kmiot WA. Three-dimensional endoanal sonography in assessing anal canal injury. Br J Surg. 1999;86:365–70.
Zbar AP and Kmiot WA. Anorectal investigation. In: Phillips RKS, editor. A companion to specialist surgical practice—Colorectal surgery. 1st ed. London: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd; 1998. p. 1–32.
Williams AB, Cheetham MJ, Bartram CI, Halligan S, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ, and Kmiot WA. Gender differences in the longitudinal pressure profile of the anal canal related to anatomical structure as demonstrated by three-dimensional anal endosonography. Br J Surg. 2000;87:1674–9.
Zbar AP, Beer-Gabel M, Chiappa AC, and Aslam M. Fecal incontinence after minor anorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1610–23.
Kluth D and Lambrecht W. Current concepts in the embryology of anorectal malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 1997;6(4):180–6.
Tourneux F. Sur le premiers developments du cloaque du tubercle genitale et de l’anus chez l’embryon moutons avec quelques remarques concernant le development des glandes prostatiques. J Anat Physiol. 1888;24:503–17.
Retterer E. Sur l’origin et de l’evolution de la region ano-genitale des mammifieres. J Anat Physiol. 1890;26:126–210.
Stephens FD. Embryology of the cloaca and embryogenesis of anorectal malformations. In: Stephens FD and Durham-Smith E, editors. Anorectal malformations in children: Update. New York: Alan R Liss Inc.; 1988. p. 177–209.
Van der Putte SCJ. Normal and abnormal development of the anorectum. J Pediatr Surg. 1986;21(5):434–40.
Bill AH and Johnson RJ. Failure of migration of the rectal opening as the cause for most cases of imperforate anus. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1958;106:643–51.
Ikebukuro K-I and Ohkawa H. 3-dimensional analysis of anorectal embryology. A new technique for microscopic study using computer graphics. Pediatr Surg Int. 1994;9:2–7.
Kluth D, Hiller M, and Lambrecht W. The principles of normal and abnormal hindgut development. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30:1143–7.
Danforth CH. Developmental anomalies in a special strain of mice. Am J Anat. 1930;45:275–87.
Dunn LC, Gluecksohn-Schoenheimer S, and Bryson V. A new mutation in the mouse affecting spinal column and urogenital system. J Hered. 1940;31:343–8.
Gluecksohn-Schoenheimer S. The morphological manifestation of a dominant mutation in mice affecting tail and urogenital systems. Genetics. 1943;28:341–8.
Kluth D, Lambrecht W, Reich P, et al. SD-mice—an animal model for complex anorectal malformations. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 1991;1:183–8.
Hassink EA, Riev PN, and Severijnen RS. Are adults content or continent after repair for high anal atresia? Ann Surg. 1993;218:196–2000.
Gaston E. Physiological basis for preservation of fecal continence after resection of the rectum. JAMA. 1952;146:1486–9.
Hollinshead H. Anatomy for surgeons, Vol 2. Thorax, abdomen and Pelvis. 2nd ed. New York: Harper & Row; 1971. p. 708–9.
Duthie HL and Watts J. Contribution of the external anal sphincter to the pressure zone in the anal canal. Gut. 1965;6:64–8.
Ihre T. Studies on anal function in continent and incontinent patients. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1974;9Suppl 25:1–64.
Frenckner B, von Euler B. Influence of pudendal block on the function of the anal sphincters. Gut. 1975;16:482–9.
Lund JN and Scholefield JH. Aetiology and treatment of anal fissure. Br J Surg. 1996;83:1335–44.
Lewis WG, Williamson ME, Miller AS, Sagar PM, Holdsworth PJ, and Johnston D. Preservation of complete sphincteric proprioception in restorative proctocolectomy: the inhibitory reflex and fine control of continence need not be impaired. Gut. 1995;36:902–6.
Tuckson W, Lavery I, Fazio VW, Oakley J, Church J, and Milsom J. Manometric and functional comparison of ileal pouch anal anastomosis with and without anal manipulation. Am J Surg. 1991;161:90–6.
Abbasakoor MG, Nelson M, Beynon J, Patel B, and Carr ND. Anal endosonography in patients with anorectal symptoms after haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 1998;85:1522–4.
