Abstract
The aim of the work is to present our observations and suggestions that changes in the oxidative processes and number of free oxygen radicals in cells affected by the iron ions and weak static or power frequency magnetic fields (MF) could be qualitatively explained by the radical pair mechanism. The experiments were performed on rat lymphocytes. Exposures to static or 50 Hz MF were performed inside a pair of Helmholtz coils. Iron ions (FeCl2) were used as a stimulator of the oxidation processes. Oxygen radicals were measured by fluorimetry using a DCF-DA fluorescent probe. The alkaline comet assay was chosen for the assessment of DNA damage. During pre-incubation, a portion of the cell samples were supplemented with melatonin (0.5 or 1.0 mM) or trolox (0.1 mM). For studying cell death and morphological changes in the nucleus, we used dye exclusion method with DNA-fluorochromes: ethidium bromide and acridine orange. A decrease of fluorescence in relation to nonexposed samples occurred in the lymphocytes exposed to 40 μT MF (only when axis of Helmholtz coils was directed along Earth's static MF). In the lymphocytes exposed to 50 Hz MF at 7 mT flux density, there was an increase of fluorescence in relation to non-exposed samples, the effect opposite to that observed in 40 μT.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahlbom, I.C., Cardis, E., Green, A., Linet, M., Savitz, D., Swerdlow, A.; 2001, ICNIRP (International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) Standing Committee on Epidemiology. Review of the epidemiologic literature on EMF and Health,. Environ. Health Perspect. 6 :911–33.
Anderson, D., Yu, T.W., Phillips, B.J., Schmezer, P., 1994, The effect of various antioxidants and other modifying agents on oxygen-radical-generated DNA damage in human lymphocytes in the Comet assay, Mutat. Res. 307 :261–271.
Brocklehurst, B., 1969,. Formation of excited states by recombining organic ions,. Nature, 221: 921–923.
Brocklehurst, B., 1976,. Spin correlation in the geminate recombination of radical ions in hydrocarbons,. Part 1. Theory of the magnetic field effect. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 72: 1864–1869.
Brocklehurst, B. and McLauchlan, K.A., 1996, Free radical mechanism for the effects of environmental electromagnetic fields on biological systems,. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 16: 3–24.
Devevey, L., Brugere, H., Debray, M., Bernard, M., Pupin, F., Patinot, C., Jacquemont, C., Guillosson, J.J., Nafziger, J. 2000, Can 50 Hz magnetic fields alter iron metabolism and induce anaemia?, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 76(12) :1669–76.
Eveson, R.W., Timmel, C.R., Brocklehurst, B., Hore, P.J. and McLauchlan, K.A., 2000, The effects of weak magnetic fields on radical recombination reactions in micelles, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 76: 1509–1522.
Grissom, Ch.B., 1995, Magnetic field effects in biology: a survey of possible mechanisms with emphasis on radical-pair recombination, Chem. Rev95 :(1995) 3-24.
Habash, R.W., Brodsky, L.M., Leiss, W., Krewski, D., Repacholi, M., 2003, Health risks of electromagnetic fields. Part I: Evaluation and assessment of electric and magnetic fields,. Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 31(3): 141–95.
Jajte, J., 1997, Chemical-induced changes in intracellular redox state and in apoptosis, Int. J. Occupat. Med. Environ. Health 10: 203–212.
Jajte, J., Zmyslony, M., Palus, J., Dziubaltowska, E., Rajkowska, E., 2001a, Protective effect of melatonin against in vitro iron ions and 7 mT 50 Hz magnetic field-induced DNA damage in rat lymphocytes, Mutat. Res. 483: 57–64.
Jajte, J., Grzegorczyk, J., Zmyslony, M., Rajkowska, E., Sliwinska-Kowalska, M., Kowalski, M.L., 2001b, Influence of a 7 mT static magnetic field and iron ions on apoptosis and necrosis in rat blood lymphocytes, J. Occup. Health 43: 379–381.
Jajte, J., Grzegorczyk, J., Zmyslony, M., Rajkowska, E., 2002, Effect of 7 mT static magnetic field and iron ions on rat lymphocytes: apoptosis, necrosis and free radical processes, Bioelectrochemistry 57: 107–111.
Jajte, J., Zmyslony M., Rajkowska E., 2003, Protective effect of melatonin and witamin E against prooxidative action of iron ions and static magnetic field, Med. Pracy 54(1): 23–28.
Lai, H., Singh, N.P.,1997a, Acute exposure to a 60-Hz magnetic field increases DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells, Bioelectromagnetics 18: 156–165.
Lai, H., Singh, N.P., 1997b, Melatonin and N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone blocked 60-Hz magnetic field-induced DNA single and double strand breaks in rat brain cells, J. Pineal Res. 22: 152–162.
Lalo, U.V., Pankratov, Y.O. and Mikhailik, O.M., 1994,. Steady magnetic fields effect on lipid peroxidation kinetics,. Redox Report, 1: 71–75.
McLauchlan, K.A., Steiner, U.E., 1991, The spin correlated radical pair as a reaction intermediate, Mol. Phys. 73(2): 241–263.
Meneghini, R., 1997, Iron homeostasis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, Free Radical Biol. Med. 23: 783–792.
Pieri, C., M. Marra, M., F. Moroni, F., R. Recchioni, R., F. Marcheselli, F., 1994, Melatonin: a peroxyl radical scavenger more effective than vitamin E, Life Sci. 55: PL271-PL276.
Polk, C., 1992. Dosimetry of extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics Suppl 1: 209–235.
Pryor, W.A., 1986, Oxy-radicals and related species: their formation, lifetimes, and reactions, Ann. Rev. Physiol 48: 657–667.
Reiter, R.J., D. Melchiorri, D.,E. Sewerynek, E.,B. Poeggeler, B., L.R. Barlow-Walden, L.R.,S.H. Chuang, S.H.,G.G. Ortiz, G.G.,D. Acuna-Castroviejo, G., 1995, A review of the evidence supporting melatonin's role as an antioxidant, J. Pineal Res. 18:(1995) 1–11.
Repacholi, M.H., Greenebaum, B., 1999, Interaction of static and extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields with living systems: Health effects and research needs, Bioelectromagnetics 20: 133–148.
Salikhov, K.M., 1983, On the largest possible contribution from hyperfine interactions to the recombination probability of radical pairs, Chem. Phys. 82: 163–169.
Sarafian, T.A., and Bredesen, D.E., 1994, Is apoptosis mediated by reactive oxygen species?, Free Rad. Res. 21: 1–8.
Savitz, D.A., 1995, Overview of occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields and cancer: Advancements in exposure assessment, Environ. Health Perspect,. 103: 69–75.
Sciano, J.C., Mohtat, N., Cozens, F.L., McLean, J. and Thansandote, A., 1994, Application of the radical pair mechanism to free radicals in organized systems: Can the effects of 60 Hz be predicted from studies under static fields? Bioelectromagnetics 15: 549–554.
Silva, L.R., Albano, F., Santos, L.R., Tavares, A.D., Felzenszwalb, I., 2000, The effect of electromagnetic field exposure on the formation of DNA lesions,. Redox Rep. 5(5):299–301.
Singh, N.P., Mokoy, M.T., Tice, R.R., Schneider, E.L., 1988, A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of damage in individual cells, Exp. Cell Res. 175: 184–191.
Singh, N.P., Lai, H., 1998, 60 Hz magnetic field exposure induces DNA crosslinks in rat brain cells, Mutat. Res. 400: 313–320.
Steiner, U.E., and Ulrich, T., 1989, Magnetic field effects in chemical kinetics and related phenomena. Chem. Rev. 89: 51–147.
Stohs, S.J., Bagchi, D., 1996, Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions, Free Radical Biol. Med. 18: 321–336.
Sun, Y., 1990, Free radicals, antioxidant enzymes, and carcinogenesis, Free Rad. Biol. Med. 8: 583–588.
Vijayalaxmi, Reiter, R.J., Herman, T.S., Meltz, M.L., 1998, Melatonin reduces gamma radiationinduced primary DNA damage in human blood lymphocytes, Mutat. Res. 397: 203–208.
WHO, 1987, Environmental Health Criteria, Magnetic fields, 69
Wolf, F.I., Torsello, A., Tedesco, B., Fasanella S, Boninsegna, A., D'Ascenzo, M., Grassi, C., Azzena, G.B., Cittadini, A., 2005, 50-Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields enhance cell proliferation and DNA damage: possible involvement of a redox mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta 22:1743(1-2): 120–9.
Zang, L.Y., G. Cosma, G.,H. Gardner, H., V. Vallyathan, V., 1998, Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by melatonin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1425: 469–476.
Zmyslony, M., Jajte, J., Rajkowska, E. and Szmigielski, S., 1998, Weak (5 mT) static magnetic field stimulates lipid peroxidation in isolated rat liver microsomes in vitro, Electro and Magnetobiology 17: 109–113.
Zmyslony, M., Palus, J., Jajte, J., Dziubaltowska, E., Rajkowska, E., 2000, DNA damage in rat lymphocytes treated in vitro with iron cations and exposed to 7 mT magnetic fields (static or 50 Hz), Mutat. Res. 453: 89–96.
Zmyslony, M., Rajkowska, E., Mamrot, P., Politañski, P., Jajte, J., 2004, The effect of weak 50 Hz magnetic fields on the number of free oxygen radicals In rat lymphocytes In vitro, Bioelectromagnetics 25: 607–612.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer
About this paper
Cite this paper
JAJTE, J., ZMYSLONY, M. (2006). THE EFFECT OF IRON IONS AND WEAK STATIC OR LOW FREQUENCY (50 HZ) MAGNETIC FIELDS ON LYMPHOCYTES: FREE RADICAL PROCESSES. In: Ayrapetyan, S.N., Markov, M.S. (eds) BIOELECTROMAGNETICS Current Concepts. NATO Security Through Science Series, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4278-7_09
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4278-7_09
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-4276-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-4278-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)