Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Expression of Somatostatin Receptors in Human Tissues in Health and Disease

  • Chapter
Somatostatin

Part of the book series: Endocrine Updates ((ENDO,volume 24))

Conclusions

The knowledge of SSTR expression in tumors and normal tissues is a prerequisite for clinical investigations with somatostatin analogs. Indeed, the high expression of SSTRs in tumors represents the molecular basis for novel diagnostical and radiotherapeutical applications of somatostatin analogs (67, 68). Moreover, the presence of SSTRs may, in some instances, such as neuroblastomas, represent a good prognostic factor for patient survival (69, 70), while the absence of receptors is related to early death. Furthermore, the absence of SSTRs, such as sst2 in pancreatic cancers, may represent a significant growth advantage to these tumors (17). One of the main challenges for the future will be to unravel the various physiological and pathophysiological roles of somatostatin mediated by SSTR subtypes, and identify potential therapeutical indications for the newly developed subtypeselective somatostatin analogs (27–29).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Reubi JC, Landolt AM. High density of somatostatin receptors in pituitary tumors from acromegalic patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1984;59:1148–1151.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Reubi JC, Häcki WH, Lamberts SWJ. Hormone-producing gastrointestinal tumors contain a high density of somatostatin receptors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;65:1127–1134.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Patel Y. Somatostatin and its receptor family. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 1999;20:157–198.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Reubi JC, Krenning E, Lamberts SWJ, Kvols L. In vitro detection of somatostatin receptors in human tumors. Metabolism 1992;41 Suppl.2:104–110.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Reubi JC, Lang W, Maurer R, Koper JW, Lamberts SWJ. Distribution and biochemical characterization of somatostatin receptors in tumors of the human central nervous system. Cancer Res. 1987;47:5758–5764.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cervera P, Videau C, Viollet C, Pettrucci C, Lacombe J, Winsky-Sommeren R, et al. Comparison of somatostatin receptor expression in human gliomas and medulloblastomas. J Neuroendocrinol. 2002;14(6):458–471.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Dutour A, Kumar U, Panetta R, Ouafik LH, Fina F, Sasi R. Expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in human brain tumors. Int. J. Cancer 1998;76:620–627.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Held-Feindt J, Krisch B, Mentlein R. Molecular analysis of the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 in human glioma cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1999;64(1):101–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Miller GM, Alexander JM, Bikkal HA, Katznelson L, Zervas NT, Klibanski A. Somatostatin receptor subtype gene expression in pituitary adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1995;80:1386–1392.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Greenman Y, Melmed S. Expression of three somatostatin receptor subtypes in pituitary adenomas: Evidence for preferential SSTR5 expression in the mammosomatotroph lineage. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1994;79:724–729.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Greenman Y, Melmed S. Heterogeneous expression of two somatostatin receptor subtypes in pituitary tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1994;78:398–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Panetta R, Patel YC. Expression of mRNA for all five human somatostatin receptors (hSSTRl-5) in pituitary tumors. Life Sci. 1995;56:333–342.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Schaer JC, Waser B, Mengod G, Reubi JC. Somatostatin receptor subtypes sst1, sst2, sst3, and sst5 expression in human pituitary, gastroenteropancreatic and mammary tumors: Comparison of mRNA analysis with receptor autoradiography. Int. J. Cancer 1997;70:530–537.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Jaïs P, Terris B, Ruszniewski P, LeRomancer M, Reyl-Desmars F, Vissuzaine C, et al. Somatostatin receptor subtype gene expression in human endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1997;27:639–644.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Wulbrand U, Wied M, Zöfel P, Göke B, Arnold R, Fehmann H-C. Growth factor receptor expression in human gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Eur. J. clin. Invest. 1998;28:1038–1049.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Fisher WE, Doran TA, Muscarella II P, Boros LG, Ellison EC, Schirmer WJ. Expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 1–5 genes in human pancreatic cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1998;90:322–324.