Zbar AP, Aslam M, and Allgar V. Faecal incontinence after internal sphincterotomy for anal fissure. Tech Coloproctol. 2000;4:25–8.
Zbar AP, Aslam M, Gold DM, Gatzen C, Gosling A, and Kmiot WA. Parameters of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex in patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence and chronic constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:200–8.
Kaur G, Gardiner A, and Duthie GS. Rectoanal reflex parameters in incontinence and constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:928–33.
Zbar AP and Jonnalagadda R. Parameters of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex in different anorectal disorders. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:557–8.
Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudsson CN, Nicholls JR, and Bartram CI. Endosonography of the anal sphincters: normal anatomy and comparison with manometry. Clin Radiol. 1994;49:368–74.
Zbar AP, Kmiot WA, Aslam M, Williams A, Hider A, Audisio RA, Chiappa AC, and deSouza NM. Use of vector volume manometry and endoanal magnetic resonance imaging in the adult female for assessment of anal sphincter dysfunction. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:1411–8.
Burnett SJD and Bartram CI. Endosonographic variations in the normal internal anal sphincter. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1991;6:2–4.
Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, and Bartram CI. Primary degeneration of the internal anal sphincter as a cause of passive faecal incontinence. Lancet. 1997;349:612–5.
Schafer A, Enck P, Furst G, Kahn T, Frieling T, and Lubke HJ. Anatomy of the anal sphincters: comparison of anal endosonography to magnetic resonance imaging. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:777–81.
Sangwan YP and Coller JA. Internal anal sphincter: advances and insights. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:1297–1311.
Zbar AP, Jayne DG, Mathur D, Ambrose NS, and Guillou PJ. The importance of the internal anal sphincter (IAS) in maintaining continence: anatomical, physiological and pharmacological considerations. Colorectal Dis. 2000;2:193–202.
Zbar AP, Salazar R, Ramesh J, and Pescatori M. Conventional cutting versus internal anal sphincter-preserving seton for high trans-sphincteric fistula: a prospective randomized manometric and clincal trial. Tech Coloproctol. In press 2003.
Zbar AP. Magnetic resonance imaging and the coloproctologist. Tech Coloproctol. 2001;5:1–7.
Kmiot WA, Zbar AP, and deSouza NM. MRI in anorectal disease. In: Nicholls RJ and Dozois RR, editors. Surgery of the colon and rectum. New York: Churchill Livingstone. p. 68–98.
Riolan J. Anatomia 162 (1577–1657). As quoted in Dalley AF. The riddle of the sphincters: the morphophysiology of the anorectal mechanisms reviewed. Am Surgeon. 1987;53:298–306.
Santorini GD. Septum decum tabulae edit et explicit. Parone: Mich. Gerardi. 1715;tabula 15.
von Holl M. Handbuch der anatomie des menchen von Bardeleben. 1897;7 book 2, section 7.
Milligan ETC and Morgan CN. Surgical anatomy of the anal canal with special reference to ano-rectal fistulae. Lancet. 1934;2:150–6, 1213–7.
Gorsch RV. Proctologic anatomy. 2nd ed. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins; 1955.
Courtney H. Anatomy of the pelvic diaphragm and anorectal musculature as related to sphincter preservation in anorectal surgery. Am J Surg. 1950;79:155–73.
Fowler R. Landmarks and legends of the anal canal. Aust N Z J Surg. 1957;27:1–8.
Wilson PM. Anchoring mechanisms of the anorectal region. S Afr Med J. 1967;41:1127–32, 1138–43.
Oh C and Kark AE. Anatomy of the external anal sphincter. Br J Surg. 1972;59:717–23.
Shafik A. A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. I. The external anal sphincter: a triple loop system. Invest Urol. 1975;13: 412–9.
Milligan ETC. The surgical anatomy and disorders of the perianal space. Proc R Soc Med. 1942;36:366–78.
Frudinger A, Bartram CI, and Kamm MA. Transvaginal versus anal endosonography for detecting damage to the anal sphincter. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168:1435–8.
Bollard RC, Gardiner A, Phillips K, and Duthie GS. Natural gaps in the female anal sphincter and the risk of postdelivery sphincter injury. Br J Surg. 1999;86Suppl 1:50–1(A).
Fucini C, Elbetti C, and Messerini L. Anatomical pnae of seperation between the external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle: clinical implications. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:374–9.
Bogduk N. Issues in anatomy: the external anal sphincter revisited. Aust N Z J Surg. 1996;66:626–9.
Zbar AP and Beer-Gabel M. Gender differences in the longitudinal pressure profile of the anal canal related to anatomical structure as demonstrated on three-dimensional anal endosonography. Br J Surg. 2001;88:1016.
Bartram CI and Frudinger A. Handbook of endoanal endosonography. Petersfield, UK: Wrightson Biomedical Publishing; 1997.
Zbar AP and deSouza NM. The anal sphincter. In: deSouza, editor. Endocavitary MRI of the pelvis. The Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers; 2001. p. 91–109.
Cruvelhier H. Traite d’anatomie descriptive. Paris: Labe; 1852.
Lawson JON. Pelvic anatomy. I. Pelvic floor muscles. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1974;54:244–52.
Shafik A. A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. III. The longitudinal anal muscle: anatomy and role in sphincter mechanism. Invest Urol. 1976;13:271–7.
Ayoub SF. The anterior fibres of the levator ani muscle in man. J Anat. 1979;128:571–80.
Shafik A. A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. IV. Anatomy of the perianal spaces. Invest Urol. 1976;13:424–8.
Rudinger N. Topographisch chirurgische Anatomie des Menschen. Stuttgart: JG Cotta;1878. p. 111–2.
Roux C. Contribution to the knowledge of the anal muscles in man. Arch Mikr Anat. 1881;19:721–3.
Parks AG. A note on the anatomy of the anal canal. Proc R Soc Med. 1954;47:997–8.
Wilde FR. The anal intermuscular septum. Br J Surg. 1949;36:279–85.
Lunniss PJ and Phillips RKS. Anatomy and function of the anal longitudinal muscle. Br J Surg. 1992;79:882–4.
Gerdes B, Kohler HH, Stinner B, Barth PJ, Celik I, and Rothmund M. The longitudinal muscle of the anal canal. Chirug. 1997;68:1281–5.
Hansen HH. Die Betendung des Musculus canalis ani für die Kontinenz und anorectale Erkrangungen. Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1976;341:23–7.
Treitz W. Uber Einen neuen Muskel am Doudenum des Menschen, uber elastische Sehnen, und einige andere anatomische Verhaltuisse. Viertal-Jahrschrift für die praktische Heilkunde. 1853;37:113–44.
Levy E. Anorectal musculature. Am J Surg. 1936;34:141–98.
Fine J and Wickhma Lawes CH. On the muscle fibres of the anal submucosa, with special reference to the pectin band. Br J Surg. 1940;27:723–7.
Haas PA and Fox TA. The importance of the perianal connective tissue in the surgical anatomy and function of the anus. Dis Colon Rectum. 1977;20:303–13.
Morgan CN and Thompson HR. Surgical anatomy of the anal canal with special reference to the surgical importance of the internal sphincter and conjoint longitudinal muscle. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1956;19:88–114.
Goligher JC. Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon. 4th ed. London: Baillière Tindall; 1980. p. 7–20.
Brooks JD, Eggener SE, and Chao W-M. Anatomy of the rectourethralis muscle. Eur Urol. 2002;41:94–100.
Ellis GV. Demonstrations of anatomy. 8th ed. London: Smith Elder; 1878. p. 420.
Goff BH. Histological study of the perivaginal fascia in nullipara. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1931;52:32–42.
Ricci JV and Thom CH. The myth of a surgically useful fascia in vaginal plastic reconstructions. Q Rev Surg Obstet Gynecol. 1954;11:253–61.
Uhlenluth E, Wolfe WM, Smith EM, and Middleton EB. The rectovaginal septum. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1948;86:148–63.
Uhlenluth E and Nolley GW. Vaginal fascia, a myth? Obstet Gynecol. 1957;10:349–58.
Milley PS and Nichols DH. A correlative investigation of the human rectovaginal septum. Anat Rec. 1969;163(3):443–51.
Nichols DH and Milley PS. Surgical significance of the rectovaginal septum. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1970;15:215–20.
Fritsch H. The connective tissue sheath of uterus and vagina in the human female fetus. Ann Anat. 1992;174:261–4.
Fritsch H. Topography and subdivision of the pelvic connective tissue in human fetuses and in the adult. Surg Radiol Anat. 1994;16:259–65.
