Abstract
This paper reviews the essential planning process of green space design based on the concept of ecosystem management together with the recent technical trends and required data set applicable at each process. The techniques reviewed in this paper contribute toward the accomplishment of the goals of protecting the entire spectrum of biodiversity, ensure their persistence, and accommodate human use within these constraints; these are the three main goals of ecosystem management. The future researches to be carried out for supporting practical green space planning have also been discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allen, C.R., Pearlstine, L.G., Wojcik, D.P., and Kitchens, W.M. (2001). The spatial distribution of diversity between disparate taxa: Spatial correspondence between mammals and ants across South Florida, U. S. A. Landscape Ecology, 16, 453-464
Andelman, S.J., and Willing, M.R. (2002). Alternative configurations of conservation reserves for Paraguayan bats: Considerations of spatial scale. Conservation Biology, 16, 1352-1363
Ando, A.A., Camm, J., Polasky, S. and Solow, A. (1998). Species distributions, land values, and efficient conservation Science, 279, 2126-2128
Araujo, M.B. and Humphries, C.J. (2001). Would environmental diversity be a good surrogate for species diversity? Ecography, 24, 103-110
Awimbo, J.A., Norton, D.A., and Overmars, F.B. (1996). An evaluation of representativeness for nature conservation, Hokitika ecological district, New Zealand. Biological Conservation, 75, 177-186
Balmford, A., Moore, J.L., Brooks, T., Burgess, N., Hansen, L.A., Williams, P. and Rahbek, C. (2001) Conservation conflicts across Africa. Science, 291, 2616-2619
Bedward, M., Pressey, R.L., and Keith, D.A. (1992). A new approach for selecting fully representative reserve networks: addressing efficiency, reserve design and land suitability with an iterative analysis Biological Conservation, 62, 115-125
Belbin, L. (1993). Environmental representativeness: Regional partitioning and reserve selectionBiological Conservation, 66, 223-230
Berger, J. (1997). Population constraints associated with the use of black rhinos as an umbrella species for desert herbivores. Conservation Biology, 11, 69-78
Bifolchi, A. and Lode, T. (2005). Efficiency of conservation shortcuts: An investigation with otters as umbrella species. Biological Conservation, 126, 523-527
Brody, S.D. (2003). Implementing the principles of ecosystem management through local land use planning. Population and Environment, 24 (6), 511-540
Brooker, L. (2002). The application of focal species knowledge to landscape design in agricultural lands using the ecological neighbourhood as a template. Landscape and Urban planning, 60, 185-210
Buzas, M. A. (1972). Patterns of species diversity and their explanation. Taxon, 21, 275-286
Cabeza, M. and Moilanen, A. (2001). Design of reserve networks and the persistence of biodiversity Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16 (5), 242-248
Caicco, S. L., Scott, J. M., Butterfield, B., and Csuti, B. (1995). A Gap analysis of the management status of the vegetation of Idaho (USA). Conservation Biology, 9, 498-511
Carignan, V. and Villard, M. (2002) Selecting indicator species to monitor ecological integrity: A review Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 78, 45-61
Christensen, N., Bartuska, A., Brown, J., Carpenter, S., D’Antonio, C., Francis, R., Franklin, J., MacMahon, J., Noss, R., Parsons, D., Petterson, C., Turner, M. and Woodmansee, R. (1996). The report of the ecological society of America committee on the scientific basis for ecosystem management. Ecological Applications, 6, 665-91
Cortner, H. and Moote, M. (1999). The Politics of Ecosystem Management. Island Press, Washington DC
Cowling, R.M., Pressey, R.L., Rouget, M. and Lombard, A.T. (2003). A conservation plan for a global biodiversity hotspot: the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Biological Conservation, 112, 191- 216
Csuti, B., Polasky, S., Williams, P.H., Pressey, R.L., Camm, J.D., Kershaw, M., Kiester, A.R., Downs, B., Hamilton, R., Huso, M. and Sahr, K. (1997) A comparison of reserve selection algorithms using data on terrestrial vertebrates in Oregon. Biological Conservation, 80, 83-97
Dobson, A.P., Rodriguez, J.P., Roberts, W.M. and Wilcove, D.S. (1997). Geographic distribution of endangered species in the United States. Science, 275, 550-553
Faith, D.P. and Norris, R.H., (1989). Correlation of environmental variables with patterns of distribution and abundance of common and rare freshwater macroinvertebrates. Biological Conservation, 50, 77- 99
Faith, D.P., Margules, C.R. and Walker, P.A. (2001). A biodiversity conservation plan for Papua New Guinea based on biodiversity tradeoffs analysis. Pacific Conservation Biology, 6, 304-324
Ferrier, S., Pressey, R.L. and Barrett, T.W. (2000). A new predictor of the irreplaceability of areas for achieving a conservation goal, its application to real-world planning, and a research agenda for further refinement. Biological Conservation, 93, 303-325
Fleishman, E., Murphy, D.D. and Brussard, P.F. (2000). A new method for selection of umbrella species for conservation planning. Ecological Applications, 10 (2): 569-579
Frazee, S.R., Cowling, R.M., Pressey, R.L., Turpie, J.K. and Lindenberg, N. (2003). Estimating the costs of conserving a biodiversity hotspot: a case study of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa Biological Conservation, 112, 275-290
Freudenberger, D. and Brooker, L. (2004). Development of the focal species approach for biodiversity conservation in the temperate agricultural zones of Australia Biodiversity and Conservation, 13: 253- 274
Groves, C.R., Jensen, D.B., Valutis, L.L., Redford, K.H., Shaffer, M.L., Scott, J.M., Baumgartner, J.V., Higgins, J.V., Beck, M.W. and Anderson, M.G. (2002). Planning for biodiversity conservation: putting conservation science into practice. BioScience, 52, 499-512
Grunbine, R.E. (1994). What is ecosystem management? Conservation Biology, 8 (1), 27-38
Haines-Young, R. (1999). Landscape pattern: Context and process. In J. A., Wiens and M. R. Moss (Eds.) Issues in Landscape Ecology. (pp. 33-37). International Association for Landscape Ecology, Ontario
Howard, P.C., Viskanic, P., Davenport, T.R.B., Kigenyi, F.W., Baltzer, M., Dickinson, C.J., Lwanga, J.S., Matthews, R.A. and Balmford, A. (1998). Complementarity and the use of indicator groups for reserve selection in Uganda. Nature, 394, 472-475
Jennings, M.D. (2000). Gap analysis: concepts, methods, and recent results. Landscape Ecology, 15, 5- 20
Kakizawa, H. (2000). Ecosystem Management. Tsukiji-shokan Co., Tokyo
Kiester, A.R., Scott, J.M., Csuti, B., Noss, R.F., Butterfield, B., Sahr, K. and White, D. (1996) Conservation prioritization using gap data. Conservation Biology, 10 (5), 1332-1342
Kirkpatrick, J.B. and Brown, M.J. (1994). A comparison of direct and environmental domain approaches to planning reservation of forest higher plant communities and species in Tasmania. Conservation Biology, 8 (1), 217-224
Kremen, C. (1992). Assessing the indicator properties of species assemblages for natural areas monitoring Ecological Applications, 2 (2), 203-217
Lambeck, R.J. (1997). Focal species: a multi-species umbrella for nature conservation. Conservation Biology, 11, 849-856
Landres, P.B., Verner, J. and Thomas, W. (1988). Ecological uses of vertebrate indicator species: a critique. Conservation Biology, 2, 316-328
Lawler, J.J. and Schumaker, N.H. (2004). Evaluating habitat as a surrogate for population viability a spatially explicit population model. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 94, 85-100
Lombard, A.T., Cowling, R.M., Pressey, R.L. and Mustart, P.J. (1997). Reserve selection in a speciesrich and fragmented landscape on the Agulhas Plain, South Africa. Conservation Biology, 11, 1101- 1116
Margules, C.R. and Pressey, R.L. (2000). Systematic conservation planning. Nature, 405, 243-253
Margules, C.R., Nicholls, A.O. and Pressey, R.L. (1988). Selecting networks of reserves to maximize biological diversity. Biological Conservation, 43, 663-676
Margules, C.R., Nicholls, A.O. and Usher, M.B. (1994). Apparent species turnover, probability of extinction and the selection of nature reserves: a case study of the Ingleborough limes stone pavements. Conservation Biology, 8, 398-409
Martikainen, P., Kaila, L. and Haila, Y. (1998). Threatened beetles in White-Backed Woodpecker habitats. Conservation Biology, 12, 293-301.
Merrill, E.H., Kohley, T.W., Herdendorf, M.E., Reiners, W.A., Driese, I.K.L., Marrs, R.W. and Anderson, S.H. (1996). The Wyoming Gap Analysis Project final report. Retrieved December 5, 2005, from US. Geological Survey GAP homepage: http://www.gap.uidaho.edu/
Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Thomsen, J.B., da Fonseca, G.A.B. and Olivieri, S. (1998). Biodiversity hotspots and major tropical wilderness areas: approaches to setting conservation priorities Conservation Biology, 12, 516-520
Nicholls, A.O. and Margules, C.R. (1993). An upgraded reserve selection algorithm. Biological Conservation, 64, 165-169
Noss, R.F. (1990). Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology, 4, 355-364
Noss, R.F., Carroll, C., Vance-Borland, K. and Wuerthner, G. (2002) A multicriteria assessment of the irreplaceability and vulnerability of sites in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Conservation Biology, 16, 895-908
Noss, R.F. (1987). From plant communities to landscapes in conservation inventories: a look at the Nature Conservancy (USA). Biological Conservation, 41, 11-37
Opdam, P., Foppen, R. and Vos, C. (2002) Bridging the gap between ecology and spatial planning in landscape ecology. Landscape Ecology, 16, 767-779
Pearson, D.L. and Cassola, F. (1992). World-wide species richness patterns of tiger beetles: indicator taxon for biodiversity and conservation studies. Conservation Biology, 6, 376-391
Pimm, S. L. and Lawton, J.H. (1998). Planning for biodiversity. Science, 279, 2068-2069
Poiani, K.A., Merrill, M.D. and Chapman, K.A. (2001). Identifying conservation priority areas in a fragmented Minnesota landscape based on the umbrella species concept and selection of large patches of natural vegetation. Conservation Biology, 15 (2), 513-522
Prendergast, J.R., Quinn, R.M. and Lawton, J.H. (1999). The gaps between theory and practice in selecting nature reserves. Conservation Biology, 13 (3), 484-492
Prendergast, J.R., Quinn, R.M., Lawton, J.H., Eversham, B.C. and Gibbons, D.W. (1993). Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies. Nature, 365, 335-337
Pressey, R.L. and Logan, V.S. (1995). Reserve coverage and requirements in relation to partitioning and generalization of land classes: Analyses for western New South Wales. Conservation Biology, 9, 1506-1517
Pressey, R.L. and Nicholls, A.O. (1989a). Efficiency in conservation evaluation: Scoring versus iterative approaches. Biological Conservation, 50, 199-218
Pressey, R.L. and Nicholls, A.O. (1989b). Application of a numerical algorithm to the selection of reserves in semi-arid New South Wales. Biological Conservation, 50, 263-278
Pressey, R.L. and Taffs, K.H. (2001). Scheduling conservation action in production landscapes: priority areas in western New South Wales defined by irreplaceability and vulnerability to vegetation loss Biological Conservation, 100, 355-376
Pressey, R.L., Ferrier, S., Hutchinson, C.D., Sivertsen, D.P. and Manion, G. (1995). Planning for negotiation: using an interactive geographic information system to explore alternative protected area networks. In D. A. Saunders, Craig, J.L. and Mattiske, E.M. (Eds.), Nature conservation: The Role of Networks (pp. 23-33.). Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney
Pressey, R.L., Possingham, H.P. and Day, J.R. (1997). Effectiveness of alternative heuristic algorithms for identifying indicative minimum requirements for conservation reserves. Biological Conservation, 80, 207-219
Pressey, R.L., Possingham, H.P. and Margules, C.R. (1996). Optimality in reserve selection algorithms: When does it matter and how much? Biological Conservation, 76, 259-267
Rebelo, A.G. and Siegfried, W.R. (1990). Protection of Fynbos vegetation: ideal and real world options Biological Conservation, 54, 15-31
Reid, W.V. (1998). Biodiversity hotspots. TREE 13 (7): 275-280
Rubinoff, D. (2001). Evaluating the California Gnatcatcher as an umbrella species for conservation of Southern California coastal sage scrub. Conservation Biology, 15 (5), 1374-1383
Sarakinos, H., Nicholls, A.O., Tubert, A., Aggarwal, A., Margules, C.R. and Sarkar, S. (2001). Area prioritization for biodiversity conservation in Quebec on the basis of species distributions: a preliminary analysis. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10, 1419-1472
Schall, J.J. and Pianka, E.K., (1978). Geographical trends in number of species. Science, 20, 679-686
Schumaker, N. (1996). Using landscape indices to predict habitat connectivity. Ecology, 77, 1210-1225
Scott, J.M., Davis, F., Csuti, B., Noss, R.F., Butterfield, B., Groves, C., Anderson, H., Caicco, S., D’Erchia, F., Edwards, T.C., Jr., Ulliman, J. and Wright, G. (1993). Gap analysis: a geographic approach to protection of biological diversity. Wildlife Monographs, 123
Simberloff, D. (1998). Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: is single-species management passé in the landscape era? Biological Conservation, 83, 247-257
Stoms, D.M. (2000). GAP management status and regional indicators of threats to biodiversity Landscape Ecology, 15, 21-33
Strittholt, J.R. and Boerner, R.E.J. (1995). Applying biodiversity gap analysis in a regional nature reserve design for the edge of Appalachia, Ohio (USA). Conservation Biology, 9, 1492-1505
Suter, W., Graf, R.G. and Hess, R. (2002). Capercaillie and Avian biodiversity: Testing the umbrella species concept. Conservation Biology, 16 (3), 778-788
Szaro, R., Sexton, W. and Malone, C. (1998). The emergence of ecosystem management as a tool for meeting people’s needs and sustaining ecosystems. Landscape and Urban Planning, 40, 1-7
Theobald, D.M., Hobbs, N.T., Bearly, T., Zack, J.A., Shenk, T. and Riebsame, W.E. (2000) Incorporating biological information in local land-use decision-making: designing a system for conservation planning. Landscape Ecology, 15, 35-45
Thompson, K. and Jones, A. (1999). Human population density and prediction of local plant extinction in Britain. Conservation Biology, 13, 185-189
Turpie, J.K. (1995). Prioritizing South African estuaries for conservation: a practical example using waterbirds. Biological Conservation, 74, 175-185
van Jaarsveld, A.S., Freitag, S., Chown, S.L., Muller, C., Koch, S., Hull, H., Bellamy, C., Kruger, M., Endrody-Younga, S., Mansell, M.W. and Scholtz, C.H. (1998). Biodiversity assessment and conservation strategies. Science, 279, 2106-2108
Vos, C.C., Verboom, J., Opdam, P.F. and Ter Braak, C.J.F. (2001). Towards ecologically scaled landscape indices. The American Naturalist, 157, 24-51
Wallis de Vries, M.F. (1995). Large herbivores and the design of nature reserves in Western EuropeConservation Biology, 9, 25-33
Watson, J., Freudenberger, D. and Paull, D. (2001). An assessment of the focal-species approach for conserving birds in variegated landscapes in Southeastern Australia. Conservation Biology, 15, 1364- 1373
Wessels, K.J., Freitag, S. and van Jaarsveld, A.S. (1999) The use of land facets as biodiversity surrogates during reserve selection at a local scale. Biological Conservation, 89, 21-28
White, D., Minotti, P.G., Barczak, M.K., Sifneos, J.C., Freemark, K.E., Santelmann, M.V., Steinitz, C.F., Kiester, A.R. and Preston, E.M. (1997). Assessing risks to biodiversity from future landscape changeConservation Biology, 11, 349-360
Wilcove, D. (1993). Getting ahead of the extinction curve. Ecological Applications, 3, 218-220
Williams, P.H., Burgess, N.D. and Rahbek, C. (2000). Flagship species, ecological complementarity and conserving the diversity of mammals and birds in sub-Saharan Africa. Animal Conservation, 3, 249- 260
Williams, P., Gibbons, D., Margules, C., Rebelo, A., Humphries, C. and Pressey, R. (1996). A comparison of richness hotspots, rarity hotspots, and complementary areas for conserving diversity of British Birds. Conservation Biology, 10, 155-174
Williams, R.H. and Gaston, K.J. (1994). Measuring more of biodiversity: Can higher-taxon richness predict wholesale species richness? Biological Conservation, 67, 211-217
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nagashima, K. (2008). Trends And Future Researches In Green Space Design. In: Hong, SK., Nakagoshi, N., Fu, B., Morimoto, Y. (eds) Landscape Ecological Applications in Man-Influenced Areas. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5488-2_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5488-2_26
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-5487-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-5488-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)