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Buscail L, Saint-Laurent N, Chastre E, Vaillant JC, Gespach C, Capella G, et al. Loss of sst2 somatostatin receptor gene expression in human pancreatic and colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 1996;56:1823–1827.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Reubi JC, Horisberger U, Essed CE, Jeekel J, Klijn JGH, Lamberts SWJ. Absence of somatostatin receptors in human exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology 1988;95:760–763.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Reubi JC, Waser B, Liu Q, Laissue JA, Schonbrunn A. Subcellular distribution of somatostatin sst2A receptors in human tumors of the nervous and neuroendocrine systems: membranous versus intracellular location. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000;85:3882–3891.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Schulz S, Pauli SU, Schulz S, Handel M, Dietzmann K, Firsching R, et al. Immunohistochemical determination of five somatostatin receptors in meningioma reveals frequent overexpression of somatostatin receptor subtype sst2A. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6(5):1865–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Schulz S, Schulz S, Schmitt J, Wiborny D, Schmidt H, Olbricht S, et al. Immunocytochemical detection of somatostatin receptors sst1, sst2A, sst2B and sst3 in paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissue using subtype-specific antibodies. Clin. Cancer Res. 1998:4:2047–2052.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Reubi JC, Kappeler A, Waser B, Laissue JA, Hipkin RW, Schonbrunn A. Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin receptors sst2A in human tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 1998:153:233–245.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Janson ET, Stridsberg M, Gobi A, Weslin J-E, Oeberg K. Determination of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 in carcinoid tumors by immunohistochemical investigation with somatostatin receptor subtype 2 antibodies. Cancer Res. 1998;58:2375–2378.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hofland LJ, Liu Q, Van Koetsveld PM, Zuijderwijk J, Van der Ham F, De Krijger RR, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of somatostatin receptor subtypes sst1 and sst2A in human somatostatin receptor positive tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999;84:775–780.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kimura N, Pilichowska M, Date F, Kimura I, Schindler M. Immunohistochemical expression of somatostatin type 2A receptor in neuroendocrine tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 1999;5:3483–3487.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kulaksiz H, Eissele R, Rossler D, Schulz S, Hollt V, Cetin Y, et al. Identification of somatostatin receptor subtypes 1, 2A, 3, and 5 in neuroendocrine tumours with subtype specific antibodies. Gut 2002;50(1):52–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rohrer SP, Birzin ET, Mosley RT, Berk SC, Hutchins SM, Shen D, et al. Rapid identification of subtype-selective agonists of the somatostatin receptor through combinatorial chemistry. Science 1998;282:737–740.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Liapakis G, Hoeger C, Rivier J, Reisine T. Development of a selective agonist at the somatostatin receptor subtype SSTR1. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1996;276:1089–1094.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Reubi JC, Schaer JC, Wenger S, Hoeger C, Erchegyi J, Waser B, et al. sst3-selective potent peptidic somatostatin receptor antagonists. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000;97(25):13973–13978.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Leroux P, Bucharles C, Bologna E, Vaudry H. des-AA-l,2,5[D-Trp8, IAmp9]somatostatin-14 allows the identification of native rat somatostatin sst1 receptor subtype. Eur J Pharmacol 1997;337(2–3):333–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Reubi JC, Schaer JC, Waser B, Hoeger C, Rivier J. A selective analog for the somatostatin receptor subtype sst1 expressed by human tumors. Fur. J. Pharmacol. 1998;345:103–110.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Reubi JC, Waser B, Schaer JC, Laissue JA. Somatostatin receptor sst1-sst5 expression in normal and neoplastic human tissues using receptor autoradiography with subtype-selective ligands. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2001:28:836–846.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Reubi JC, Waser B. Concomitant expression of several peptide receptors in neuroendocrine tumors as molecular basis for in vivo multireceptor tumor targeting. Eur J Nucl Med 2003;30(5):781–793.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Reubi JC, Mazzucchelli L, Hennig I, Laissue J. Local upregulation of neuropeptide receptors in host blood vessels around human colorectal cancers. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1719–1726.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Denzler B, Reubi JC. Expression of somatostatin receptors in peritumoral veins of human tumors. Cancer 1999;85:188–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Reubi JC, Mazzucchelli L, Laissue J. Intestinal vessels express a high density of somatostatin receptors in human inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1994;106:951–959.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Reubi JC, Waser B, Krenning EP, Markusse HM, Vanhagen M, Laissue JA. Vascular somatostatin receptors in synovium from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1994;271:371–378.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Dimech J, Feniuk W, Latimer RD, Humphrey PPA. Somatostatin-induced contraction of human isolated saphenous vein involves sst2 receptor-mediated activation of L-type calcium channels. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1995;26:721–728.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. ten Bokum AM, Melief MJ, Schonbrunn A, van der Ham F, Lindeman J, Hofland LJ, et al. Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin receptor sst2A in human rheumatoid synovium. J Rheumatol 1999;26(3):532–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Watson JC, Balster DA, Gebhardt BM, O’Dorisio TM, O’Dorisio MS, Espenan GD, et al. Growing vascular endothelial cells express somatostatin subtype 2 receptors. Br J Cancer 2001;85(2):266–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Reubi JC, Laissue JA, Waser B, Steffen DL, Hipkin RW, Schonbrunn A. Immunohistochemical detection of somatostatin sst2a receptors in the lymphatic, smooth muscular, and peripheral nervous systems of the human gastrointestinal tract: Facts and artifacts. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999;84:2942–2950.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. van Hagen PM, Krenning EP, Reubi JC, Kwekkeboom D, Oei HY, Mulder AH, et al. Somatostatin analogue scintigraphy in granulomatous diseases. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1994;21:497–502.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Maurer R, Reubi JC. Somatostatin receptors in the adrenal. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1986;45:81–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Reubi JC, Kappeier A, Waser B, Schonbrunn A, Laissue JA. Immunohistochemical localization of Somatostatin receptor sst2A in human pancreatic islets. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998;83:3746–3749.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Reubi JC, Cortés R, Maurer R, Probst A, Palacios JM. Distribution of Somatostatin receptors in the human brain: an autoradiographic study. Neuroscience 1986;18:329–346.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Beal MF, Tran VT, Mazurek MF, Chattha G, Martin JB. Somatostatin binding sites in human and monkey brain: localization and characterization. J. Neurochem. 1986;46:359–365.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Reubi JC, Probst A, Cortès R, Palacios JM. Distinct topographical localisation of two Somatostatin receptor subpopulations in the human cortex. Brain Res. 1987;406:391–396.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Csaba Z, Doumaud P. Cellular biology of Somatostatin receptors. Neuropeptides 2001;35(l):1–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Reubi JC, Horisberger U, Studer UE, Waser B, Laissue JA. Human kidney as target for Somatostatin: High affinity receptors in tubules and vasa recta. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1993;77:1323–1328.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Epelbaum J, Bertherat J, Prévost G, Kordon C, Meyerhof W, Wulfsen I, et al. Molecular and pharmacological characterization of Somatostatin receptor subtypes in adrenal, extraadrenal, and malignant pheochromocytomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1995;80:1837–1844.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Laws S, Gough AC, Evans AA, Bains MA, Primerose JN. Somatostatin receptors subtype mRNA expression in human colorectal cancer and normal colic mucosa. Br. J. Cancer 1997;75:360–366.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Thoss VS, Pérez J, Probst A, Hoyer D. Expression of five Somatostatin receptor mRNAs in the human brain and pituitary. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 1996;354:411–419.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Le Romancer M, Cherifi Y, Levasseur S, Laigneau J-P, Peranzi G, Jaïs P, et al. Messenger RNA expression of Somatostatin receptor subtypes in human and rat gastric mucosae. Life Sci. 1996;58:1091–1098.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Vuaroqueaux V, Dutour A, Briard N, Monges G, Grino M, Oliver C, et al. No loss of sst receptors gene expression in advanced stages of colorectal cancer. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1999;140:362–366.