Fritsch H and Hotzinger H. Tomographical anatomy of the pelvis, visceral pelvic connective tissue and its compartments. Clin Anat. 1995;8:17–24.
Fröhlich B, Hötzinger H, and Fritsch H. Tomographical anatomy of the pelvis, pelvic floor, and related structures. Clin Anat. 1997;10:223–30.
Kocks J. Normale und Pathologische Lage und Gestalt des Uterus Sowie Deren Mechanik, Bonn: Cohen; 1880. p. 1–60.
Thompson P. On the arrangement of the fasciae of the pelvis and their relationship to the levator ani. J Anat Physiol. 1901;35:127–41.
Pernkopf E. Topografische Anatomie. Bd 2, 1. und 2. Hälfte. Berlin: Urban and Schwarzenberg; 1941. p. 191–7, 513–23.
Courtney H. Anatomy of the pelvic diaphragm and anorectal musculature as related to sphincter preservation in anorectal surgery. Am J Surg. 1959;79:155–73.
Fritsch H, Bruch H-P, and Kühnel W. Development and topography of the perirectal spaces. Proceedings of the First European Congress of Clinical Anatomy; September 1991; Bruxelles.
Fritsch H, Fröhlich B. Development of the levator ani muscle in human fetuses. Early Hum Dev. 1994;37:15–25.
Fritsch H. Klinische anatomie des kontinenzorgans. Zentralb Chir. 1996;121:613–6.
Fritsch H, Kühnel W, and Stelzner F. Entwicklung und klinische anatomie der adventita recti; Bedeutung für die Radikaloperation eines Mastadrmkrebses. Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1996;381:237–43.
Ludwikowski B, Hayward IO, and Fritsch H. Rectovaginal fascia: An important structure in pelvic visceral surgery? About its development, structure, and function. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:634–8.
DeLancey JO. Standing anatomy of the pelvic floor. J Pelv Surg. 1996;2:260–3.
DeLancey JOL. Structural anatomy of the posterior pelvic compartment as it relates to rectocele. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180:815–23.
Denonvilliers C.P-D. Anatomie du perinée. Bull Soc Anat, Paris. 1836;11:105–6.
Denonvilliers C. Propositions et observations d’anatomie, de physiologie et de pathologie. Theses 285, Paris; 1837. As cited in Wesson MB, 1922.
Wesson MB. The development and surgical importance of the rectourethralis muscle and Denonvilliers’ fascia. J Urol. 1922;8:339–59.
Dietrich H. Giovanni Domenico Santorini (1681–1737) Charles-Pierre Denonvilliers (1808–1872). First description of urosurgically relevant structures in the small pelvis. Eur Urol. 1997;32(1):124–7.
Van Ophoven A and Roth S. The anatomy and embryological origins of the fascia of Denonvilliers: a medico-historical debate. J Urol. 1997;157:3–9.
Young HH. The early diagnosis and radical cure of carcinoma of the prostate. Being a study of 40 cases and a presentation of a radical operation which was carried out in 4 cases. Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull. 1905;16:315.
Cuneo B and Veau V. De la signification morphologique des aponeuroses perivesicales. J Anat Physiol. 1899;35:235.
Smith GE. Studies in the anatomy of the pelvis, with special reference to the fasciae and visceral supports. Part 1. J Anat Physiol. 1908;42:198, 252.
Aigner F, Zbar AP, Ludwikowski B, Kreczy A, Kovacs P, and Fritsch H. The rectogenital septum: morphology, function and clinical relevance. Dis Colon Rectum. In press 2003.
Richardson AC. The rectovaginal septum revisited: its relationship to rectocele and its importance in rectocele repair. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1993;36:976–83.
Richardson AC. The anatomic defects in rectocele and enterocele. J Pelv Surg. 1995;1:214–21.
von Hagens G, Tiedemann K, and Kriz W. The current potential of plastination. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1987;175:411–21.
Zbar AP, Lienemann A, Fritsch H, Beer-Gabel M, and Pescatori M. Rectocele: pathogenesis and surgical management. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2003;18:369–84.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zbar, A.P. (2005). Anorectal Anatomy: The Contribution of New Technology. In: Complex Anorectal Disorders. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-057-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-057-5_1
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-85233-690-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-057-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)