Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Somatostatin Gene Structure and Regulation

  • Chapter
Somatostatin

Part of the book series: Endocrine Updates ((ENDO,volume 24))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Acampora, D., Postiglione, M.P., Avantaggiato, V., Di Bonito, M., Vaccarino, F.M., Michaud, J. and Simeone, A. (1999) Progressive impairment of developing neuroendocrine cell lineages in the hypothalamus of mice lacking the Orthopedia gene. Genes Dev. 13: 2787–2800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ahlgren, U., Jonsson, J., Jonsson, L., Simu, K. and Edlund, H. (1998) β-Cell-specific inactivation of the mouse Ipfl/Pdxl gene results in loss of the β-cell phenotype and maturity onset diabetes. Genes Dev. 12: 1763–1768.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Andersen, F.G., Jensen, J., Heller, R.S., Petersen, H.V., Larsson, L.I., Madsen, O.D. and Serup, P. (1999) Pax6 and Pdxl form a functional complex on the rat somatostatin gene upstream enhancer. FEBS lett. 445: 315–320.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Andrisani, O.U., Hayes, T.E., Roos, B. and Dixon, J.E. (1987) Identification of the promoter sequences involved in the cell-specific expression of the rat somatostatin gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 15: 5715–5728.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Andrisani, O.M., Pot, D.A., Zhu, Z. and Dixon, J.E. (1988) Three sequence-specific DNA-protein complexes are formed with the same promoter element essential for expression of the rat somatostatin gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8: 1947–1956.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Arimura, A., Sato, H., Dupont, A., Nishi, N. and Schally, A. (1975) Somatostatin: abundance of immunoreactive hormone in rat stomach and pancreas. Science 189: 1007–1009.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Asahara, H., Santoso, B., Guzman, E., Du, K., Cole, P.A., Davidson, I. and Montminy, M. (2001) Chromatin-dependent cooperativity between constitutive and inducible activation domains in CREB. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21: 7892–7900.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Berthelsen, J., Zappavigna, V., Ferretti, E., Mavilio, F. and Blasi, F. (1998) The novel homeoprotein Prepl modulates Pbx-Hox protein cooperativity. EMBO J. 17: 1434–1445.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Brazeau, P., Vale, W., Burgus, R., Ling, N., Butcher, M., Rivier, J. and Guillemin, R. (1973) Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone. Science 179: 77–79.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Carty, M.D., Lillquist, J.S., Peshavaria, M., Stein, R. and Soeller, W.C. (1997) Identification of cis-and trans-active factors regulating human islet amyloid polypeptide gene expression in pancreatic β-cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 11986–11993.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. De los Frailes, M.T., Cacicedo, L., Lorenzo, M.J., Fernandez, G. and Sánchez-Franco, F. (1988) Thyroid hormone action on biosynthesis of somatostatin by fetal rat brain cells in culture. Endocrinology 123: 898–904.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Dumonteil, E., Laser, B., Constant, I. and Phillipe, J. (1998) Differential regulation of the glucagon and insulin I gene promoters by the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors E47 and BETA2. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 19945–19954.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Fuhrmann, G., Heiling, R., Kempf, J. and Ebel, A. (1990) Nucleotide sequence of the mouse preprosomatostatin gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 1287.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Funckes, C.L., Minth, C.D., Deschenes, R., Magazin, M., Tavianini, M.A., Sheets, M., Collier, K., Weith, H.L., Aron, D.C., Ross, B.A. and Dixon, J.E. (1983) Cloning and characterization of a mRNA-encoding rat preprosomatostatin. J. Biol. Chem. 258: 8781–8787.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Gonzalez, G.A. and Montminy, MR. (1989) Cyclic AMP stimulates somatostatin gene transcription by phosphorylation of CREB at serine 133. Cell 59: 675–680.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Gonzalez, G.A., Yamamoto, K.K., Fischer, W.H., Karr, D., Menzel, P., Biggs, W., Vale, W.W. and Montminy, M.R. (1989) A cluster of phosphorylation sites on the cyclic AMP-regulated nuclear factor CREB predicted by its sequence. Nature 337: 747–752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Goodman, R.H., Lund, P.K., Jacobs, J.W. and Habener, J.F. (1980) Pre-prosomatostatins. Products of cell-free translation of messenger RNA from anglerfish islets. J. Biol. Chem. 255

    Google Scholar 

  18. Goodman, R.H., Lund, P.K., Barnett, F.H. and Habener, J.F. (1981) Intestinal pre-prosomatostatin. Identification of mRNA coding for a precursor by cell-free translation and hybridization with a cloned islet cDNA. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 1499–1501.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Goodman, R.H., Jacobs, J.W., Dee, P.C. and Habener, J.F. (1982) Somatostatin-28 encoded in a cloned cDNA obtained from a rat medullary thyroid carcinoma. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 1156–1159.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Goudet, G., Delhalle, S., Biemar, F., Martial, J.A. and Peers, B. (1999) Functional and cooperative interactions between the homeodomain PDX1, Pbx, and Prep1 factors on the somatostatin promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 4067–4073.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gradwohl, G., Dierich, A., LeMeur, M. and Guillemot, F. (2000) neurogenin3 is required for the development of the four endocrine cell lineages of the pancreas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 1607–1611.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hagiwara, M., Brindle, P., Harootunian, A., Armstrong, R., Rivier, J., Vale, W.W., Tsien, R. and Montminy, M.R. (1993) Coupling of hormonal stimulation and transcription via the cyclic AMP-responsive factor CREB is rate limited by nuclear entry of protein kinase A. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 4852–4859.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hoeffler, J.P., Meyer, T.E., Yun, Y., Jameson, J.L. and Habener, J.F. (1988) Cyclic AMP responsive DNA-binding protein: structure based on a cloned placental cDNA. Science 242: 1430–1433.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hökfelt, T., Efendic, S., Hellerström, C, Johansson, O., Luft, R. and Arimura, A. (1975) Cellular localization of somatostatin in endocrine-like cells and neurons of the rat with special reference to de A 1 -cells of the pancreatic islets and to the hypothalamus. Acta Endocrinol. 80(suppl. 200): 1–41.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hosoya, T., Yoshihito, O., Takahashi, S., Morita, M., Kawauchi, S., Ema, M., Yamamoto, M. and Fujii-Kuriyama, Y. (2001) Defective development of secretory neurones in the hypothalamus of Arnt2-knockout mice. Genes Cells 6: 361–374.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Jonsson, J., Carlsson, L., Edlund, T. and Edlund, H. (1994) Insulin-promoter-factor 1 is required for pancreas development in mice. Nature 371: 606–609.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Joseph-Bravo, P., Charli, J.L., Sherman, T., Boyer, H., Bolivar, F. and McKelvy, J.F. (1980) Identification of a putative hypothalamic mRNA coding for somatostatin and of its product in cell-free translation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 94: 1004–1012.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Korzus, E., Torchia, J., Rose, D.W., Xu, L., Kurokawa, R., Mclnerney, E.M., Mullen, T.M., Glass, C.K. and Rosenfeld, M.G. (1998) Transcription factor-specific requirements for coactivators and their acetyltransferase functions. Science 279: 703–707.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Krulich, L., Dhariwal, A.P.S. and McCann, S.M. (1968) Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of purified hypothalamic extracts on growth hormone release from rat pituitary in vitro. Endocrinology 83: 783–790.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kwok, R.P.S., Lundblad, J.P., Chrivia, J.C., Richards, J.P., Bachinger, P., Brennan, R.G., Roberts, S.E.G., Green, M.R. and Goodman, R.H. (1994) Nuclear protein CBP is a coactivator for the transcription factor CREB. Nature 370: 223–226.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Lechan, R.M., Goodman, R.H., Rosenblat, M., Reichlin, S. and Habener, J.F. (1983) Prosomatostatin-specific antigen in rat brain: Localization by immunocytochemical staining with an antiserum to a synthetic sequence of preprosomatostatin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 2780–2784.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Leonard, J., Serup, P., Gonzalez, G., Edlund, T. and Montminy, M. (1992) The LIM family transcription factor Isl-1 requires cAMP response element binding protein to promote somatostatin expression in pancreatic islet cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 6247–6251.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Leonard, J., Peers, B., Johnson, T., Ferreri, K., Lee, S. and Montminy, M. (1993) Characterization of somatostatin transactivating factor-1, a novel homeobox factor that stimulates somatostatin expression in pancreatic islet cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 7: 1275–1283.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lorenzo, M.J., Cacicedo, L, Tolón, R.M., Balsa, J.A. and Sanchez-Franco, F. (1995) Triiodothyronine regulates somatostatin gene expression in cultured fetal rat cerebrocortical cells. Peptides 16: 249–253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lu, M, Miller, C.P. and Habener, J.P. (1996) Functional regions of the homeodomain protein IDX-1 required for transactivation of the rat somatostatin gene. Endocrinology 137: 2959–2967.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Mann, R.S. and Chan, S.K. (1996) Extra specificity from extradenticle: The partnership between Hox and Exd/Pbx proteins. Trends Genet. 12: 258–262.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Mansouri, A., Hallonet, M. and Gruss, P. (1996) Pax genes and their roles in cell differentiation and development. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8: 851–857.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Marín, O., Anderson, S.A. and Rubenstein, J.L.R. (2000) Origin and molecular specification of striatal interneurons. J. Neurosci. 20: 6063–6076.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Medina, D.L., Velasco, J.A. and Santisteban, P. (1999) Somatostatin is expressed in FRTL-5 thyroid cells and prevents thyrotropin-mediated down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinaseinhibitorp27kipl. Endocrinology 140: 87–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Michaud, J.L., Rosenquist, T., May, N.R. and Fan, C.M. (1998) Development of neuroendocrine lineages requires the bHLH-PAS transcription factor SIM1. Genes Dev. 12: 3264–3275.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Miller, C.P., McGehee, R.E. and Habener, J.F. (1994) IDX-1: a new homeodomain transcription factor expressed in rat pancreatic islets and duodenum that transactivates the somatostatin gene. EMBO J. 13: 1145–1156.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Montminy, M.R. and Bilezikjian, L.M. (1987) Binding of a nuclear protein to the cyclic-AMP response element of the somatostatin gene. Nature 328: 175–178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Montminy, M.R., Goodman, R.H., Horovitch, S.J. and Habener, J.F. (1984) Primary structure of the gene encoding rat preprosomatostatin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 3337–3340.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Montminy, M.R., Low, M.J., Tapia-Arancibia, L., Reichlin, S., Mandel, G. and Goodman, R.H. (1986a) Cyclic AMP regulates somatostatin mRNA accumulation in primary diencephalic cultures and in transfected fibroblast cells. J. Neurosci. 6: 1171–1176.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Montminy, M.R., Sevarino, K., Wagner, J.A., Mandel, G. and Goodman, R.H. (1986b) Identification of a cyclic-AMP-responsive element within the rat somatostatin gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 6682–6686.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Naya, F.J., Huang, H.P., Qiu, Y., DeMayo, F.J., Leiter, A.B. and Tsai, M.J. (1997) Diabetes, defective pancreatic morphogenesis, and abnormal enteroendocrine differentiation in BETA2/NeuroD-deficient mice. Genes Dev. 11: 2323–2334.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Nordeen, S.V., Polak, J.M. and Pearse, A.G.E. (1977) Single cellular origin of somatostatin and calcitonin in the rat thyroid gland. Histochemistry 53: 243–247.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Offield, M.F., Jetton, T.L., Labosky, P.A., Ray, M., Stein, R.W., Magnuson, M.A., Hogan, B.L. and Wright, C.V. (1996) PDX-1 is required for pancreatic outgrowth and differentiation of the rostral duodenum. Development 122: 983–995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ohlsson, H., Karlsson, K. and Edlund, T. (1993) IPF-1, a homeodomain-containing transactivator of the insulin gene. EMBO J. 12: 4251–4259.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Oyama, H., O’Connell, K. and Permutt, A. (1980) Cell-free synthesis of somatostatin. Endocrinology 107: 845–847.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Patel, Y.C. and Reichlin, S. (1978) Somatostatin in hypothalamus, extrahypothalamic brain and peripheral tissues of the rat. Endocrinology 102: 523–530.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Patel, C.Y., Papachristou, D.N., Zingg, H.H. and Farkas, E.M. (1991) Regulation of islet somatostatin secretion and gene expression: selective effects of adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate and phorbol esters in normal islets of Langerhans and in a somatostatin-producing rat islet clonal cell line 1027-B2. Endocrinology 128: 1754–1762.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Patzelt, C, Tager, H.S., Carroll, R.J. and Steiner, D.F. (1980) Identification of prosomatostatin in pancreatic islets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 2410–2414.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Peers, B., Sharma, S., Johnson, T., Kamps, M. and Montminy, M. (1995) The pancreatic islet factor STF-1 binds cooperatively with Pbx to a regulatory element in the somatostatin promoter: Importance of the FPWMK motif and the homeodomain. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 7091–7097.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Peinado, M.A., Viader, M., Puig-Domingo, M., Hernández, G., Reiter, RJ. and Webb, S. (1989) Regional distribution of immunoreactive somatostatin in the bovine pineal gland. Neuroendocrinology 50: 550–554.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Perez-Villamil, B., Schwartz, P. and Vallejo, M. (1999) The pancreatic homeodomain transcription factor IDX1/IPF1 is expressed in neural cells during brain development. Endocrinology 140: 3857–3860.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Powers, A.C., Tedeschi, F., Wright, K.E., Chan, J.S. and Habener, J.F. (1989) Somatostatin gene expression in pancreatic islet cells is directed by cell-specific DNA control elements and DNA-binding proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 10048–10056.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Quintela, M., Señaris, R.M., Heiman, M.L., Casanueva, F.F. and Dieguez, C. (1997a) Leptin inhibits in vitro hypothalamic somatostatin secretion and somatostatin mRNA levels. Endocrinology 138: 5641–5644.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Quintela, M., Señaris, R.M. and Dieguez, C. (1997b) Transforming growth factor-βs inhibit somatostatin messenger ribonucleic acid levels and somatostatin secretion in hypothalamic cells in culture. Endocrinology 138: 4401–4409.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Reichlin, S. (1983) Somatostatin. N. Engl. J. Med. 309: 1495–1501.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Rorstad, O.P., Epelbaum, J., Brazeau, P. and Martin, J.B. (1979) Chromatographie and biological properties of immunoreactive somatostatin in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain regions of the rat. Endocrinology 105: 1083–1090.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Schumacher, M.A., Goodman, R.H. and Brennan, R.G. (2000) The structure of a CREB bZlP-somatostatin CRE complex reveals the basis for selective dimerization and divalent cation-enhanced DNA binding. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 35242–35247.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Schwartz, P.T. and Vallejo, M. (1998) Differential regulation of basal and cyclic adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate-induced somatostatin gene transcription in neural cells by DNA control elements that bind homeodomain proteins. Mol. Endocrinol. 12: 1280–1293.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Schwartz, P.T., Pérez-Villamil, B., Rivera, A., Moratalla, R. and Vallejo, M. (2000) Pancreatic homeodomain transcription factor IDX1/IPF1 expressed in developing brain regulates somatostatin gene transcription in embryonic neural cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 19106–19114.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Shen, L.P., Pictet, R.L. and Rutter, W.J. (1982) Human somatostatin I: Sequence of the cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 4575–4579.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Shen, L.P. and Rutter, W.J. (1984) Sequence of the human somatostatin I gene. Science 224: 168–171.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Shields, D. (1980) In vitro biosynthesis of somatostatin. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 11625–11628.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Stoffers, D.A., Ferrer, J., Clarke, W.L. and Habener, J.F. (1997a) Early-onset type-II diabetes mellitus (MODY4) linked to IPF-1. Nat. Genet. 17: 138–139.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Stoffers, D.A., Zinkin, N.T., Stanojevic, V., Clarke, W.L. and Habener, J.F. (1997b) Pancreatic agenesis attributable to a single nucleotide deletion in the human IPF1 coding region. Nat. Genet. 15: 106–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Tavianini, M.A., Hayes, T.E., Magazin, M.D., Minth, C.D. and Dixon, J.E. (1984) Isolation, characterization, and DNA sequence of the rat somatostatin gene. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 11798–11803.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Tolón, R.M., Sánchez-Franco, F., De los Frailes, M.T., Lorenzo, M.J. and Cacicedo, L. (1994) Effect of potassium-induced depolarization on somatostatin gene expression in cultured fetal rat cerebrocortical cells. J. Neurosci. 14: 1053–1059.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Tolón, R.M., Sánchez-Franco, F., Villuendas, G., Vicente, A.B., Palacios, N. and Cacicedo, L. (2000) Potassium depolarization-induced cAMP stimulates somatostatin mRNA levels in cultured diencephalic neurons. Brain Res. 868: 338–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ubeda, M., Vallejo, M. and Habener, J.F. (1999) CHOP enhancement of gene transcription by interactions with Jun/Fos AP-1 complex proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 7589–7599.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Vallejo, M. (1994) Transcriptional control of gene expression by cAMP-response element binding proteins. J. Neuroendocrinol. 6: 587–596.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Vallejo, M., Miller, C.P. and Habener, J.F. (1992a) Somatostatin gene transcription regulated by a bipartite pancreatic islet D-cell-specific enhancer coupled synergetically to a cAMP response element. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 12868–12875.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Vallejo, M., Penchuk, L. and Habener, J.F. (1992b) Somatostatin gene upstream enhancer element activated by a protein complex consisting of CREB, Isl-1-like, and α-CBF-like transcription factors. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 12876–12884.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Vallejo, M., Ron, D., Miller, C.P. and Habener, J.F. (1993) C/ATF, a member of the activating transcription factor family of DNA-binding proteins, dimerizes with CAAT/enhancer-binding proteins and directs their binding to cAMP response elements. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 4679–4683.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Vallejo, M., Miller, C.P., Beckman, W. and Habener, J.F. (1995a) Repression of Somatostatin gene transcription mediated by two promoter silencer elements. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 113: 61–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Vallejo, M., Gosse, M., Beckman, W. and Habener, J.F. (1995b) Impaired cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation renders CREB a represser of C/EBP-induced transcription of the Somatostatin gene in an insulinoma cell line. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 415–424.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Weber, J.L. and May, P.E. (1989) Abundant class of human DNA polymorphiSST which can be typed using polymerase chain reaction. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 44: 388–396.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Waeber, G., Thompson, N., Nicod, P. and Bonny, C. (1996) Transcriptional activation of the GLUT2 gene by the IPF-1/STF-1/IDX-1 homeobox factor. Mol. Endocrinol. 10:1327–1334.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Werner, H., Koch, Y., Baldino, F. and Gozes, I. (1988) Steroid regulation of Somatostatin mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 7666–7671.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Williams, S.C., Cantwell, C.A. and Johnson, P.F. (1991) A family of C/EBP-related proteins capable of forming covalently linked leucine zipper dimers in vitro. Genes Dev. 5: 1553–1567.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Xu, W., Chen, H., Du, K., Asahara, H., Tini, M., Emerson, B.M., Montmini, M. and Evans, R.M. (2001) A transcriptional switch mediated by cofactor methylation. Science 294: 2507–2511.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Zabel, B.U., Naylor, S.L., Sakaguchi, A.Y., Bell, G.I. and Shows, T.B. (1983) High resolution chromosomal location of human genes for amylase, proopiomelanocortin, Somatostatin, and a DNA fragment (D3S1) by in situ hybridization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 6932–6936.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Zingg, H.H. and Patel, Y.C. (1982) Biosynthesis of immunoreactive Somatostatin by hypothalamic neurons in culture. J. Clin. Invest. 70:1101–1109.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain

    Mario Vallejo

Authors
  1. Mario Vallejo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, McGill University Heath Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

    Coimbatore B. Srikant

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vallejo, M. (2004). Somatostatin Gene Structure and Regulation. In: Srikant, C.B. (eds) Somatostatin. Endocrine Updates, vol 24. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8033-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-8033-6_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-7799-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8033-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation