Abstract
Two key events during evolution allowed vertebrates to develop specialized tissues able to perform complex tasks: the formation of a highly branched vascular system ensuring that all tissues receive adequate blood supply, and the development of a nervous system in which nerves branches to transmit electrical signal to peripheral organs. Both networks are laid down in a complex and stereotyped manner, which is tightly controlled by a series of shared developmental cues. Vessels and nerves use similar signals and principles to grow, differentiate and navigate toward their final targets. Moreover, the vascular and the nervous system cross-talk and, when deregulated, they contribute to medically relevant diseases. The emerging evidence that both systems share several molecular pathways not only provides an important link between vascular biology and neuroscience, but also promises to accelerate the discovery of new pathogenetic insights and therapeutic strategies
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Osterfield, M., M.W. Kirschner, and J.G. Flanagan, Graded positional information: interpretation for both fate and guidance. Cell, 2003. 113(4): p. 425–8.
Panchision, D.M. and R.D. McKay, The control of neural stem cells by morphogenic signals. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 2002. 12(4): p. 478–87.
Temple, S., The development of neural stem cells. Nature, 2001. 414(6859): p. 112–7.
Gaiano, N. and G. Fishell, The role of notch in promoting glial and neural stem cell fates. Annu Rev Neurosci, 2002. 25: p. 471–90.
Hitoshi, S., et al., Notch pathway molecules are essential for the maintenance, but not the generation, of mammalian neural stem cells. Genes Dev, 2002. 16(7): p. 846–58.
Patten, I. and M. Placzek, The role of Sonic hedgehog in neural tube patterning. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2000. 57(12): p. 1695–708.
Dupin, E., C. Real, and N. Ledouarin, The neural crest stem cells: control of neural crest cell fate and plasticity by endothelin-3. An Acad Bras Cienc, 2001. 73(4): p. 533–45.
Knecht, A.K. and M. Bronner-Fraser, Induction of the neural crest: a multigene process. Nat Rev Genet, 2002. 3(6): p. 453–61.
Etchevers, H.C., G. Couly, and N.M. Le Douarin, Morphogenesis of the branchial vascular sector. Trends Cardiovasc Med, 2002. 12(7): p. 299–304.
Aybar, M.J. and R. Mayor, Early induction of neural crest cells: lessons learned from frog, fish and chick. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 2002. 12(4): p. 452–8.
Maschhoff, K.L. and H.S. Baldwin, Molecular determinants of neural crest migration. Am J Med Genet, 2000. 97(4): p. 280–8.
Shah, N.M., A.K. Groves, and D.J. Anderson, Alternative neural crest cell fates are instructively promoted by TGFbeta superfamily members. Cell, 1996. 85(3): p. 331–43.
Carmeliet, P., Developmental biology. One cell, two fates. Nature, 2000. 408(6808): p. 43, 45.
Mikkola, H.K. and S.H. Orkin, The search for the hemangioblast. J Hematother Stem Cell Res, 2002. 11(1): p. 9–17.
Carmeliet, P., Blood vessels and nerves: common signals, pathways and diseases. Nat Rev Genet, 2003. 4(9): p. 710–20.
Vogeli, K.M., et al., A common progenitor for haematopoietic and endothelial lineages in the zebrafish gastrula. Nature, 2006. 443(7109): p. 337–9.
Rovainen, C.M., Labeling of developing vascular endothelium after injections of rhodamine-dextran into blastomeres of Xenopus laevis. J Exp Zool, 1991. 259(2): p. 209–21.
Childs, S., et al., Patterning of angiogenesis in the zebrafish embryo. Development, 2002. 129(4): p. 973–82.
Brown, L.A., et al., Insights into early vasculogenesis revealed by expression of the ETS-domain transcription factor Fli-1 in wild-type and mutant zebrafish embryos. Mech Dev, 2000. 90(2): p. 237–52.
Liao, W., et al., Hhex and scl function in parallel to regulate early endothelial and blood differentiation in zebrafish. Development, 2000. 127(20): p. 4303–13.
Carmeliet, P., Developmental biology. Controlling the cellular brakes. Nature, 1999. 401(6754): p. 657–8.
Lyden, D., et al., Id1 and Id3 are required for neurogenesis, angiogenesis and vascularization of tumour xenografts. Nature, 1999. 401(6754): p. 670–7.
Zhong, T.P., et al., Gridlock signalling pathway fashions the first embryonic artery. Nature, 2001. 414(6860): p. 216–20.
Fouquet, B., et al., Vessel patterning in the embryo of the zebrafish: guidance by notochord. Dev Biol, 1997. 183(1): p. 37–48.
Sumoy, L., et al., A role for notochord in axial vascular development revealed by analysis of phenotype and the expression of VEGR-2 in zebrafish flh and ntl mutant embryos. Mech Dev, 1997. 63(1): p. 15–27.
Ferrara, N., H.P. Gerber, and J. LeCouter, The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med, 2003. 9(6): p. 669–76.
Chen, J.N., et al., Mutations affecting the cardiovascular system and other internal organs in zebrafish. Development, 1996. 123: p. 293–302.
Lawson, N.D., A.M. Vogel, and B.M. Weinstein, sonic hedgehog and vascular endothelial growth factor act upstream of the Notch pathway during arterial endothelial differentiation. Dev Cell, 2002. 3(1): p. 127–36.
Lawson, N.D. and B.M. Weinstein, In vivo imaging of embryonic vascular development using transgenic zebrafish. Dev Biol, 2002. 248(2): p. 307–18.
Mukouyama, Y.S., et al., Sensory nerves determine the pattern of arterial differentiation and blood vessel branching in the skin. Cell, 2002. 109(6): p. 693–705.
Visconti, R.P., C.D. Richardson, and T.N. Sato, Orchestration of angiogenesis and arteriovenous contribution by angiopoietins and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2002. 99(12): p. 8219–24.
Stalmans, I., et al., Arteriolar and venular patterning in retinas of mice selectively expressing VEGF isoforms. J Clin Invest, 2002. 109(3): p. 327–36.
Lawson, N.D. and B.M. Weinstein, Arteries and veins: making a difference with zebrafish. Nat Rev Genet, 2002. 3(9): p. 674–82.
Lawson, N.D., et al., Notch signaling is required for arterial-venous differentiation during embryonic vascular development. Development, 2001. 128(19): p. 3675–83.
Lawson, N.D., et al., phospholipase C gamma-1 is required downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor during arterial development. Genes Dev, 2003. 17(11): p. 1346–51.
Kalimo, H., et al., CADASIL: a common form of hereditary arteriopathy causing brain infarcts and dementia. Brain Pathol, 2002. 12(3): p. 371–84.
You, L.R., et al., Suppression of Notch signalling by the COUP-TFII transcription factor regulates vein identity. Nature, 2005. 435(7038): p. 98–104.
Cleaver, O. and D.A. Melton, Endothelial signaling during development. Nat Med, 2003. 9(6): p. 661–8.
Compernolle, V., et al., Loss of HIF-2alpha and inhibition of VEGF impair fetal lung maturation, whereas treatment with VEGF prevents fatal respiratory distress in premature mice. Nat Med, 2002. 8(7): p. 702–10.
Eremina, V., et al., Glomerular-specific alterations of VEGF-A expression lead to distinct congenital and acquired renal diseases. J Clin Invest, 2003. 111(5): p. 707–16.
Gerber, H.P., et al., VEGF couples hypertrophic cartilage remodeling, ossification and angiogenesis during endochondral bone formation. Nat Med, 1999. 5(6): p. 623–8.
Huxlin, K.R., A.J. Sefton, and J.H. Furby, The origin and development of retinal astrocytes in the mouse. J Neurocytol, 1992. 21(7): p. 530–44.
Zerlin, M. and J.E. Goldman, Interactions between glial progenitors and blood vessels during early postnatal corticogenesis: blood vessel contact represents an early stage of astrocyte differentiation. J Comp Neurol, 1997. 387(4): p. 537–46.
Palmer, T.D., A.R. Willhoite, and F.H. Gage, Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J Comp Neurol, 2000. 425(4): p. 479–94.
Mi, H., H. Haeberle, and B.A. Barres, Induction of astrocyte differentiation by endothelial cells. J Neurosci, 2001. 21(5): p. 1538–47.
Leventhal, C., et al., Endothelial trophic support of neuronal production and recruitment from the adult mammalian subependyma. Mol Cell Neurosci, 1999. 13(6): p. 450–64.
Bagnard, D., et al., Semaphorin 3A-vascular endothelial growth factor-165 balance mediates migration and apoptosis of neural progenitor cells by the recruitment of shared receptor. J Neurosci, 2001. 21(10): p. 3332–41.
Miao, H.Q., et al., Neuropilin-1 mediates collapsin-1/semaphorin III inhibition of endothelial cell motility: functional competition of collapsin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-165. J Cell Biol, 1999. 146(1): p. 233–42.
Kokaia, Z. and O. Lindvall, Neurogenesis after ischaemic brain insults. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2003. 13(1): p. 127–32.
Monje, M.L. and T. Palmer, Radiation injury and neurogenesis. Curr Opin Neurol, 2003. 16(2): p. 129–34.
Cooke, J.E. and C.B. Moens, Boundary formation in the hindbrain: Eph only it were simple. Trends Neurosci, 2002. 25(5): p. 260–7.
Krull, C.E., Segmental organization of neural crest migration. Mech Dev, 2001. 105(1–2): p. 37–45.
Tepass, U., D. Godt, and R. Winklbauer, Cell sorting in animal development: signalling and adhesive mechanisms in the formation of tissue boundaries. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 2002. 12(5): p. 572–82.
Coulthard, M.G., et al., The role of the Eph-ephrin signalling system in the regulation of developmental patterning. Int J Dev Biol, 2002. 46(4): p. 375–84.
Mellitzer, G., Q. Xu, and D.G. Wilkinson, Eph receptors and ephrins restrict cell intermingling and communication. Nature, 1999. 400(6739): p. 77–81.
Xu, Q., et al., Expression of truncated Sek-1 receptor tyrosine kinase disrupts the segmental restriction of gene expression in the Xenopus and zebrafish hindbrain. Development, 1995. 121(12): p. 4005–16.
Cooke, J., et al., Eph signalling functions downstream of Val to regulate cell sorting and boundary formation in the caudal hindbrain. Development, 2001. 128(4): p. 571–80.
Adams, R.H. and R. Klein, Eph receptors and ephrin ligands. essential mediators of vascular development. Trends Cardiovasc Med, 2000. 10(5): p. 183–8.
Brantley, D.M., et al., Soluble Eph A receptors inhibit tumor angiogenesis and progression in vivo. Oncogene, 2002. 21(46): p. 7011–26.
Gale, N.W., et al., Ephrin-B2 selectively marks arterial vessels and neovascularization sites in the adult, with expression in both endothelial and smooth-muscle cells. Dev Biol, 2001. 230(2): p. 151–60.
Shin, D., et al., Expression of ephrinB2 identifies a stable genetic difference between arterial and venous vascular smooth muscle as well as endothelial cells, and marks subsets of microvessels at sites of adult neovascularization. Dev Biol, 2001. 230(2): p. 139–50.
Wang, H.U., Z.F. Chen, and D.J. Anderson, Molecular distinction and angiogenic interaction between embryonic arteries and veins revealed by ephrin-B2 and its receptor Eph-B4. Cell, 1998. 93(5): p. 741–53.
Gerety, S.S., et al., Symmetrical mutant phenotypes of the receptor EphB4 and its specific transmembrane ligand ephrin-B2 in cardiovascular development. Mol Cell, 1999. 4(3): p. 403–14.
Foo, S.S., et al., Ephrin-B2 controls cell motility and adhesion during blood-vessel-wall assembly. Cell, 2006. 124(1): p. 161–73.
Carmeliet, P. and M. Tessier-Lavigne, Common mechanisms of nerve and blood vessel wiring. Nature, 2005. 436(7048): p. 193–200.
Gerhardt, H., et al., VEGF guides angiogenic sprouting utilizing endothelial tip cell filopodia. J Cell Biol, 2003. 161(6): p. 1163–77.
Autiero, M., et al., Role of neural guidance signals in blood vessel navigation. Cardiovasc Res, 2005. 65(3): p. 629–38.
Honma, Y., et al., Artemin is a vascular-derived neurotropic factor for developing sympathetic neurons. Neuron, 2002. 35(2): p. 267–82.
Kuruvilla, R., et al., A neurotrophin signaling cascade coordinates sympathetic neuron development through differential control of TrkA trafficking and retrograde signaling. Cell, 2004. 118(2): p. 243–55.
Dickson, B.J., Molecular mechanisms of axon guidance. Science, 2002. 298(5600): p. 1959–64.
Huber, A.B., et al., Signaling at the growth cone: ligand-receptor complexes and the control of axon growth and guidance. Annu Rev Neurosci, 2003. 26: p. 509–63.
Barallobre, M.J., et al., The Netrin family of guidance factors: emphasis on Netrin-1 signalling. Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 2005. 49(1): p. 22–47.
Hong, K., et al., A ligand-gated association between cytoplasmic domains of UNC5 and DCC family receptors converts netrin-induced growth cone attraction to repulsion. Cell, 1999. 97(7): p. 927–41.
Keleman, K. and B.J. Dickson, Short- and long-range repulsion by the Drosophila Unc5 netrin receptor. Neuron, 2001. 32(4): p. 605–17.
Fazeli, A., et al., Phenotype of mice lacking functional Deleted in colorectal cancer (Dcc) gene. Nature, 1997. 386(6627): p. 796–804.
Serafini, T., et al., Netrin-1 is required for commissural axon guidance in the developing vertebrate nervous system. Cell, 1996. 87(6): p. 1001–14.
Lu, X., et al., The netrin receptor UNC5B mediates guidance events controlling morphogenesis of the vascular system. Nature, 2004. 432(7014): p. 179–86.
Wilson, B.D., et al., Netrins promote developmental and therapeutic angiogenesis. Science, 2006. 313(5787): p. 640–4.
Park, K.W., et al., The axonal attractant Netrin-1 is an angiogenic factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004. 101(46): p. 16210–5.
Kidd, T., et al., Roundabout controls axon crossing of the CNS midline and defines a novel subfamily of evolutionarily conserved guidance receptors. Cell, 1998. 92(2): p. 205–15.
Brose, K. and M. Tessier-Lavigne, Slit proteins: key regulators of axon guidance, axonal branching, and cell migration. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2000. 10(1): p. 95–102.
Kidd, T., K.S. Bland, and C.S. Goodman, Slit is the midline repellent for the robo receptor in Drosophila. Cell, 1999. 96(6): p. 785–94.
Li, H.S., et al., Vertebrate slit, a secreted ligand for the transmembrane protein roundabout, is a repellent for olfactory bulb axons. Cell, 1999. 96(6): p. 807–18.
Wang, K.H., et al., Biochemical purification of a mammalian slit protein as a positive regulator of sensory axon elongation and branching. Cell, 1999. 96(6): p. 771–84.
Plump, A.S., et al., Slit1 and Slit2 cooperate to prevent premature midline crossing of retinal axons in the mouse visual system. Neuron, 2002. 33(2): p. 219–32.
Long, H., et al., Conserved roles for Slit and Robo proteins in midline commissural axon guidance. Neuron, 2004. 42(2): p. 213–23.
Sabatier, C., et al., The divergent Robo family protein rig-1/Robo3 is a negative regulator of slit responsiveness required for midline crossing by commissural axons. Cell, 2004. 117(2): p. 157–69.
Park, K.W., et al., Robo4 is a vascular-specific receptor that inhibits endothelial migration. Dev Biol, 2003. 261(1): p. 251–67.
Huminiecki, L., et al., Magic roundabout is a new member of the roundabout receptor family that is endothelial specific and expressed at sites of active angiogenesis. Genomics, 2002. 79(4): p. 547–52.
Bedell, V.M., et al., roundabout4 is essential for angiogenesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2005. 102(18): p. 6373–8.
Wang, B., et al., Induction of tumor angiogenesis by Slit-Robo signaling and inhibition of cancer growth by blocking Robo activity. Cancer Cell, 2003. 4(1): p. 19–29.
He, Z. and M. Tessier-Lavigne, Neuropilin is a receptor for the axonal chemorepellent Semaphorin III. Cell, 1997. 90(4): p. 739–51.
Chen, H., et al., Semaphorin-neuropilin interactions underlying sympathetic axon responses to class III semaphorins. Neuron, 1998. 21(6): p. 1283–90.
Takahashi, T., et al., Semaphorins A and E act as antagonists of neuropilin-1 and agonists of neuropilin-2 receptors. Nat Neurosci, 1998. 1(6): p. 487–93.
Fuh, G., K.C. Garcia, and A.M. de Vos, The interaction of neuropilin-1 with vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor flt-1. J Biol Chem, 2000. 275(35): p. 26690–5.
Makinen, T., et al., Differential binding of vascular endothelial growth factor B splice and proteolytic isoforms to neuropilin-1. J Biol Chem, 1999. 274(30): p. 21217–22.
Migdal, M., et al., Neuropilin-1 is a placenta growth factor-2 receptor. J Biol Chem, 1998. 273(35): p. 22272–8.
Gu, C., et al., Characterization of neuropilin-1 structural features that confer binding to semaphorin 3A and vascular endothelial growth factor 165. J Biol Chem, 2002. 277(20): p. 18069–76.
Gu, C., et al., Neuropilin-1 conveys semaphorin and VEGF signaling during neural and cardiovascular development. Dev Cell, 2003. 5(1): p. 45–57.
Kruger, R.P., J. Aurandt, and K.L. Guan, Semaphorins command cells to move. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2005. 6(10): p. 789–800.
Basile, J.R., et al., Class IV semaphorins promote angiogenesis by stimulating Rho-initiated pathways through plexin-B. Cancer Res, 2004. 64(15): p. 5212–24.
Weinstein, B.M., Vessels and nerves: marching to the same tune. Cell, 2005. 120(3): p. 299–302.
Eichmann, A., et al., Guidance of vascular and neural network formation. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2005. 15(1): p. 108–15.
O’Leary, D.D. and D.G. Wilkinson, Eph receptors and ephrins in neural development. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 1999. 9(1): p. 65–73.
Kullander, K. and R. Klein, Mechanisms and functions of Eph and ephrin signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2002. 3(7): p. 475–86.
Janes, P.W., et al., Adam meets Eph: an ADAM substrate recognition module acts as a molecular switch for ephrin cleavage in trans. Cell, 2005. 123(2): p. 291–304.
Zimmer, M., et al., EphB-ephrinB bi-directional endocytosis terminates adhesion allowing contact mediated repulsion. Nat Cell Biol, 2003. 5(10): p. 869–78.
Pasquale, E.B., Eph receptor signalling casts a wide net on cell behaviour. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2005. 6(6): p. 462–75.
Hamada, K., et al., Distinct roles of ephrin-B2 forward and EphB4 reverse signaling in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2003. 23(2): p. 190–7.
Oike, Y., et al., Regulation of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis by EphB/ephrin-B2 signaling between endothelial cells and surrounding mesenchymal cells. Blood, 2002. 100(4): p. 1326–33.
Charron, F., et al., The morphogen sonic hedgehog is an axonal chemoattractant that collaborates with netrin-1 in midline axon guidance. Cell, 2003. 113(1): p. 11–23.
Torres, M., E. Gomez-Pardo, and P. Gruss, Pax2 contributes to inner ear patterning and optic nerve trajectory. Development, 1996. 122(11): p. 3381–91.
Trousse, F., et al., Control of retinal ganglion cell axon growth: a new role for Sonic hedgehog. Development, 2001. 128(20): p. 3927–36.
Augsburger, A., et al., BMPs as mediators of roof plate repulsion of commissural neurons. Neuron, 1999. 24(1): p. 127–41.
Charron, F. and M. Tessier-Lavigne, Novel brain wiring functions for classical morphogens: a role as graded positional cues in axon guidance. Development, 2005. 132(10): p. 2251–62.
Callahan, C.A., et al., Control of neuronal pathway selection by a Drosophila receptor protein-tyrosine kinase family member. Nature, 1995. 376(6536): p. 171–4.
Bonkowsky, J.L., et al., Axon routing across the midline controlled by the Drosophila Derailed receptor. Nature, 1999. 402(6761): p. 540–4.
Yoshikawa, S., et al., Wnt-mediated axon guidance via the Drosophila Derailed receptor. Nature, 2003. 422(6932): p. 583–8.
Lyuksyutova, A.I., et al., Anterior-posterior guidance of commissural axons by Wnt-frizzled signaling. Science, 2003. 302(5652): p. 1984–8.
Bourikas, D., et al., Sonic hedgehog guides commissural axons along the longitudinal axis of the spinal cord. Nat Neurosci, 2005. 8(3): p. 297–304.
Zachary, I., Neuroprotective role of vascular endothelial growth factor: signalling mechanisms, biological function, and therapeutic potential. Neurosignals, 2005. 14(5): p. 207–21.
Jin, K.L., X.O. Mao, and D.A. Greenberg, Vascular endothelial growth factor: direct neuroprotective effect in in vitro ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2000. 97(18): p. 10242–7.
Matsuzaki, H., et al., Vascular endothelial growth factor rescues hippocampal neurons from glutamate-induced toxicity: signal transduction cascades. Faseb J, 2001. 15(7): p. 1218–20.
Qiu, M.H., R. Zhang, and F.Y. Sun, Enhancement of ischemia-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Kv1.2 by vascular endothelial growth factor via activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Neurochem, 2003. 87(6): p. 1509–17.
Silverman, W.F., et al., Vascular, glial and neuronal effects of vascular endothelial growth factor in mesencephalic explant cultures. Neuroscience, 1999. 90(4): p. 1529–41.
Sondell, M., G. Lundborg, and M. Kanje, Vascular endothelial growth factor has neurotrophic activity and stimulates axonal outgrowth, enhancing cell survival and Schwann cell proliferation in the peripheral nervous system. J Neurosci, 1999. 19(14): p. 5731–40.
Bocker-Meffert, S., et al., Erythropoietin and VEGF promote neural outgrowth from retinal explants in postnatal rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2002. 43(6): p. 2021–6.
Cheng, L., et al., Anti-chemorepulsive effects of vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor-2 in dorsal root ganglion neurons are mediated via neuropilin-1 and cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoid production. J Biol Chem, 2004. 279(29): p. 30654–61.
Sondell, M., F. Sundler, and M. Kanje, Vascular endothelial growth factor is a neurotrophic factor which stimulates axonal outgrowth through the flk-1 receptor. Eur J Neurosci, 2000. 12(12): p. 4243–54.
Jin, K., et al., Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2002. 99(18): p. 11946–50.
Zhu, Y., et al., Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes proliferation of cortical neuron precursors by regulating E2F expression. Faseb J, 2003. 17(2): p. 186–93.
Schanzer, A., et al., Direct stimulation of adult neural stem cells in vitro and neurogenesis in vivo by vascular endothelial growth factor. Brain Pathol, 2004. 14(3): p. 237–48.
Maurer, M.H., et al., Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in rat neural stem cells. Neurosci Lett, 2003. 344(3): p. 165–8.
Sondell, M., G. Lundborg, and M. Kanje, Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates Schwann cell invasion and neovascularization of acellular nerve grafts. Brain Res, 1999. 846(2): p. 219–28.
Forstreuter, F., R. Lucius, and R. Mentlein, Vascular endothelial growth factor induces chemotaxis and proliferation of microglial cells. J Neuroimmunol, 2002. 132(1–2): p. 93–8.
Krum, J.M., N. Mani, and J.M. Rosenstein, Angiogenic and astroglial responses to vascular endothelial growth factor administration in adult rat brain. Neuroscience, 2002. 110(4): p. 589–604.
Lambrechts, D., et al., Low expression VEGF haplotype increases the risk for tetralogy of Fallot: a family based association study. J Med Genet, 2005. 42(6): p. 519–22.
Newton, S.S., et al., Gene profile of electroconvulsive seizures: induction of neurotrophic and angiogenic factors. J Neurosci, 2003. 23(34): p. 10841–51.
Croll, S.D., J.H. Goodman, and H.E. Scharfman, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in seizures: a double-edged sword. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2004. 548: p. 57–68.
McCloskey, D.P., S.D. Croll, and H.E. Scharfman, Depression of synaptic transmission by vascular endothelial growth factor in adult rat hippocampus and evidence for increased efficacy after chronic seizures. J Neurosci, 2005. 25(39): p. 8889–97.
Xu, J.Y., et al., Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibits outward delayed-rectifier potassium currents in acutely isolated hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience, 2003. 118(1): p. 59–67.
Lennmyr, F., et al., Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (Flt-1 and Flk-1) following permanent and transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1998. 57(9): p. 874–82.
Croll, S.D. and S.J. Wiegand, Vascular growth factors in cerebral ischemia. Mol Neurobiol, 2001. 23(2–3): p. 121–35.
Hulsmann, S., et al., Blockade of astrocyte metabolism causes delayed excitation as revealed by voltage-sensitive dyes in mouse brainstem slices. Exp Brain Res, 2003. 150(1): p. 117–21.
Keyser, D.O. and T.C. Pellmar, Synaptic transmission in the hippocampus: critical role for glial cells. Glia, 1994. 10(4): p. 237–43.
Balice-Gordon, R.J., Dynamic roles at the neuromuscular junction. Schwann cells. Curr Biol, 1996. 6(9): p. 1054–6.
Koirala, S., L.V. Reddy, and C.P. Ko, Roles of glial cells in the formation, function, and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction. J Neurocytol, 2003. 32(5–8): p. 987–1002.
Sanes, J.R. and J.W. Lichtman, Development of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. Annu Rev Neurosci, 1999. 22: p. 389–442.
Auld, D.S., et al., Modulation of neurotransmission by reciprocal synapse-glial interactions at the neuromuscular junction. J Neurocytol, 2003. 32(5–8): p. 1003–15.
Auld, D.S. and R. Robitaille, Perisynaptic Schwann cells at the neuromuscular junction: nerve- and activity-dependent contributions to synaptic efficacy, plasticity, and reinnervation. Neuroscientist, 2003. 9(2): p. 144–57.
Corfas, G., et al., Mechanisms and roles of axon-Schwann cell interactions. J Neurosci, 2004. 24(42): p. 9250–60.
Kang, H., L. Tian, and W. Thompson, Terminal Schwann cells guide the reinnervation of muscle after nerve injury. J Neurocytol, 2003. 32(5–8): p. 975–85.
Lin, W., et al., Aberrant development of motor axons and neuromuscular synapses in erbB2-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2000. 97(3): p. 1299–304.
Morris, J.K., et al., Rescue of the cardiac defect in ErbB2 mutant mice reveals essential roles of ErbB2 in peripheral nervous system development. Neuron, 1999. 23(2): p. 273–83.
Woldeyesus, M.T., et al., Peripheral nervous system defects in erbB2 mutants following genetic rescue of heart development. Genes Dev, 1999. 13(19): p. 2538–48.
Wolpowitz, D., et al., Cysteine-rich domain isoforms of the neuregulin-1 gene are required for maintenance of peripheral synapses. Neuron, 2000. 25(1): p. 79–91.
Feng, Z., S. Koirala, and C.P. Ko, Synapse-glia interactions at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. Neuroscientist, 2005. 11(5): p. 503–13.
Slezak, M. and F.W. Pfrieger, New roles for astrocytes: regulation of CNS synaptogenesis. Trends Neurosci, 2003. 26(10): p. 531–5.
Ullian, E.M., K.S. Christopherson, and B.A. Barres, Role for glia in synaptogenesis. Glia, 2004. 47(3): p. 209–16.
Dickens, P., P. Hill, and M.R. Bennett, Schwann cell dynamics with respect to newly formed motor-nerve terminal branches on mature (Bufo marinus) muscle fibers. J Neurocytol, 2003. 32(4): p. 381–92.
Macleod, G.T., P.A. Dickens, and M.R. Bennett, Formation and function of synapses with respect to Schwann cells at the end of motor nerve terminal branches on mature amphibian (Bufo marinus) muscle. J Neurosci, 2001. 21(7): p. 2380–92.
Frey, D., et al., Early and selective loss of neuromuscular synapse subtypes with low sprouting competence in motoneuron diseases. J Neurosci, 2000. 20(7): p. 2534–42.
Pun, S., et al., Selective vulnerability and pruning of phasic motoneuron axons in motoneuron disease alleviated by CNTF. Nat Neurosci, 2006. 9(3): p. 408–19.
Dengler, R., et al., Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: macro-EMG and twitch forces of single motor units. Muscle Nerve, 1990. 13(6): p. 545–50.
De Winter, F., et al., The expression of the chemorepellent Semaphorin 3A is selectively induced in terminal Schwann cells of a subset of neuromuscular synapses that display limited anatomical plasticity and enhanced vulnerability in motor neuron disease. Mol Cell Neurosci, 2006. 32(1–2): p. 102–17.
De Wit, J., et al., Semaphorin 3A displays a punctate distribution on the surface of neuronal cells and interacts with proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix. Mol Cell Neurosci, 2005. 29(1): p. 40–55.
Kantor, D.B., et al., Semaphorin 5A is a bifunctional axon guidance cue regulated by heparan and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Neuron, 2004. 44(6): p. 961–75.
Cavanagh, J.B., The significance of the ‘‘dying back’’ process in experimental and human neurological disease. Int Rev Exp Pathol, 1964. 3: p. 219–67.
Ferri, A., et al., Inhibiting axon degeneration and synapse loss attenuates apoptosis and disease progression in a mouse model of motoneuron disease. Curr Biol, 2003. 13(8): p. 669–73.
Pinter, M.J., et al., Effects of 4-aminopyridine on muscle and motor unit force in canine motor neuron disease. J Neurosci, 1997. 17(11): p. 4500–7.
Raff, M.C., A.V. Whitmore, and J.T. Finn, Axonal self-destruction and neurodegeneration. Science, 2002. 296(5569): p. 868–71.
Schmalbruch, H., et al., A new mouse mutant with progressive motor neuronopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1991. 50(3): p. 192–204.
Sendtner, M., et al., Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents degeneration of motor neurons in mouse mutant progressive motor neuronopathy. Nature, 1992. 358(6386): p. 502–4.
Storkebaum, E., et al., Treatment of motoneuron degeneration by intracerebroventricular delivery of VEGF in a rat model of ALS. Nat Neurosci, 2005. 8(1): p. 85–92.
Shen, J., et al., How muscles recover from paresis and atrophy after intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A: Study in juvenile rats. J Orthop Res, 2006. 24(5): p. 1128–35.
Vergani, L., et al., Systemic administration of insulin-like growth factor decreases motor neuron cell death and promotes muscle reinnervation. J Neurosci Res, 1998. 54(6): p. 840–7.
Arsic, N., et al., Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo. Mol Ther, 2004. 10(5): p. 844–54.
Germani, A., et al., Vascular endothelial growth factor modulates skeletal myoblast function. Am J Pathol, 2003. 163(4): p. 1417–28.
Hayashi, T., et al., Rapid induction of vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke, 1997. 28(10): p. 2039–44.
Plate, K.H., et al., Cell type specific upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in an MCA-occlusion model of cerebral infarct. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1999. 58(6): p. 654–66.
Zhang, Z.G., et al., VEGF enhances angiogenesis and promotes blood-brain barrier leakage in the ischemic brain. J Clin Invest, 2000. 106(7): p. 829–38.
Sun, Y., et al., VEGF-induced neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia. J Clin Invest, 2003. 111(12): p. 1843–51.
Yano, A., et al., Encapsulated vascular endothelial growth factor-secreting cell grafts have neuroprotective and angiogenic effects on focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg, 2005. 103(1): p. 104–14.
Zhang, Z.G., et al., Correlation of VEGF and angiopoietin expression with disruption of blood-brain barrier and angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2002. 22(4): p. 379–92.
van Bruggen, N., et al., VEGF antagonism reduces edema formation and tissue damage after ischemia/reperfusion injury in the mouse brain. J Clin Invest, 1999. 104(11): p. 1613–20.
Harrigan, M.R., et al., Effects of intraventricular infusion of vascular endothelial growth factor on cerebral blood flow, edema, and infarct volume. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 2003. 145(1): p. 49–53.
Hayashi, T., K. Abe, and Y. Itoyama, Reduction of ischemic damage by application of vascular endothelial growth factor in rat brain after transient ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 1998. 18(8): p. 887–95.
Storkebaum, E., D. Lambrechts, and P. Carmeliet, VEGF: once regarded as a specific angiogenic factor, now implicated in neuroprotection. Bioessays, 2004. 26(9): p. 943–54.
Sun, Y., et al., Increased severity of cerebral ischemic injury in vascular endothelial growth factor-B-deficient mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2004. 24(10): p. 1146–52.
Beck, H., et al., Cell type-specific expression of neuropilins in an MCA-occlusion model in mice suggests a potential role in post-ischemic brain remodeling. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 2002. 61(4): p. 339–50.
Sun, F.Y. and X. Guo, Molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuroprotection by vascular endothelial growth factor. J Neurosci Res, 2005. 79(1–2): p. 180–4.
Sun, Y., et al., Vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGFB) stimulates neurogenesis: evidence from knockout mice and growth factor administration. Dev Biol, 2006. 289(2): p. 329–35.
Liu, H., et al., Neuroprotection by PlGF gene-modified human mesenchymal stem cells after cerebral ischaemia. Brain, 2006.
Samii, A., J. Unger, and W. Lange, Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in peripheral nerves and dorsal root ganglia in diabetic neuropathy in rats. Neurosci Lett, 1999. 262(3): p. 159–62.
Schratzberger, P., et al., Favorable effect of VEGF gene transfer on ischemic peripheral neuropathy. Nat Med, 2000. 6(4): p. 405–13.
Schratzberger, P., et al., Reversal of experimental diabetic neuropathy by VEGF gene transfer. J Clin Invest, 2001. 107(9): p. 1083–92.
Wang, Y., et al., VEGF overexpression induces post-ischaemic neuroprotection, but facilitates haemodynamic steal phenomena. Brain, 2005. 128(Pt 1): p. 52–63.
Simovic, D., et al., Improvement in chronic ischemic neuropathy after intramuscular phVEGF165 gene transfer in patients with critical limb ischemia. Arch Neurol, 2001. 58(5): p. 761–8.
Rowland, L.P. and N.A. Shneider, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med, 2001. 344(22): p. 1688–700.
Gurney, M.E., et al., Motor neuron degeneration in mice that express a human Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase mutation. Science, 1994. 264(5166): p. 1772–5.
Oosthuyse, B., et al., Deletion of the hypoxia-response element in the vascular endothelial growth factor promoter causes motor neuron degeneration. Nat Genet, 2001. 28(2): p. 131–8.
Bogaert, E., et al., Vascular endothelial growth factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases. Muscle Nerve, 2006. 34(4): p. 391–405.
Lambrechts, D., et al., VEGF is a modifier of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice and humans and protects motoneurons against ischemic death. Nat Genet, 2003. 34(4): p. 383–94.
Carmeliet, P. and E. Storkebaum, Vascular and neuronal effects of VEGF in the nervous system: implications for neurological disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 2002. 13(1): p. 39–53.
Lin, C.L., et al., Aberrant RNA processing in a neurodegenerative disease: the cause for absent EAAT2, a glutamate transporter, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuron, 1998. 20(3): p. 589–602.
Azzouz, M., et al., VEGF delivery with retrogradely transported lentivector prolongs survival in a mouse ALS model. Nature, 2004. 429(6990): p. 413–7.
Lambrechts, D. and P. Carmeliet, VEGF at the neurovascular interface: Therapeutic implications for motor neuron disease. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2006.
Sopher, B.L., et al., Androgen receptor YAC transgenic mice recapitulate SBMA motor neuronopathy and implicate VEGF164 in the motor neuron degeneration. Neuron, 2004. 41(5): p. 687–99.
Del Bo, R., et al., Vascular endothelial growth factor gene variability is associated with increased risk for AD. Ann Neurol, 2005. 57(3): p. 373–80.
Chapuis, J., et al., Association study of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene with the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging, 2006. 27(9): p. 1212–5.
Yasuhara, T., et al., Neurorescue effects of VEGF on a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res, 2005. 1053(1–2): p. 10–8.
Kastrup, J., et al., Direct intramyocardial plasmid vascular endothelial growth factor-A165 gene therapy in patients with stable severe angina pectoris A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study: the Euroinject One trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005. 45(7): p. 982–8.
Kim, H.J., et al., Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenic gene therapy in patients with peripheral artery disease. Exp Mol Med, 2004. 36(4): p. 336–44.
Bielenberg, D.R., et al., Neuropilins in neoplasms: expression, regulation, and function. Exp Cell Res, 2006. 312(5): p. 584–93.
Heroult, M., F. Schaffner, and H.G. Augustin, Eph receptor and ephrin ligand-mediated interactions during angiogenesis and tumor progression. Exp Cell Res, 2006. 312(5): p. 642–50.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zacchigna, S., de Almodovar, C.R., Lafuste, P., Carmeliet, P. (2007). Vascular and Neuronal Development: Intersecting Parallelisms and rossroads. In: Deindl, E., Kupatt, C. (eds) Therapeutic Neovascularization–Quo Vadis?. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5955-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5955-8_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-5954-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-5955-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)