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Caron P, Buscail L, Beckers A, Esteve J-P, Igout A, Susini C. Expression of Somatostatin receptor sst4 in human placenta and absence of octreotide effect on human placental growth hormone concentration during pregnancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997;82:3771–3776.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bruns C, Raulf F, Hoyer D, Schloos J, Lübbert H, Weckbecker G. Binding properties of Somatostatin receptor subtypes. Metabolism 1996;45, Suppl. 1:17–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Rohrer L, Raulf F, Bruns C, Buettner R, Hofstaedter F, Schüle R. Cloning and characterization of a fourth human Somatostatin receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993;90:4196–4200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. OCarroll A, Raynor K, Lolait SJ, Reisine T. Characterization of cloned human somatostatin receptor SSTR5. Molec. Pharmacol. 1994;46:291–298.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Yamada Y, Post SR, Wang K, Tager H, Bell G, Seino S. Cloning and functional characterization of a family of human and mouse somatostatin receptors expressed in brain, gastro-intestinal tract and kidney. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992;89:251–255.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Schindler M, Holloway S, Humphrey PPA, Waldvogel H, Faull RLM, Berger W, et al. Localization of the somatostatin sst2(a) receptor in human cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Neuroreport 1998;9:521–525.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kumar U, Sasi R, Suresh S, Patel A, Thangaraju M, Metrakos P, et al. Subtype-selective expression of the five somatostatin receptors (hSSTR1-5) in human pancreatic islet cells: A quantitative double-label immunohistochemical analysis. Diabetes 1999;48:77–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Hunyady B, Hipkin RW, Schonbrunn A, Mezey E. Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin receptor sst2A in the rat pancreas. Endocrinology 1997; 138:2632–2635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Seimer I, Schindler M, Humphrey PP, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RL, Emson PC. First localisation of somatostatin sst(4) receptor protein in selected human brain areas: an immunohistochemical study. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2000;82(l–2):114–25.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Tsutsumi A, Takano H, Ischikawa K, Kobayashi S, Koike T. Expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 mRNA in human lymphoid cells. Cell. Immunol. 1997;181:44–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ishihara S, Hassan S, Kinoshita Y, Moriyama N, Fukuda R, Maekawa T, et al. Growth inhibitory effects of somatostatin on human leukemia cell lines mediated by somatostatin receptor subtype 1. Peptides 1999;20:313–318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. El Ghamrawy C, Rabourdin-Combe C, Krantic S. sst5 somatostatin receptor mRNA induction by mitogenic activation of human T-lymphocytes. Peptides 1999;20:305–311.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP, de Jong M. Peptide receptor imaging and therapy. J. Nucl. Med. 2000;41:1704–1713.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Heppeler A, Froidevaux S, Eberle AN, Maecke HR. Receptor targeting for tumor localisation and therapy with radiopeptides. Curr. Med. Chem. 2000;7:971–994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Moertel CL, Reubi JC, Scheithauer BS, Schaid DJ, Kvols LK. Expression of somatostatin receptors in childhood neuroblastoma. Amer. J. Clin. Path. 1994; 102:752–756.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Schilling FH, Bihl H, Jacobsson H, Ambros PF, Martinsson T, Borgstrom P, et al. Combined 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphy and 123I-MIBG scintigraphy in neuroblastoma provides prognostic information. Med Pediatr Oncol 2000;35(6):688–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Moyse E, Le Dafniet M, Epelbaum J, Pagesy P, Peillon F, Kordon C, et al. Somatostatin receptors in human growth hormone and prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1985;61:98–103.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Reubi JC, Heitz PU, Landolt AM. Visualization of somatostatin receptors and correlation with immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in human pituitary adenomas: Evidence for different tumor subclasses. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1987;65:65–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Jaquet P, Saveanu A, Gunz G, Fina F, Zamora AJ, Grino M, et al. Human somatostatin receptor subtypes in acromegaly: distinct patterns of messenger ribonucleic acid expression and hormone suppression identify different tumoral phenotypes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000;85:781–792.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Reubi JC, Kvols LK, Waser B, Nagorney D, Heitz PU, Charboneau JW, et al. Detection of somatostatin receptors in surgical and percutaneous needle biopsy samples of carcinoids and islet cell carcinomas. Cancer Res. 1990;50:5969–5977.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Reubi JC, Schaer JC, Waser B, Mengod G. Expression and localization of somatostatin receptor SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR3 mRNAs in primary human tumors using in situ hybridization. Cancer Res. 1994;54:3455–3459.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Vikic-Topic S, Raisch KP, Kvols LK, Vuk-Pavlovic S. Expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in breast carcinoma, carcinoid tumor, and renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1995;80:2974–2979.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Reubi JC, Chayvialle JA, Franc B, Cohen R, Calmettes C, Modigliani E. Somatostatin receptors and somatostatin content in medullary thyroid carcinomas. Lab. Invest. 1991;64:567–573.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Mato E, Matias-Guiu X, Chico A, Webb SM, Cabezas R, Berna L, et al. Somatostatin and somatostatin receptor subtype gene expression in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998;83:2417–2420.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Forssell-Aronsson EB, Nilsson O, Bejegard SA, Kolby L, Bernhardt P, Moine J, et al. 111 In-DTPA-D-Phel-octreotide binding and somatostatin receptor subtypes in thyroid tumors. J Nucl Med 2000;41(4):636–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Reubi JC, Waser B, Khosla S, Kvols L, Goellner JR, Krenning E, et al. In vitro and in vivo detection of somatostatin receptors in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1992;74:1082–1089.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Prevost G, Veber N, Viollet C, Roubert V, Roubert P, Bénard J, et al. Somatostatin-14 mainly binds the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 in human neuroblastoma tumors. Neuroendocrinology 1996;63:188–197.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Sestini R, Orlando C, Peri A, Tricarico C, Pazzagli M, Serio M, et al. Quantitation of somatostatin receptor type 2 gene expression in neuroblastoma cell lines and primary tumors using competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Clin. Cancer Res. 1996;2:1757–1765.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Albers AR, ODorisio MS, Balster DA, Caprara M, Gosh P, Chen F, et al. Somatostatin receptor gene expression in neuroblastoma. Regul. Peptides 2000;88:61–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Frühwald MC, O’Dorisio MS, Pietsch T, Reubi JC. High expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2) in medulloblastoma: Implications for diagnosis and therapy. Pediatr. Res. 1999;45:697–708.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Reubi JC, Maurer R, Klijn JGM, Stefanko SZ, Foekens JA, Blaauw G, et al. High incidence of somatostatin receptors in human meningiomas: Biochemical characterization. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1986;63:433–438.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Feindt J, Becker I, Blomer U, Hugo HH, Mehdorn HM, Krisch B, et al. Expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in cultured astrocytes and gliomas. J Neurochem 1995;65(5):1997–2005.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Pilichowska M, Kimura N, Schindler M, Kobari M. Somatostatin type 2A receptor immunoreactivity in human pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Endocr. Pathol. 2001;12(2):144–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Sagman U, Mullins J, Ginsberg R, Kovacs K, Reubi JC. Identification of somatostatin receptors in human small cell lung carcinomas. Cancer 1990;66:2129–2133.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Srkalovic G, Cai RZ, Schally AV. Evaluation of receptors for somatostatin in various tumors using different analogs. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1990;70:661–669.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Reubi JC, Krenning E, Lamberts SWJ, Kvols L. Somatostatin receptors in malignant tissues. J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol. 1990;37:1073–1077.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Evans AA, Crook T, Laws SAM, Gough AC, Royle GT, Primrose JN. Analysis of somatostatin receptor subtype mRNA expression in human breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 1997;75:798–803.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Pilichowska M, Kimura N, Schindler M, Suzuki A, Yoshida R, Nagura H. Expression of somatostatin type 2A receptor correlates with estrogen receptor in human breast carcinoma. Endocr. Pathol. 2000;11(1):57–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Fekete M, Redding TW, Comaru-Schally AM, Pontes JE, Connelly RW, Srkalovic G, et al. Receptors for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, somatostatin, prolactin and epidermal growth factor in rat and human prostate cancer and in benign prostate hyperplasia. Prostate 1989;14:191–208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Reubi JC, Waser B, Sehaer JC, Markwalder R. Somatostatin receptors in human prostate and prostate cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1995;80:2806–2814.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Halmos G, Schally AV, Sun B, Davis R, Bostwick DG, Plonowski A. High expression of somatostatin receptors and messenger ribonucleic acid for its receptor subtypes in organ-confined and locally advanced human prostate cancers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(7):2564–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Sinisi AA, Bellastella A, Prezioso D, Nicchio MR, Lotti T, Salvatore M, et al. Different expression patterns of somatostatin receptor subtypes in cultured epithelial cells from human normal prostate and prostate cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997;82:2566–2569.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Reubi JC, Horisberger U, Klijn JGM, Foekens JA. Somatostatin receptors in differentiated ovarian tumors. Amer J Pathol 1991;138:1267–1272.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Halmos G, Sun B, Schally AV, Hebert F, Nagy A. Human ovarian cancers express somatostatin receptors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(10):3509–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Reubi JC, Kvols L. Somatostatin receptors in human renal cell carcinomas. Cancer Res. 1992;52:6074–6078.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Reubi JC, Waser B, van Hagen M, Lamberts SWJ, Krenning EP, Gebbers J, et al. In vitro and in vivo detection of somatostatin receptors in human malignant lymphomas. Int. J. Cancer 1992;50:895–900.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Raderer M, Valencak J, Pfeffel F, Drach J, Pangerl T, Kurtaran A, et al. Somatostatin receptor expression in primary gastric versus nongastric extranodal B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91(8):716–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Reubi JC, Waser B, Laissue JA, Gebbers J-O. Somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors in human mesenchymal tumors: In vitro identification. Cancer Res. 1996;56:1922–1931.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Miller GV, Farmery SM, Woodhouse LF, Primrose JN. Somatostatin binding in normal and malignant human gastrointestinal mucosa. Br. J. Cancer 1992;66:391–395.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Reubi JC, Waser B, Schmassmann A, Laissue JA. Receptor autoradiographic evaluation of cholecystokinin, neurotensin, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors in gastro-intestinal adenocarcinoma samples: where are they really located? Int. J. Cancer 1999:81:376–386.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Kouroumalis E, Skordilis P, Thermos K, Vasilaki A, Moschandrea J, Manousos ON. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with octreotide: a randomised controlled study. Gut 1998;42:442–447.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Reubi JC, Zimmermann A, Jonas S, Waser B, Läderach U, Wiedenmann B. Regulatory peptide receptors in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Gut 1999:45:766–774.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Iftikhar SY, Thomas WM, Rooney PS, Morris DL. Somatostatin receptors in human colorectal cancer. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 1992:18:27–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Radulovic SS, Milovanovic SR, Cai R, Schally AV. The binding of bombesin and somatostatin and their analogs to human colon cancers. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1992;200:394–401.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Casini Raggi C, Calabro A, Renzi D, Briganti V, Cianchi F, Messerini L, et al. Quantitative evaluation of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 expression in sporadic colorectal tumor and in the corresponding normal mucosa. Clin Cancer Res 2002;8(2):419–27.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Loh KS, Waser B, Tan LK, Ruan RS, Stauffer E, Reubi JC. Somatostatin receptors in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2002:441(5):444–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Switzerland

    Jean Claude Reubi, Beatrice Waser & Jean-Claude Schaer

Authors
  1. Jean Claude Reubi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Beatrice Waser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jean-Claude Schaer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, McGill University Heath Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

    Coimbatore B. Srikant

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reubi, J.C., Waser, B., Schaer, JC. (2004). Expression of Somatostatin Receptors in Human Tissues in Health and Disease. In: Srikant, C.B. (eds) Somatostatin. Endocrine Updates, vol 24. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8033-6_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8033-6_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-7799-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8033-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation