Skip to main content

Endocrine Disruption and Reproductive Outcomes in Women

  • Chapter
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Gore A.C., J.J. Heindel, and R.T. Zoeller. Endocrine disruption for endocrinologists (and others). Endocrinology 2006, 147(6 Suppl): S1–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. McLachlan J.A., E. Simpson, and M. Martin. Endocrine disrupters and female reproductive health. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 20(1): 63–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. National Research Council Committee on Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. 1993, Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Brackbill Y. and H.W. Berendes. Dangers of diethylstilboestrol: review of a 1953 paper. Lancet 1978, 8088(2): 520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Goldberg J.M. and T. Falcone. Effect of diethylstilbestrol on reproductive function. Fertil Steril 1999, 72(1): 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Palmer J.R., et al. Infertility among women exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol. Am J Epidemiol 2001, 154(4): 316–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kaufman R.H., et al. Continued follow-up of pregnancy outcomes in diethylstilbestrol-exposed offspring. Obstet Gynecol 2000, 96(4): 483–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Missmer S.A., et al. In utero exposures and the incidence of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2004, 82(6): 1501–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Baird D.D. and R. Newbold. Prenatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure is associated with uterine leiomyoma development. Reprod Toxicol 2005, 20(1): 81–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Newbold R.R., E. Padilla-Banks, and W.N. Jefferson. Adverse effects of the model environmental estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) are transmitted to subsequent generations. Endocrinology 2006, 147 (6 Suppl): S11–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Titus-Ernstoff L., et al. Menstrual and reproductive characteristics of women whose mothers were exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Int J Epidemiol 2006, 35(4): 862–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Brevini T.A., S.B. Zanetto, and F. Cillo. Effects of endocrine disruptors on developmental and reproductive functions. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 2005, 5(1): 1–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Whitehead S.A. and S. Rice. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals as modulators of sex steroid synthesis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 20(1): 45–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Zoeller R.T. Environmental chemicals as thyroid hormone analogues: new studies indicate that thyroid hormone receptors are targets of industrial chemicals. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005, 242(1–2): 10–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Younglai E.V., et al. Levels of environmental contaminants in human follicular fluid, serum, and seminal plasma of couples undergoing in vitro fertilization. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2002, 43: 121–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ikezuki Y., et al. Determination of bisphenol A concentrations in human biological fluids reveals significant early prenatal exposure. Hum Reprod 2002, 17(11): 2839–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Arbuckle T.E., et al. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid residues in semen of Ontario farmers. Reprod Toxicol 1999, 13(6): 421–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Foster W., et al. Detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals in samples of second trimester human amniotic fluid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85(8): 2954–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bradman A., et al. Measurement of pesticides and other toxicants in amniotic fluid as a potential biomarker of prenatal exposure: a validation study. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111: 1779–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Yamada H., et al. Maternal serum and amniotic fluid bisphenol A concentrations in the early second trimester. Reprod Toxicol 2002, 16(6): 735–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Tsutsumi O. Assessment of human contamination of estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their risk for human reproduction. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005, 93(2–5): 325–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mazdai A., et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111: 1249–1252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Dallaire F., et al. Time trends of persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals in umbilical cord blood of Inuit infants born in Nunavik (Quebec, Canada) between 1994 and 2001. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111(13): 1660–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Latini G., et al. In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and duration of human pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111(14): 1783–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Houlihan J., et al. BodyBurden: The Pollution in Newborns. 2005, Washington D.C.: Environmental Working Group.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Schecter A., I. Kassis, and O. Papke. Partitioning of dioxins, dibenzofurans, and coplanar PCBS in blood, milk, adipose tissue, placenta and cord blood from five American women. Chemosphere 1998, 37(9–12): 1817–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Butler Walker J., et al. Organochlorine levels in maternal and umbilical cord blood plasma in Arctic Canada. Sci Total Environ 2003, 302(1–3): 27–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Rhainds M., et al. Lead, mercury, and organochlorine compound levels in cord blood in Quebec, Canada. Arch Environ Health 1999, 54(1): 40–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Main K.M., et al. Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age. Environ Health Perspect 2006, 114(2): 270–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Solomon G.M. and P.M. Weiss. Chemical contaminants in breast milk: time trends and regional variability. Environ Health Perspect 2002, 110: A339–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Herman-Giddens M.E. Recent data on pubertal milestones in United States children: the secular trend toward earlier development. Int J Androl 2006, 29(1): 241–6; discussion 286–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Den Hond E. and G. Schoeters. Endocrine disrupters and human puberty. Int J Androl 2006, 29(1): 264–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Denham M., et al. Relationship of lead, mercury, mirex, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls to timing of menarche among Akwesasne Mohawk girls. Pediatrics 2005, 115(2): 127–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Warner M., et al. Serum dioxin concentrations and age at menarche. Environ Health Perspect 2004, 112(13): 1289–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Rogan W.J. and A. Chen. Health risks and benefits of bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT). Lancet 2005, 366( 9487): 763–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Windham G.C., et al. Cigarette smoking and effects on hormone function in premenopausal women. Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113(10): 1285–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Matikainen T.M., et al. Ligand activation of the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor transcription factor drives Bax-dependent apoptosis in developing fetal ovarian germ cells. Endocrinology 2002, 143(2): 615–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Matikainen T., et al. Aromatic hydrocarbon receptor-driven Bax gene expression is required for premature ovarian failure caused by biohazardous environmental chemicals. Nat Genet 2001, 28(4): 355–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Yu M.L., et al. Menstruation and reproduction in women with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) poisoning: long-term follow-up interviews of the women from the Taiwan Yucheng cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2000, 29(4): 672–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Yang C.Y., et al. The endocrine and reproductive function of the female Yucheng adolescents prenatally exposed to PCBs/PCDFs. Chemosphere 2005, 61(3): 355–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cooper G.S., et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls and menstrual cycle characteristics. Epidemiology 2005, 16(2): 191–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Windham G.C., et al. Exposure to organochlorine compounds and effects on ovarian function. Epidemiology 2005, 16(2): 182–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Farr S., et al. Pesticide use and menstrual cycle characteristics among premenopausal women in the Agricultural Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2004, 160(12): 1194–204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Eskenazi B., et al. Serum dioxin concentrations and menstrual cycle characteristics. Am J Epidemiol 2002, 156(4): 383–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Giudice L.C., Kao and L.C. Endometriosis. Lancet 2004, 364(9447): 1789–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rier S. and W.G. Foster. Environmental dioxins and endometriosis. Semin Reprod Med 2003, 21(2): 145–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Missmer S.A., et al. Reproductive history and endometriosis among premenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 2004, 104(5 Pt 1): 965–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Mueller M.D., et al. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin increases glycodelin gene and protein expression in human endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90(8): 4809–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Tsukino H., et al. Associations between serum levels of selected organochlorine compounds and endometriosis in infertile Japanese women. Environ Res 2005, 99(1): 118–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Louis G., et al. Environmental polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and risk of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2005, 60(4): 243–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Heilier J.F., et al. Increased dioxin-like compounds in the serum of women with peritoneal endometriosis and deep endometriotic (adenomyotic) nodules. Fertil Steril 2005, 84(2): 305–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Louis G.M., et al. Environmental PCB exposure and risk of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2005, 20(1): 279–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Gerhard I., et al. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in infertile women. Environ Res 1999, 80(4): 299–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Eskenazi B., et al. Serum dioxin concentrations and endometriosis: a cohort study in Seveso, Italy. Environ Health Perspect 2002, 110(7): 629–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Reddy B.S., et al. Association of phthalate esters with endometriosis in Indian women. BJOG 2006, 113(5): 515–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Cobellis L., et al. High plasma concentrations of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2003, 18(7): 1512–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Legro R.S., R. Azziz and L. Giudice. A twenty-first century research agenda for polycystic ovary syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 20(2): 331–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Davies M.J. and R.J. Norman. Programming and reproductive functioning. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2002, 13(9): 386–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Franks S., M.I. McCarthy, and K. Hardy. Development of polycystic ovary syndrome: involvement of genetic and environmental factors. Int J Androl 2006, 29(1): 278–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Abbott D.H., D.A. Dumesic, and S. Franks. Developmental origin of polycystic ovary syndrome - a hypothesis. J Endocrinol 2002, 174(1): 1–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Soderlund D., et al. No evidence of mutations in the P450 aromatase gene in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2005, 20(4): 965–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Sharpe R.M. and S. Franks. Environment, lifestyle and infertility–an inter-generational issue. Nat Cell Biol 2002, 4(Suppl): s33–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Cooper G.S., et al. Organochlorine exposure and age at natural menopause. Epidemiology 2002, 13(6): 729–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Asselt K.M., et al. Current smoking at menopause rather than duration determines the onset of natural menopause. Fertil Steril 2004, 15(5): 634–9.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Eskenazi B., et al. Serum dioxin concentrations and age at menopause. Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113(7): 858–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Akkina J., et al. Age at natural menopause and exposure to organochlorine pesticides in Hispanic women. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2004, 67(18): 1407–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Farr S., et al. Pesticide exposure and timing of menopause: the Agricultural Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2006, 163(8): 731–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Blanck H.M., et al. Age at menarche and tanner stage in girls exposed in utero and postnatally to polybrominated biphenyl. Epidemiology 2000, 11(6): 641–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Skakkebaek N.E., et al. Is human fecundity declining? Int J Androl 2006, 29(1): 2–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Chandra A., et al. Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of U.S. women: data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat 2005, 23(25): 1–160.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Chandra A. and E.H. Stephen. Impaired fecundity in the United States: 1982–1995. Fam Plann Perspect 1998, 30(1): 34–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Axmon A. and L. Hagmar. Time to pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Fertil Steril 2005, 84(4): 966–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hruska K.S., et al. Environmental factors in infertility. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2000, 43(4): 821–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Axmon A., et al. Time to pregnancy as a function of male and female serum concentrations of 2,2 ^′ 4,4 ^′ 5,5 ^′ -hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p ^′ -DDE). Hum Reprod 2006, 21(3): 657–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Law D.C., et al. Maternal serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and time to pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2005, 162(6): 523–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Cohn B.A., et al. DDT and DDE exposure in mothers and time to pregnancy in daughters. Lancet 2003, 361: 2205–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Buck G.M., et al. Parental consumption of contaminated sport fish from Lake Ontario and predicted fecundability. Epidemiology 2000, 11(4): 388–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Baldridge M.G., et al. Modulation of ovarian follicle maturation in Long-Evans rats exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in-utero and lactationally. Reprod Toxicol 2003, 17(5): 567–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sharara F.I., D.B. Seifer, and J.A. Flaws. Environmental toxicants and female reproduction. Fertil Steril 1998, 70(4): 613–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Fuortes L., et al. Association between female infertility and agricultural work history. Am J Ind Med 1997, 31(4): 445–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Idrovo A.J., et al. Time to first pregnancy among women working in agricultural production. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2005, 78(6): 493–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Abell A., S. Juul, and J.P. Bonde. Time to pregnancy among female greenhouse workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 2000, 26(2): 131–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Greenlee A.R., T.E. Arbuckle, and P.H. Chyou. Risk factors for female infertility in an agricultural region. Epidemiology 2003, 14(4): 429–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Choy C.M.Y., et al. Infertility, blood mercury concentrations and dietary seafood consumption: a case–control study. BJOG 2002, 109(10): 1121–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Sugiura-Ogasawara M., et al. Exposure to bisphenol A is associated with recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod 2005, 20(8): 2325–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Hunt P.A., et al. Bisphenol A exposure causes meiotic aneuploidy in the female mouse. Curr Biol 2003, 13(7): 546–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. McNulty W.P. Toxicity and fetotoxicity of TCDD, TCDF and PCB isomers in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Environ Health Perspect 1985, 60: 77–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Toft G., et al. Fertility in four regions spanning large contrasts in serum levels of widespread persistent organochlorines: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2005, 4: 26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Toft G., et al. Epidemiological evidence on reproductive effects of persistent organochlorines in humans. Reprod Toxicol 2004, 19(1): 5–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Eskenazi B., et al. Maternal serum dioxin levels and birth outcomes in women of Seveso, Italy. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111(7): 947–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Venners S., et al. Preconception serum DDT and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2005, 162(8): 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Longnecker M.P., et al. Maternal serum level of the DDT metabolite DDE in relation to fetal loss in previous pregnancies. Environ Res 2005, 97(2): 127–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Korrick S.A., et al. Association of DDT with spontaneous abortion: a case-control study. Ann Epidemiol 2001, 11(7): 491–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Jarrell J., et al. Evaluation of reproductive outcomes in women inadvertently exposed to hexachlorobenzene in southeastern Turkey in the 1950s. Reprod Toxicol 1998, 12(4): 469–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Foster W.G., et al. Alterations in circulating ovarian steroids in hexachlorobenzene-exposed monkeys. Reprod Toxicol 1995, 9(6): 541–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Arbuckle T., Z. Lin, and L.S. Mery. An exploratory analysis of the effect of pesticide exposure on the risk of spontaneous abortion in an Ontario farm population. Environ Health Perspect 2001, 109(8): 851–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Goldsmith J.R. Dibromochloro-propane: epidemiological findings and current questions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997, 837: 300–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Savitz D.A., et al. Male pesticide exposure and pregnancy outcome. Am J Epidemiol 1997, 146(12): 1025–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Recio R., et al. Organophosphorous pesticide exposure increases the frequency of sperm sex null aneuploidy. Environ Health Perspect 2001, 109(12): 1237–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Crisostomo L. and V.V. Molina. Pregnancy outcomes among farming households of Nueva Ecija with conventional pesticide use versus integrated pest management. Int J Occup Environ Health 2002, 8(3): 232–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Restrepo M., et al. Prevalence of adverse reproductive outcomes in a population occupationally exposed to pesticides in Colombia. Scand J Work Environ Health 1990, 16(4): 232–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Nurminen T. Maternal pesticide exposure and pregnancy outcome. J Occup Environ Med 1995, 37(8): 935–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Greenlee A.R., T.M. Ellis, and R.L. Berg. Low-dose agrochemicals and lawn-care pesticides induce developmental toxicity in murine preimplantation embryos. Environ Health Perspect 2004, 112(6): 703–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Hertz-Picciotto I. The evidence that lead increases the risk for spontaneous abortion. Am J Ind Med 2000, 38(3): 300–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. von Ehrenstein O.S., et al. Pregnancy outcomes, infant mortality, and arsenic in drinking water in West Bengal, India. Am J Epidemiol 2006, 163(7): 662–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Ahmad S.A., et al. Arsenic in drinking water and pregnancy outcomes. Environ Health Perspect 2001, 109(6): 629–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Ananth C.V., et al. Rates of preterm delivery among Black women and White women in the United States over two decades: an age-period-cohort analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2001, 154(7): 657–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Kharrazi M., et al. Environmental tobacco smoke and pregnancy outcome. Epidemiology 2004, 15(6): 660–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Longnecker M.P., et al. Maternal levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in relation to preterm and small-for-gestational-age birth. Epidemiology 2005, 16(5): 641–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Lawson C.C., et al. Paternal occupational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and birth outcomes of offspring: birth weight, preterm delivery, and birth defects. Environ Health Perspect 2004, 112(14): 1403–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Longnecker M.P., et al. Association between maternal serum concentration of the DDT metabolite DDE and preterm and small-for-gestational-age babies at birth. Lancet 2001, 358(9276): 110–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Fenster L., et al. Association of in utero organochlorine pesticide exposure and fetal growth and length of gestation in an agricultural population. Environ Health Perspect 2006, 114(4): 597–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Eskenazi B., et al. Association of in Utero organophosphate pesticide exposure and fetal growth and length of gestaion in an agricultural population. Environ Health Perspect 2004, 112: 1116–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Hertz-Picciotto I., et al. In utero polychlorinated biphenyl exposures in relation to fetal and early childhood growth. Epidemiology 2005, 16(5): 648–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Hanke W., et al. The use of pesticides in a Polish rural population and its effect on birth weight. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2003, 76(8): 614–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Munger R., et al. Intrauterine growth retardation in Iowa communities with herbicide-contaminated drinking water supplies. Environ Health Perspect 1997, 105(3): 308–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Miller K.P., et al. In utero effects of chemicals on reproductive tissues in females. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004, 198(2): 111–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Thomas MU and Thomas DA. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. 6 ed, ed. C.D. Klaassen, 2001, New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Winker R. and H.W. Rudiger. Reproductive toxicology in occupational settings: an update. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2006, 79(1): 1–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Lovekamp-Swan T. and B.J. Davis. Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111(2): 139–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Carlson, A., et al. Challenged concepts: Environmental chemicals and Fertility. Vallombrosa Consensus Statement on Enviromental Contaminants and Human Fertility Compromise. October 2005 available on-line at: www.health and environment.org.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Humana Press Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Janssen, S., Fujimoto, V.Y., Giudice, L.C. (2007). Endocrine Disruption and Reproductive Outcomes in Women. In: Gore, A.C. (eds) Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-59745-107-X_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-59745-107-X_9

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-830-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-107-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics