Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

SCALING TERRESTRIAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES CONTRASTING INTACT AND MODEL EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS

  • Chapter
Book cover SCALING AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS IN ECOLOGY

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aerts, R. 1997. Climate, leaf litter chemistry and leaf litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems: a triangular relationship. Oikos 79:439-449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguiar, M. R., and O. E. Sala. 1999. Patch structure, dynamics and implications for the functioning of arid ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14:273-277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, M. E., and J. H. Cushman. 2002. Community-level consequences of a plant invasion: effects on three habitats in coastal California. Ecological Applications 12:1434-1444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J. E., and I. C. Burke. 2000. Potential nitrogen immobilization in grassland soils across a soil organic matter gradient. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32:1707-1716.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazzaz, F. A., and S. Catovsky. 2002. Plants - from cells to ecosystems: impacts of global environmental change. Pages 94-111 in H. A. Mooney and J. G. Canadell, editors. Encyclopaedia of Global Environmental Change. Wiley, Chichester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bender, E. A., T. J. Case, and M. E. Gilpin. 1984. Perturbation experiments in community ecology:  theory and practice. Ecology 65:1-13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berlow, E. L. 1999. Strong effects of weak interactions in ecological communities. Nature 398:330-334.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Billings, W. D., J. O. Luken, D. A. Mortensen, and K. M. Peterson. 1982. Arctic tundra: a source or sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in a changing environment. Oecologia 53:7-11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, M. A., T. H. Jones, R. D. Bardgett, H. I. J. Black, B. Boag, M. Bonkowski, R. Cook, T. Eggers, Gange, S. J. Grayston, E. Kandeler, A. E. McCaig, J. N. Newington, J. I. Prosser, H. Setälä, P. L. Staddon, G. M. Tordoff, D. Tscherko, and J. H. Lawton. 2002. Impacts of soil faunal community composition on model grassland ecosystems. Science 298:615-618.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, M. A., P. A. Wookey, P. Ineson, and H. M. Lappin-Scott. 2001. Controlling factors and effects of chronic nitrogen and sulphur deposition on methane oxidation in a temperate forest soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 33:93-102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breshears, D. D., and F. J. Barnes. 1999. Interrelationships between plant functional types and soil moisture heterogeneity for semiarid landscapes within the grassland/forest continuum: a unified conceptual model. Landscape Ecology 14:465-478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. R., J. Herrick, and D. Price. 1999. Managing low-output agroecosystems sustainably: the importance of ecological thresholds. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29:1112-1119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bubier, J., P. Crill, and A. Mosedale. 2002. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange measured by autochambers during the snow-covered season at a temperate peatland. Hydrological Processes 16:3667-3682.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, S. R. 1996. Microcosm experiments have limited relevance for community and ecosystem ecology. Ecology 77:677-680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, S. R. 1999. Microcosm experiments have limited relevance for community and ecosystem ecology: reply. Ecology 80:1085-1088.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, W. X. 1999. Rhizosphere feedbacks in elevated CO2. Tree Physiology 19:313-320.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J. S., S. Carpenter, M. Barber, S. Collins, A. Dobson, J. A. Foley, D. M. Lodge, M. Pascual,  R. Pielke Jr., W. Pizer, C. Pringle, W. V. Reid, K. A. Rose, O. Sala, W. H. Schlesinger, D. H. Wall, and D. Wear. 2001. Ecological forecasts: an emerging imperative. Science 293:657-660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Committee on Global Change. 1988. Toward an understanding of global change. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronan, C. S., and D. F. Grigal. 1995. Use of calcium/aluminum ratios as indicators of stress in forest ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Quality 24:209-226.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Deyn, G. B., C. E. Raaijmakers, H. R. Zoomer, M. P. Berg, P. C. de Ruiter, H. A. Verhoef, T. M. Bezemer, and W. H. van der Putten. 2003. Soil invertebrate fauna enhances grassland succession and diversity. Nature 422:711-713.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeLucia, E. H., J. G. Hamilton, S. L. Naidu, R. B. Thomas, J. A. Andrews, A. Finzi, M. Lavine,  R. Matamala, J. E. Mohan, G. R. Hendrey, and W. H. Schlesinger. 1999. Net primary production of a forest ecosystem with experimental CO2 enrichment. Science 284:1177-1179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dise, N. B., E. Matzner, M. Armbruster, and J. MacDonald. 2001. Aluminum output fluxes from forest ecosystems in Europe: a regional assessment. Journal of Environmental Quality 30:1747-1756.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drenner, R. W., and A. Mazumder. 1999. Microcosm experiments have limited relevance for community and ecosystem ecology: comment. Ecology 80:1081-1085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, C., and J. B. Moncrieff. 2001. The dependence of soil CO2 efflux on temperature. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 33:155-165.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández, R. J., and J. F. Reynolds. 2000. Potential growth and drought tolerance of eight desert grasses: lack of a trade-off? Oecologia 123:90-98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Field, C. B., M. R. Shaw, H. A. Mooney, E. S. Zavaleta, N. R. Chiariello, and E. E. Cleland. 2003. Assessing environmental changes in grasslands. Science 299:1844-1845.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, D. A., M. M. Kuns, and D. R. Guido. 2002. Consumer control of grassland plant production. Ecology 83:602-606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, R. H., W. M. Kemp, V. S. Kennedy, and J. E. Petersen, editors. 2001. Scaling Relations in Experimental Ecology. Columbia University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, R. A., H. W. Polley, H. B. Johnson, L. J. Anderson, H. Maherali, and R. B. Jackson. 2002. Nonlinear grassland responses to past and future atmospheric CO2. Nature 417:279-282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goddard, M. R., and M. A. Bradford. 2003. The adaptive response of a natural microbial population to carbon- and nitrogen-limitation. Ecology Letters 6:594-598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González, G., and T. R. Seastedt. 2001. Soil fauna and plant litter decomposition in tropical and subalpine forests. Ecology 82:955-964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goudriaan, J., H. H. Shugart, H. Bugmann, W. Cramer, A. Bondeau, R. H. Gardner, L. A. Hunt, W. K. Lauenroth, J. J. Landsberg, S. Linder, I. R. Noble, W. J. Parton, L. F. Pitelka, M. Stafford Smith,  R. W. Sutherst, C. Valentin, and F. I. Woodward. 1999. Use of models in global change studies. Pages 106-140 in B. H. Walker, W. L. Steffen, J. Canadell, and J. S. I. Ingram, editors. Global Change and the Terrestrial Biosphere: Implications for Natural and Managed Ecosystems. A Synthesis of GCTE and Related Research, IGBP Book Series No. 4. Cambridge University, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granados, J., and C. Körner. 2002. In deep shade, elevated CO2 increases the vigor of tropical climbing plants. Global Change Biology 8:1109-1117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harte, J. 1996. Feedbacks, thresholds and synergies in global change: population as a dynamic factor. Biodiversity and Conservation 5:1069-1083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hector, A., B. Schmid, C. Beierkuhnlein, M. C. Caldeira, M. Diemer, P. G. Dimitrakopoulos, J. A. Finn,  F. H, P. S. Giller, J. Good, R. Harris, P. Högberg, K. Huss-Danell, J. Joshi, A. Jumpponen, C. Körner, P. W. Leadley, M. Loreau, A. Minns, C. P. H. Mulder, G. O’Donovan, S. J. Otway, J. S. Pereira, A. Prinz, D. J. Read, M. Scherer-Lorenzen, E.-D. Schulze, A.-S. D. Siamantziouras, E. M. Spehn, A. C. Terry, A. Y. Troumbis, F. I. Woodward, S. Yachi, and J. H. Lawton. 1999. Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286:1123-1127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holling, C. S., L. H. Gunderson, and D. Ludwig. 2002. In quest of a theory of adaptive change. Pages 3-22 in L. H. Gunderson and C. S. Holling, editors. Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Island Press, Washington D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooper, D. U., and P. M. Vitousek. 1997. The effects of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes. Science 277:1302-1305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, J. T., Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, and C. A. Johnson, editors. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hütsch, B. W., C. P. Webster, and D. S. Powlson. 1993. Long-term effects of nitrogen-fertilization on methane oxidation in soil of the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 25:1307-1315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kampichler, C., A. Bruckner, and E. Kandeler. 2001. The use of enclosed model ecosystems in soil ecology: a bias towards laboratory research. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 33:269-275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, W. M., J. E. Petersen, and R. H. Gardner. 2001. Scale-dependence and the problem of  extrapolation. Pages 3-57 in R. H. Gardner, W. M. Kemp, V. S. Kennedy, and J. E. Petersen, editors. Scaling Relations in Experimental Ecology. Columbia University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawton, J. H. 1995. Ecological experiments with model systems. Science 269:328-331.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawton, J. H. 1996. The Ecotron facility at Silwood Park: the value of “big bottle” experiments. Ecology 77:665-669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawton, J. H. 2001. Earth system science. Science 292:1965.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levizou, E., and Y. Manetas. 2001. Combined effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and additional nutrients on growth of two Mediterranean plant species. Plant Ecology 154:181-186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loreau, M., S. Naeem, P. Inchausti, J. Bengtsson, J. P. Grime, A. Hector, D. U. Hooper, M. A. Huston,  D. Raffaelli, B. Schmid, D. Tilman, and D. A. Wardle. 2001. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294:804-808.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Y. 2001. Transient ecosystem responses to free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE): experimental evidence and methods of analysis. New Phytologist 152:1-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Y., and J. F. Reynolds. 1999. Validity of extrapolating field CO2 experiments to predict carbon sequestration in natural ecosystems. Ecology 80:1568-1583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manly, B. F. J. 1992. The Design and Analysis of Research Studies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGrady-Steed, J., P. M. Harrison, and P. J. Morin. 1997. Biodiversity regulates ecosystem predictability. Nature 390:162-165.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meselson, M., and F. W. Stahl. 1958. The replication of DNA in Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 44:671-682.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, C. E., and P. B. Reich. 2003. Assessing environmental changes in grasslands. Science 299:1844.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mittelbach, G. G., C. F. Steiner, S. M. Scheiner, K. L. Gross, H. L. Reynolds, R. B. Waide, M. R. Willig, 2001. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity? Ecology 82:2381-2396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naeem, S. 2001. Experimental validity and ecological scale as criteria for evaluating research programs. Pages 223-250 in R. H. Gardner, W. M. Kemp, V. S. Kennedy, and J. E. Petersen, editors. Scaling Relations in Experimental Ecology. Columbia University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naeem, S., L. J. Thompson, S. P. Lawler, J. H. Lawton, and R. M. Woodfin. 1994. Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature 368:734-737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Navas, M. L., E. Garnier, M. P. Austin, and R. M. Gifford. 1999. Effect of competition on the responses of grasses and legumes to elevated atmospheric CO2 along a nitrogen gradient: differences between isolated plants, monocultures and multi-species mixtures. New Phytologist 143:323-331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neff, J. C., A. R. Townsend, G. Gleixner, S. J. Lehman, J. Turnbull, and W. D. Bowman. 2002. Variable effects of nitrogen additions on the stability and turnover of soil carbon. Nature 419:915-917.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ollinger, S. V., M. L. Smith, M. E. Martin, R. A. Hallett, C. L. Goodale, and J. Aber. 2002. Regional variation in foliar chemistry and N cycling among forests of diverse history and composition. Ecology 83:339-355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oren, R., D. S. Ellsworth, K. H. Johnsen, N. Phillips, B. E. Ewers, C. Maier, K. V. R. Schäfer, H. McCarthy, G. Hendrey, S. G. McNulty, and G. G. Katul. 2001. Soil fertility limits carbon  sequestration by forest ecosystems in a CO2-enriched atmosphere. Nature 411:469-472.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfisterer, A. B., and B. Schmid. 2002. Diversity-dependent production can decrease the stability of ecosystem functioning. Nature 416:84-86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pielke, R. A., Sr. 2002. Overlooked issues in the U.S. national climate and IPCC assessments. Climatic Change 52:1-11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinard, M. A., and J. Huffman. 1997. Fire resistance and bark properties of trees in a seasonally dry forest in eastern Bolivia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 13:727-740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prinn, R., H. Jacoby, A. Sokolov, C. Wang, X. Xiao, Z. Yang, R. Eckhaus, P. Stone, D. Ellerman, J. Melillo, J. Fitzmaurice, D. Kicklighter, G. Holian, and Y. Liu. 1999. Integrated global system model for climate policy assessment: feedbacks and sensitivity studies. Climatic Change 41:469-546.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, P. B., J. Knops, D. Tilman, J. Craine, D. Ellsworth, M. Tjoelker, T. Lee, D. Wedin, S. Naeem, D. Bahauddin, G. Hendrey, S. Jose, K. Wrage, J. Goth, and W. Bengston. 2001. Plant diversity enhances ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition. Nature 410:809-812.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, J. F. 2001. The role of controlled environment facilities in global change research. Pages 228-231 in H. A. Mooney and J. Canadell, editors. The Earth System: Biological and Ecological Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, M. E., D. Tilman, and J. M. H. Knops. 1998. Herbivore effects on plant and nitrogen dynamics in oak savanna. Ecology 79:165-177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schellnhuber, H. J. 1999. ‘Earth system’ analysis and the second Copernican revolution. Nature 402 (Supp):C19-C23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, W. H., J. A. Raikes, A. E. Hartley, and A. E. Cross. 1996. On the spatial pattern of soil nutrients in desert ecosystems. Ecology 77:364-374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, G. R., L. C. Johnson, D. H. Cades, G. Murray, J. A. Laundre, E. B. Rastetter, K. J. Nadelhoffer, and A. E. Giblin. 1998. Biomass and CO2 flux in wet sedge tundras: responses to nutrients, temperature, and light. Ecological Monographs 68:75-97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, M. R., E. S. Zavaleta, N. R. Chiariello, E. E. Cleland, H. A. Mooney, and C. B. Field. 2002. Grassland responses to global environmental changes are suppressed by elevated CO2. Science 298:1987-1990.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegert, F., G. Rücker, A. Hinrichs, and A. A. Hoffmann. 2001. Increased damage from fires in logged forests during droughts caused by El Niño. Nature 414:437-440.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. D., T. E. Huxman, S. F. Zitzer, T. N. Charlet, D. C. Housman, J. S. Coleman, L. K. Fenstermaker, J. R. Seeman, and R. S. Nowak. 2000. Elevated CO2 increases productivity and invasive species success in an arid ecosystem. Nature 408:79-82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, V. C., and M. A. Bradford. 2003. Do non-additive effects on decomposition in litter-mix experiments result from differences in resource quality between litters? Oikos 102:235-242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, B. R., D. Parkinson, and W. F. J. Parsons. 1989. Nitrogen and lignin content as predictors of litter decay rates: a microcosm test. Ecology 70:97-104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilman, D. 1989. Ecological experimentation: strengths and conceptual problems. Pages 136-157 in G. E. Likens, editor. Long-Term Studies in Ecology: Approaches and Alternatives. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilman, D., D. Wedin, and J. Knops. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379:718-720.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volk, M., P. A. Niklaus, and C. Körner. 2000. Soil moisture effects determine CO2 responses of grassland species. Oecologia 125:380-388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volney, W. J. A., and R. A. Fleming. 2000. Climate change and impacts of boreal forest insects. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 82:283-294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, B. H., and W. L. Steffen, editors. 1996. Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wardle, D. A., and K. S. Nicholson. 1996. Synergistic effects of grassland plant species on soil microbial biomass and activity: implications for ecosystem-level effects of enriched plant diversity. Functional Ecology 10:410-416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wardle, D. A., G. M. Barker, G. W. Yeates, K. I. Bonner, and A. Ghani. 2001. Introduced browsing mammals in New Zealand natural forests: aboveground and belowground consequences. Ecological Monographs 71:587-614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. L., P. Ineson, and P. A. Coward. 1999. Temporal variations in nitrous oxide fluxes from urine-affected grassland. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 31:779-788.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zak, D. R., K. S. Pregitzer, P. S. Curtis, J. A. Teeri, R. Foge, and D. L. Randlett. 1993. Elevated atmospheric CO2 and feedback between carbon and nitrogen cycles. Plant and Soil 151:105-117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zutter, B. R., G. R. Glover, R. J. Mitchell, and D. H. Gjerstad. 1997. Response of loblolly pine and sweetgum to intra- and inter-specific competition and influence of soil organic matter. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27:2079-2087.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, 30602-2602, GA, Athens, USA

    Mark A. Bradford

  2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (E243-05), National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, 27711, NC, USA

    James F. Reynolds

Authors
  1. Mark A. Bradford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James F. Reynolds
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Sciences and Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, 85287-4501, Tempe, AZ, USA

    JIANGUO WU

  2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 89193-3478, Las Vegas, NV, USA

    K. BRUCE JONES

  3. USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Center for Forested Wetlands Research, 29414, Charleston, SC, USA

    HARBIN LI

  4. Department of Zoology, Miami University, 45056, Oxford, OH, USA

    ORIE L. LOUCKS

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bradford, M.A., Reynolds, J.F. (2006). SCALING TERRESTRIAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES CONTRASTING INTACT AND MODEL EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS. In: WU, J., JONES, K.B., LI, H., LOUCKS, O.L. (eds) SCALING AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS IN ECOLOGY. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4663-4_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation