Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Inactivation and Removal of Enteric Protozoa in Water

  • Chapter
The Pathogenic Enteric Protozoa: Giardia, Entamoeba, Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora

Part of the book series: World Class Parasites ((WCPA,volume 8))

Abstract

Protozoan parasites including Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba can be transmitted through water and cause disease in humans and animals. Control of waterborne infection can be accomplished through a variety of physical and chemical means, resulting in the production of safe drinking water and protection of public health. Coagulation and filtration are the most commonly employed methods for physical removal of parasites, while chlorine-based compounds, ozone, and ultraviolet light are used for inactivation. Combinations of treatment technologies can result in parasite removal/inactivation greater than 6-log, resulting in reliable public health protection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aronzarena, M.M. Removal of Giardia muris cysts by granular media filtration. 34 pp. 1979. U. of Cincinnati. Thesis/Dissertation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy, W.D., G.P. Silverman, D.W. Hendricks, and G.S. Logsdon. 1985. Removing Giardia cysts with slow sand filtration. Journal American Water Works Association 77(2):52–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnin, A., J.F. Dubremetz, and P. Camerlynck. 1991. Characterization and immunolocalization of an oocyst wall antigen of Cryptosporidium parvum (Protozoa: Apicomplexa). Parasitology 103:171–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bukhari, Z., J.L. Clancy, M. Marshall, D. Korich, H.V. Smith, J. O’Grady, N. Sykes, and C. Fricker. 1998. UV inactivation of Cryptosporidium with pulsed UV light. Proceedings American Water Works Association Water Quality Technology Conference, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bukhari, Z., T.M Hargy, J.R. Bolton, B. Dussert, and J.L. Clancy. 1999. Medium-pressure UV light for oocyst inactivation. Journal American Water Works Association 91(3):86–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clancy, J.L., Z. Bukhari, T.M. Hargy, J.R. Bolton, B. Dussert, and M.M. Marshall. 2000. Using UV to inactivate Cryptosporidium. Journal American Water Works Association 92(9):97–104.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clancy, J.L., T.M. Hargy, D.G. Korich, M.M. Marshall and W.L. Nicholson 2002. Susceptibility of multiple strains of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts to UV light. AwwaRF, Denver, CO. ISBN 1-58321-261-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Craik, S.A., D. Weldon, G.R. Finch, J.R. Bolton, and M. Belosevic. 2001. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using medium-and low-pressure ultraviolet radiation. Water Research 35:1387–1398.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craun, G.F. 1986. Statistics of Waterbome Outbreaks in the U.S. (1920–1980), pp. 73–159. In G. F. Craun (ed.), CRC Waterborne Diseases in the United States CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dai, X., and R.M. Hozalski. 2002. Effect of NOM and biofilm on the removal of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in rapid filters. Water Research. 36:3523–3532.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeWalle, F.B., J. Engeset, and W. Lawrence. Removal of Giardia lamblia cysts by drinking water treatment plants. EPA—600/2-84-069. 1984. Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Register 1996. 63(99): 24169390–24169476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finch, G.R., L.L. Gyurek, L.R.J. Liyanage, and M. Belosevic, 1997. Effect of various disinfection methods on the inactivation of Cryptosporidium. AwwaRF, Denver, CO. ISBN 0-89867-926-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finch, G.R. and M. Belosevic, 1999. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia muris with medium pressure ultraviolet radiation. Proceedings USEPA Workshop on UV Disinfection of Drinking Water, Arlington, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerwig, G.J., J.A. Kuik, B.R. Leeflang, J.P. Kamerling, J.F.G. Vliegenthart, C.D. Karr, and E.L. Jarroll. 2002. The Giardia intestinalis filamentous cyst wall contains a novel beta (1–3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine polymer: a structural and conformational study. Glycobiology 12:499–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, T., J. Pressdee, R. Gregory, and K. Murray. 1995. Cryptosporidium removal during water treatment using dissolved air flotation. Water Science and Technology 31:125–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hargy, T.M., J.L. Clancy, Z. Bukhari, M.M. Marshall. Shedding UV light on the Cryptosporidium threat. Journal of Environmental Health, July/August 2000, 19–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J.R., and F. Petry. 1999. Cryptosporidium parvum: structural components of the oocyst wall. Journal Parasitology 85:839–849.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S.L., E.W. Rice, M.W. Ware, and F.W. Schaefer. 2003. Low pressure ultraviolet studies for inactivation of Giardia muris cysts. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94:54–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, J.C. Inactivation of microbial agents by chemical disinfectants. EPA/600/2-86/067, 44 p. 1986. Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacangelo, J.G., S.S. Adham, and J.-M. Laine. 1995. Mechanism of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and MS2 virus removal by MF and UF. Journal American Water Works Association 87(9):107–121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, M.C., J. Trout, C. Murphy, J.A. Harp, J. Higgins, W. Wergin, and R. Fayer. 1999. Cloning and expression of a DNA sequence encoding a 41-kilodalton Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst wall protein. Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6:912–920.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karanis, P., W.A. Maier, H.M. Seitz, D. Schoenen. 1992. UV sensitivity of protozoan parasites. Journal Water Supply Research and Technology-Aqua. 41(2):95–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ketzenelson, E., B. Kletter, and H.I. Shuval. 1974. Inactivation kinetics of viruses and bacteria in water by use of ozone. Journal American Water Works Association 66(12):725–729.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klevens, C.M. 2001. Parameters for UV disinfection of surface water. Poster Session, First International Congress On Ultraviolet Technologies. Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leahy, J. G. Inactivation of Giardia muris cysts by chlorine and chlorine dioxide. 115 p. 1985. Ohio State University; Dept. of Civil Engineering. Thesis/Dissertation

    Google Scholar 

  • LeChevallier, M.W., W.D. Norton, and R.G. Lee. 1991a. Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in filtered drinking water supplies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57:2617–2621.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeChevallier, M.W., W.D. Norton, and R.G. Lee. 1991b. Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57:2610–2616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logsdon, G.S. and J.C. Hoff. 1986. Barriers to the transmission of waterborne disease, pp. 255–276. In G.F. Craun (ed.), CRC Waterborne Diseases in the United States CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logsdon, G.S., J.M. Symons, R.L. Hoye Jr, and M.M. Arozarena. 1981. Alternative filtration methods for removal of Giardia cysts and cyst models. Journal American Water Works Association 73(2):111–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackey, E.D., H.B. Wright, T.M. Hargy, J. Malley, Jr., and R.S. Cushing. 2002. Comparing Cryptosporidium and MS2 bioassays — implications for comparing UV reactor validation. Journal American Water Works Association 94(2):62–69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieminski, E. and J. Ongerth. 1995. Removing Giardia and Cryptosporidium by conventional treatment and direct filtration. Journal American Water Works Association 87(9):96–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ongerth, J. and J.P. Pecoraro. 1995. Removing Cryptosporidium using multimedia filters. Journal American Water Works Association 87(12):83–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ongerth, J.E. and P.E. Hutton. 1997. Diatomaceous earth filtration for removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Journal American Water Works Association 89 (12):39–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ongerth, J.E. and P.E. Hutton. 2001. Testing of diatomaceous earth filtration for removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Journal American Water Works Association 93 (12):53–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, J.D., J.K. Edzwald, and M.B. Kelley. 1995. Removing Cryptosporidium by dissolved-air flotation. Journal American Water Works Association 87(9):85–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ransome, M.E., T.N. Whitmore, E.G. Carrington, 1993. Effect of disinfectants on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Water Supply (Amsterdam) 11: 75–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, E.W., and J.C. Hoff. 1981. Inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts by ultraviolet irradiation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 42:546–547.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, E.W., J.C. Hoff, and F.W. Schaefer, III. 1982. Inactivation of Giardia cysts by chlorine. l Applied and Environmental Microbiology 43:250–251.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, D., R.S. Engelbrecht, and E.S.K. Chian. 1982. Comparative inactivation of six enteroviruses by ozone. Journal American Water Works Association 74(12):660–664.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scarpino, P.V., M. Lucas, D.R. Dahling, G. Berg, and S.L. Chang. 1974. Effectiveness of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion in destruction of virues and bacteria, pp. 359–368. In A. J. Rubin (ed.), Chemistry of Water Supply, Treatment, and Distribution Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Woburn, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, F.W. 2001. Can we believe our results?, pp. 155–161. In M. Smith and K.C. Thompson (ed.), Cryptosporidium: The analytical challenge. Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, W.B. 1956. Recommended chlorine residuals for military water supplies. Journal American Water Works Association 48(12):1510–1514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shin, G-A, K.G. Linden, G. Faubert, M.D. Sobsey. 2000. Low pressure UV inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia based on infectivity assays and DNA repair of UV-irradiated Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Proceedings AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference 2000, Salt Lake City, UT.

    Google Scholar 

  • States, S., R. Tomko, M. Scheming, and L. Casson. Enhanced coagulation and removal of Cryptosporidium in drinking water treatment. 2001. Proceedings AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference. November 2001, Nashville, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timms, S., J.S. Slade, and C.R. Fricker. 1995. Removal of Cryptosporidium by slow sand filtration. Water Science and Technology 31:81–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Army. 1944. Efficiency of standard Army water purification equipment and of diatomite in removing cysts of Entamoeba histolytica from water. Report 834, 63–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickramanayake, G.B., A.J. Rubin, and O.J. Sproul. 1984. Inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts with ozone. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 48:671–672.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wickramanayake, G.B., A.J. Rubin, and O.J. Sproul. 1985. Effects of ozone and storage temperature on Giardia cysts. Journal American Waterworks Association 77(8):74–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, R.M., J.F. Green, S. Liang, R.P. Merlo, and R. DeLeon. 1997. Optimizing coagulation/filtration processes for Cryptosporidium removal, pp. 281–290. In C.R. Fricker, J.L. Clancy, and P.A. Rochelle (ed.), Proceedings 1997 International Symposium on Waterborne Cryptosporidium. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268

    F. W. Schaefer III

  2. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721

    M. M. Marshall

  3. Clancy Environmental Consultants, Inc., St. Albans, VT, 05478

    J. L. Clancy

Authors
  1. F. W. Schaefer III
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. M. Marshall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. L. Clancy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

    Charles R. Sterling  & Rodney D. Adam  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schaefer, F.W., Marshall, M.M., Clancy, J.L. (2004). Inactivation and Removal of Enteric Protozoa in Water. In: Sterling, C.R., Adam, R.D. (eds) The Pathogenic Enteric Protozoa: Giardia, Entamoeba, Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora. World Class Parasites, vol 8. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-7878-1_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-7878-1_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-7794-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-7878-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation