Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Human Rights Act 1998.
Cogdon K. Police want hi-tech guns to fight crime. Herald Sun Melbourne, 2001.
Taser International. Promotional literature [2003]. Available at: www.taser.com.
Ordog GJ, Wasserberger J, Schlater T, Balasubramanium S. Electronic gun (Taser) injuries. Ann Emerg Med 1987;16:73–78.
Kornblum RN, Reddy SK. Effects of the Taser in fatalities involving police confrontation. J Forensic Sci 1991;36:434–438.
Mangan J. Stunned Again. The Age, Melbourne. Nov. 23, 2004.
Bleetman A, Steyn R, Lee C. Introduction of the Taser into British policing. Implications for UK emergency departments: an overview of electronic weaponry. Emerg Med J 2004;21:136–140.
Frechette A, Rimsa ME. Stun gun injury: a new presentation of the battered child syndrome. Paediatrics 1992;89:898.
Police Complaints Authority. CS spray: increasing public safety? London: Police Complaints Authority, 2000.
Busker RW, van Helden HP. Toxicologic evaluation of pepper spray as a possible weapon for the Dutch police force: risk assessment and efficacy. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1998;19:309–316.
Ellenhorn MJ, Schonwald S, Ordog G, Wasserberger J. Chemicals. In: Ellenhorn’s medical toxicology: diagnosis and treatment of human poisoning, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1997:1523–1526.
Steffee CH, Lantz PE, Flannagan LM, Thompson RL, Jason DR. Oleoresin capsicum (pepper) spray and “in-custody deaths”. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1995;16:185–192.
Donnelly T. Less lethal technologies: initial prioritisation and evaluation. St. Albans: Home Office Police Scientific Development Branch, 2001.
Fuller RW, Dixon CMS, Barnes PJ. Bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled capsaicin in humans. J Appl Physiol 1985;58:1080–1094.
Chan TC, Vilke GM, Neuman T. Reexamination of custody restraint position and positional asphyxia. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1998;19:201–205.
Karch SB. Cocaine. In: Karch’s pathology of drug abuse. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2002:120–129.
de Britto D, Challoner KR, Sehgal A, Mallon W. The injury pattern of a new law enforcement weapon: the police bean bag. Ann Emerg Med 2001;38:383–390.
Chariot P, Ragot F, Authier FJ, Questel F, Diamant-Berger O. Focal neurological complications of handcuff application. J Forensic Sci 2001;46:1124–1125.
Roberts A, Nokes L, Leadbetter S, Pike H. Impact characteristics of two types of police baton. Forensic Sci Int 1994;67:49–53.
Vanezis P. Deaths in custody. In: Mason JK, Purdue BN, editors. The pathology of trauma. London: Arnold, 2000:103–122.
Reay DT. Death in custody. In: Froede RC, editor. Clinics in laboratory medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1998:1–22.
Pollanen MS. Subtle fatal manual neck compression. Med Sci Law 2001;41:135–140.
Police Complaints Authority. Safer restraint. In: Safer restraint conference. Church House, Westminster, 2002.
Raven KP, Reay DT, Harruff RC. Artifactual injuries of the larynx produced by resuscitative intubation. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1999;20:31–36.
Drummer O. Postmortem toxicology of drugs of abuse. Forensic Sci Int 2004;142:101–103.
Ely SF, Hirsch CS. Asphyxial deaths and petechiae: a review. J Forensic Sci 2000;45:1274–1277.
O’Halloran RL, Frank JG. Asphyxial death during prone restraint revisited: a report of 21 cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2000;21:39–52.
Reay DT, Howard JD, Fligner CL, Ward RJ. Effects of positional restraint on oxygen saturation and heart rate following exercise. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1998;9:16–18.
Chan TC, Neuman T, Clausen J, Eisele J, Vilke GM. Weight force during prone restraint and respiratory function. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2004;25:185–189.
Rao VJ, Wetli CV. The forensic significance of conjunctival petechiae. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1998;9:32–34.
Michaud K, Romain N, Brandt-Casadevall C, Mangin P. Sudden death related to small coronary artery disease. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2001;22:225–227.
Ropponen KM, Alafuzoff I. A case of sudden death caused by fibromuscular dysplasia. J Clin Pathol 1999;52:541–542.
Glatter K, Karch SB. Positional asphyxia: inadequate oxygen, or inadequate theory? Forensic Sci Int 2004;141:201–202.
Wetli CV, Fishbain DA. Cocaine-induced psychosis and sudden death in recreational cocaine users. J Forensic Sci 1985;30:873–880.
Pollanen MS, Chiasson DA, Cairns JT, Young JG. Unexpected death related to restraint for excited delirium: a retrospective study of deaths in police custody and in the community. CMAJ 1998;158:1603–1607.
O’Halloran RL, Lewman LV. Restraint asphyxiation in excited delirium. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1993;14:289–295.
Birmes P, Coppin D, Schmitt L, Lauque D. Serotonin syndrome: a brief review. CMAJ 2003;168:1439–1442.
Palmiere C, Burkhardt S, Staub C, et al. Thoracic aortic dissection associated with cocaine abuse. Forensic Sci Int 2004;141:137–142.
Lange RA, Hillis LD. Cardiovascular complications of cocaine abuse. N Engl J Med 2001;345:351–358.
Mirchandani HG, Rorke LB, Sekula-Perlman A, Hood IC. Cocaine-induced agitated delirium, forceful struggle, and minor head injury. A further definition of sudden death during restraint. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1994;15:95–99.
Harris EC, Barraclough B. Excess mortality of mental disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1998;173:11–53.
Rosh A, Sampson BA, Hirsch CS. Schizophrenia as a cause of death. J Forensic Sci 2003;48:164–167.
Appleby L, Thomas S, Ferrier N, Lewis G, Shaw J, Amos T. Sudden unexplained death in psychiatric in-patients. Br J Psychiatry 2000;176:405–406.
Roden D, Lazzarra R, Rosen M, Schwartz PJ, Towbin J, Vincent GM. Multiple mechanisms of the long QT syndrome: current knowledge, gaps, and future directions. The SADS Foundation task force on LQTS. Circulation 1996;94:1996–2012.
Weston PJ, Gill GV. Is undetected autonomic dysfunction responsible for sudden unexpected death in Type 1 diabetes mellitus? The “dead in bed” syndrome revisited. Diabet Med 1999;16:623–625.
Fines RE, Brady WJ, Martin ML. Acute laryngeal dystonia related to neuroleptic agents. Am J Emerg Med 1999;17:319–320.
O’Halloran RL. Reenactment of circumstances in deaths related to restraint. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2004;25:190–193.
Shepherd RT. Suggested guidelines for the pathological examination of suspected excited delirium/restraint. In: Policing acute behavioural disturbance. Rev ed. London: Police Complaints Authority, 2002;1:10–11.
Kitzman DW, Scholz DG, Hagen PT, Ilstrup DM, Edwards WD. (1988) Age-related changes in normal human hearts during the first 10 decades of life. Part II (Maturity): a quantitative study of 765 specimens from subjects 20 to 99 years old. Mayo Clin Proc 1988;63:137–146.
Cordner S. Deciding the cause of death after necropsy. Lancet 1993;341:1458–1460.
Laposata EA. Positional asphyxia during law enforcement transport. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1993;14:86–87.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Woodford, N.W. (2006). Injuries and Death Resulting from Restraint. In: Rutty, G.N. (eds) Essentials of Autopsy Practice. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-026-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-026-5_7
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-85233-967-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-026-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)