Skip to main content

Population movements in the Indian subcontinent during the protohistoric period: Physical anthropological assessment

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series ((VERT))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agrawal, D.P., 2000. Ancient Metal Technology and Archaeology of South Asia. Aryan Books Inter- national, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, D.P., Kharakwal, J.S., 2003. Bronze and Iron Ages in South Asia. Aryan Books International, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armelagos, G.J., 1990. Health and disease in prehistoric populations in transition. In: Swedlund, A.C., Armelagos, G.J. (Eds.), Disease in Populations in Transition: Anthropological and Epidemiological Perspectives. Gergin and Garvey, New York, pp. 127–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayer, A.A., 1960. Report on human skeletal remains excavated at Piklihal near Mudgal. In: Allchin, F.R. (Ed.), Piklihal Excavations. Andhra Pradesh Government Archaeological Series 1, Hyderabad, pp. 143–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnabas, S., Apte, R.V., Suresh, C.G., 1996. Ancestry and interrelationship of the Indians and their relationship with other world populations: a study based on mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms. Annals of Human Genetics 60, 409–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basu, A., Mukherjee, N., Roy, S., Sengupta, S., Banerjee, S., Chakraborty, M., Dey, B., Roy, M., Roy, B., Bhattacharyya, N.P., Roychoudhury, S., Majumder, P.P., 2003. Ethnic India: a genomic view, with special reference to peopling and structure. Genome Research, 2277–2290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basu, A., Pal, A., 1980. Human Remains from Burzahom. Anthropological Survey of India, Calcutta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Begley, V., De Puma, R.D. (Eds.), 1992. Rome and India – The Ancient Sea Trade. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brace, C.L., 1963. Structural reduction in evolution. American Naturalist 97, 39–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brace, C.L., 1964. The probable mutation effect. American Naturalist 98, 453–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee, B.K., Kumar, G.D., 1963. Racial elements on Post Harappan skeletal remains at Lothal. In: Ratnam, B. (Ed.), Anthropology on the March. Social Science Association, Madras, pp. 104–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M.N., 1977. The Food Crisis in Prehistory: Over Population and the Origin of Agriculture. Yale University Press, New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M.N., Armelagos, J.G. (Eds.), 1984. Palaeoanthropology at the Origins of Agriculture. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dales, G.F., 1964. The mythical massacre at Mohenjodaro. Expedition 6(3), 36–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dales, G.F., 1965. New investigations at Mohenjodaro. Archaeology 18, 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhavalikar, M.K., 1988. The First Farmers of the Deccan. Ravish Publishers, Pune.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhavalikar, M.K., 1999. Historical Archaeology of India. Books and Books, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhavalikar, M.K., 2002. Environment and Culture: A Historical Perspective. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutta, P.C., Pal, A., Gupta, P., Dutta, B.C., 1987. Ancient Human Remains from Rupar. Anthropological Survey of India, Calcutta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrhardt, S., Kennedy, K.A.R., 1965. Excavations at Langhnaj: 1944–63, Part III: The Human Remains. Deccan College, Pune.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, Jr. P., 2002. Early historic South India and the international maritime trade. Man and Environment XXVII (1), 153–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadgil, M., Joshi, N.V., Shambu Prasad, U.V., Manoharan, S., Patil, S., 1998. Peopling of India. In: Balasubramanian D., Appaji Rao, N. (Eds.), The Indian Human Heritage. University Press, Hyderabad, pp. 100–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guha, B.S., 1935. The Racial Affinities of the People of India. Census of India, 1931, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, P., Dutta, P.C., Basu, A., 1962. Human Skeletal Remains from Harappa. Anthropological Survey of India, Calcutta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkey, D.E., 2002. The peopling of South Asia: Evidence for Affinities and Microevolution of Prehistoric Populations from India/Sri Lanka. Spolia Zeylanica 39, 1–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemphill, B.E., Lukacs, J.R., Kennedy, K.A.R., 1991. Biological adaptations and affinities of Bronze Age Harappans. In: Meadow, R.H. (Ed.), Harappan Excavation 1986–1990: A Multidiscip-linary Approach to Third Millennium Urbanism. Prehistory Press, Madison, pp. 137–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemphill, B.E., Christensen, A.F., Mustafakulov, S.I., 1997. Trade or travel: an assessment of interpopulational dynamics among Bronze Age Indo-Iranian populations. In: Allchin R., Allchin B. (Eds.), South Asian Archaeology 1995. Vol. 2. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi, pp. 855–871.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi, M.B., Rout, P.K., Mandal, A.J., Tyler-Smith, C., Singh, L., Thangaraj, K., 2004. Phylogeography and origin of Indian domestic goats. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21–3, 454–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kajale, M.D., 1991. Current status of Indian Palaeoethnobotany: Introduced and indigenous food plants with a discussion of the historical and evolutionary development of Indian agriculture and agricultural systems in general. In: Renfrew, C. (Ed.), New Light on Early Farming: Recent Developments in Palaeoethnobotany. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 155–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karve, I., Dandekar, V.M., 1951. Anthropometric Measurements of Maharashtra. Deccan College, Pune.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, K.A.R., 1965. Human skeletal material from Ceylon with an analysis of the Island’s prehistoric and contemporary populations. Bulletin of British Museum of Natural History and Geography 11, 135–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, K.A.R., 1982. Palaeodemographic perspectives of social structural change in Harappan society. In: Pastner S., Flam, L. (Eds.), Archaeo-logy of Pakistan: Recent Socio-cultural and Archaeological Perspective. Cornell University South Asia Program, Ithaca, pp. 211–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, K.A.R., 1984a. Biological adaptation and affinities of Mesolithic South Asians. In: Lukacs, J.R. (Ed.), The People of South Asia: The Biological Anthropology of India, Pakistan and Nepal. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 29–55.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, K.A.R., 1984b. A reassessment of the theories of racial origins of the people of the Indus Valley civilization from recent anthropological data. In: Kennedy, K.A.R., Possehl, G.L. (Eds.), Studies in the Archaeology and Palaeoanthropology of South Asia. Oxford-IBH Publishing, New Delhi, pp. 99–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, K.A.R., 1984c. Trauma and disease in the Harappans. In: Lal, B.B., Gupta, S.P. (Eds.), Frontiers of the Indus Civilization. Books and Books, New Delhi, pp. 425–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, K.A.R., 1995. Have Aryans been identified in the prehistoric skeletal record from South Asia? Biological anthropology and concepts of ancient races. In: Erdosy, G. (Ed.), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 32–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, K.A.R., 2000. God-Apes and Fossil Men- Paleoanthropology of South Asia. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, K.A.R., Caldwell, P., 1984. South Asian prehistoric human skeletal remains and burial practices. In: Lukacs, J.R. (Ed.), The People of South Asia: The Biological Anthropology of India, Pakistan and Nepal. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 159–97.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, K.A.R., Disotell, T., Roertgen, W.J., Sherry, J., 1986a. Biological Anthropology of Upper Pleistocene Hominids from Sri Lanka: Batadomba Lena and Belilena Caves. Ancient Ceylon, No. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, K.A.R., Lovell, N.C., Burrow, C.B., 1986b. Mesolithic Human Remains from the Gangetic Plain: Sarai Nahar Rai. South Asian Occasional Papers and Theses, No.10, South Asian Program. Cornell University, Cornell, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, K.A.R., Lukacs, J.R., Pastor, R.F., Johnston, T.L., Lovell, N.C., Pal, J.N., Hemphill, B.E., Burrow, C.B., 1992. Human Skeletal Remains from Mahadaha: A Gangetic Mesolithic Site. South Asian Occasional Papers and Theses, No. 11, South Asian Program. Cornell University, Cornell, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, K.A.R., Malhotra, K.C., 1966. Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic and Indo-Roman Levels from Nevasa: Anthropometric and Comparative Analysis. Deccan College, Pune.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, K.A.R., Possehl, G.L., 1979. Hunter-gatherer/agriculturalist exchange in prehistory: an indian example. Current Anthropology 20, 592–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenoyer, J.M., 1998. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lahiri, N., 1992. Archaeology of Indian Trade Route Up To 200 BC. Oxford University Press, Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, C.S., 1984. Health and disease in prehistoric Georgia: The transition to agriculture. In: Cohen, M. N., Armelagos, G. J. (Eds.), Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture. Academic Press. New York, pp. 367–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leena, H.J. S., 2004. Sailing across seven seas (a study of maritime trade in Bengal). Ph.D. Dissertation, Deccan College, Pune.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukacs, J.R., Bogorad, R.K., Walimbe, S.R., Dunbar, D.C., 1986. Palaeopathology at Inamgaon: A Post-Harappan agrarian village in Western India. American Philosophical Society Proceedings 130(3), 289–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukacs, J.R., Walimbe, S.R., 1984a. Palaeodemo-graphy at Inamgaon: An early farming village in Western India. In: Lukacs, J.R. (Ed.), The People of South Asia: The Biological Anthropology of India, Pakistan and Nepal. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 105–132.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lukacs, J.R., Walimbe, S.R., 1984b. Deciduous dental morphology and the biological affinities of a late chalcolithic skeletal series from western India. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 65, 23–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukacs, J.R., Walimbe, S.R., 1986. Excavations at Inamgaon, Vol.II, Part I: Physical Anthropology of Human Skeletal Remains: An Osteobiographic Analysis. Deccan College, Pune.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majumdar, D.N., 1961. Races and Cultures of India. London: British Museum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majumdar, P.P., 1998. People of India: biological diversity and affinities. Evolutionary Anthropology 6, 100–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Majumdar, R.C. (Ed.), 1968. The Age of Imperial Unity. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majumdar, R.C. (Ed.), 1993. The Age of Imperial Kanauj. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, K.C., 1965a. Human skeletal remains from Neolithic Tekkalakota. In: Nagaraja Rao, M.S., Malhotra, K.C. (Ed.), The Stone Age Hill Dwellers of Tekkalakota. Deccan College, Pune, pp. 109–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, K.C., 1965b. Human skeletal remains from Chandoli. In: Deo, S.B., Ansari, Z.D. (Eds.), Chalcolithic Chandoli. Deccan College, Pune, pp.143–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D.L., Armelagos G.L., Goodman A.H., Van Gerven D.P., 1984. The effects of Socioeconomic change in prehistoric Africa: Sudanese Nubia as a case study. In: Cohen, M.N., Armelagos, G.J. (Eds.), Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture. Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 193–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misra, V.N., 1976. Ecological adaptations during the terminal stone age in western and central India. In: Kennedy, K. A. R., Possehl, G L. (Eds.), Ecological Backgrounds of South Asian Prehistory. Cornell University, Ithaca, pp. 28–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misra, V.N., 1989. Stone age India: an ecological perspective. Man and Environment, 14, 17–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misra, V.N., 2001. Prehistoric human colonization of India. Journal of Bioscience 26(4), 491–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mughal, M.R., 1990. The decline of the Indus civilization and the Late Harappan period in the Indus valley. Lahore Museum Bulletin 3(2), 13–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mushrif, V., 2001. Biological anthropology of the Deccan Chalcolithic populations: a case study on Nevasa human skeletal series. Ph.D. Dissertation, Deccan College, Pune.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mushrif, V., Walimbe, S.R., 2000. A fresh look at the human skeletal remains from Chalcolithic Walki (Maharashtra). Man and Environment XXX (2), 19–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pattanayak, D.P., 1998. The language heritage of India. In: Balasubramanian, D., Appaji Rao, N. (Eds.), The Indian Human Heritage, University Press, Hyderabad, pp. 95–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Possehl, G. L., 1976. Lothal: A gateway settlement of the Harappan civilization. In: Kennedy, K.A.R., Possehl, G.L. (Eds.), Ecological Backgrounds of Asian Prehistory. Cornell University South Asia Program, Ithaca, pp. 118–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Possehl, G.L., 1999. Indus Age: The Beginning. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratnagar, S., 1981 Encounters: The Westerly Trade of the Harappan Civilization. Oxford University Presfs, Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratnagar, S., 2000. The End of the Great Harappan Tradition. Manohar Publisher, Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, H.P., Salles, J. (Eds.), 1996. Tradition and Archaeology (Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean). Proceedings of the International Seminar ‘Techno-archaeological Perspectives of Seafaring in the Indian Ocean 4th Century BC -15th century AD’. Manohar, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roychoudhury, S., Roy, S., Basu, A., Banerjee, R., Vishwanathan, H., Usha Rani, M.V., Sil, S.K., Mitra, M., Majumdar, P.P., 2001. Genomic structures and population histories of linguistically distant tribal groups of India. Human Genetics 109, 339–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar, S.S., 1954. The Aboriginal Races of India. Asiatic Society, Calcutta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar, S.S., 1964. Ancient Races of Baluchistan, Panjab and Sind. Bookland, Calcutta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar, S.S., 1972. Ancient Races of Deccan. Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, R.B.S., Guha, B.S., 1931. Human remains. In: Marshall, J. (Ed.), Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization. Volume 2. Arthur Probsthan, London, pp. 599–648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, R.B.S., Guha, B.S., 1929. Report on the bones excavated at Nal. Memoirs of Archaeological Survey of India, 35, 56–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K.S., Manoharan, S., 1993. People of India: Languages and Scripts. Oxford University Press, Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B.D., 1995. The Emergence of Agriculture. Scientific American Library, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thangaraj, K., Chaubey, G., Kivisild, T., Reddy, A.G., Singh, V.K., Rasalkar, A.A., Singh, L., 2005 Reconstructing the origin of Andaman Islanders. Science 308, 996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, P. K., 2000. Contribution of Deccan College to archaeozoological research. Bulletin of Deccan College Research Institute 60–61, 77–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walimbe, S.R., 1986. Palaeodemography of protohistoric Daimabad. In: Sali, S.A. (Ed.), Daimabad 1976–79. Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, pp. 641–740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walimbe, S.R., 1990. Human skeletal remains. In: Dhavalikar, M.K., Shinde, V., Atre, S. (Eds.), Excavations at Kaothe. Deccan College, Pune, pp. 111–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walimbe, S.R., 1998. Bio-cultural adaptations in cranial morphology among the early farming Chalcolithic populations of the Deccan plateau. In: Bhasin, M.K., Malik, S.L. (Eds.), Contemporary Studies in Human Ecology: Human Factor, Resource Management and Development. Indian Society for Human Ecology, Delhi, pp. 25–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walimbe, S.R., 2006a. A report on adult human skeleton from Neolithic Ieej (A.P.). Bulletin of Andhra Pradesh Archaeology Department.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walimbe, S.R., 2006b. An anthropometric and comparative analysis of the human skeletal remains from the Chalcolithic levels of Hullikallu (A.P.). Bulletin of Andhra Pradesh Archaeology Department.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walimbe, S.R., Gambhir, P.B., 1994. Long Bone Growth in Infants and Children: Assessment of Nutritional Status. Mujumdar Publications, Mangalore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walimbe, S.R., Kulkarni, S.S., 1993. Biological Adaptations in Human Dentition: An Odontometric Study on Living and Archaeological Populations in India. Deccan College, Pune.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walimbe, S.R. and Kulkarni, S.S., 1994. Dental anthropology in India: a review. Man and Environment XIX (1–2), 205–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walimbe, S.R., Lukacs, J.R., 1992. Dental pathology at the origins of agriculture: evidence from Chalcolithic population of the Deccan Plateau. In: Lukacs, J.R. (Ed.), Culture, Ecology and Dental Anthropology. Kamala Raj, Delhi, pp. 117–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walimbe, S. R., Paddayya, K., 1999. Human skeletal remains from the Neolithic ashmound site at Budihal, Gulbarga District, Karnataka. Bulletin of Deccan College Research Institute 58–59, 11–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walimbe, S.R., Tavares, A., 1996. Evolving trends in skeletal biology in the Indian sub-continent: a case study on the incipient agricultural populations of the Deccan plateau. In: Wadia, S., Korisettar, Kale, V.S. (Eds.), Quaternary Environments and Geoarchaeology of India: Essays in Honour of Prof. S.N. Rajaguru. Geological Society of India, Bangalore, pp. 515–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walimbe, S.R., Tavares, A., 2002. Human skeletal biology: scope, development and present status of research in India. In: Paddayya, K. (Ed.), Recent Studies in Indian Archaeology. Indian Council of Historical Research, Monograph Series 6. Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, pp. 367–402.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Walimbe, S.R. (2007). Population movements in the Indian subcontinent during the protohistoric period: Physical anthropological assessment . In: Petraglia, M.D., Allchin, B. (eds) The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5562-5_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics