Abstract
This chapter deals with a complex phenomenon: the out-of-home mobility of ageing and aged persons. It is a complex issue because so many different aspects come together in the interaction between persons and their environments. Mobility means the physical ability to move and the realisation of all types of trips and activities outside the home, and it can be motivated by diverse, often inseparably intertwined motives. Trips can be manifested in a goal-directed mode or for its own sake, and they can be performed on foot, by harnessing natural forces or by employing any mechanised or motorised means of transportation. Spatial and traffic conditions as well as the societal conditions for mobility are different. This holds not only for national legislations, traffic policy, level of mechanisation, etc. but also for values, lifestyles or what we call a society’s “Zeitgeist”. In that sense, mobility is a crucial characteristic of modern societies. And last but not least, all of these conditions are subject to permanent change. Over the course of the 20th century, technological advances—from individual automobiles, public transportation systems and special driving services to trains, ships and airplanes—have made it possible to traverse distances even despite physical or sensory impairments or frailty. As transport technologies improved, the shape of urban and rural settlements has changed as well. The provision of an extended road infrastructure accelerated extensive suburban development and the establishment of industrial and commercial enterprises beyond residential areas. The growing dispersal of travel origins and destinations, in turn, increased the importance of mobility for bridging the widening gap between functional areas. Altogether, these developments led to a continual increase in mobility and travel (World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2002). Therefore, mobility has become a major condition for ensuring the ability to lead an autonomous life and participate actively in society.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302.
European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT). (2000). Transport and aging of the population. Report of the 112th round table on transport economics, held in Paris on 19th–20th November 1998. Paris Cedex, France: OECD Publications.
Golant, S. M. (2004). The urban-rural distinction in gerontology: An update of research. In H.-W. Wahl, R. J. Scheidt, & P. G. Windley (Eds.), Aging in context: Socio-physical environments (Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2003) (pp. 280–312). New York: Springer Publishing.
Lawton, M. P. (1983). Environment and other determinants of well-being in older people. The Gerontologist, 23(4), 349–357.
Leventhal, H., Rabin, C., Leventhal, E. A., & Burns, E. (2001). Health risk behaviours and aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 186–214). New York: Academic Press.
Litman, T. (2003). Measuring transportation: Traffic, mobility and accessibility. The ITE Journal, 73(10), 28–32.
Mollenkopf, H. (1996). Social integration of elderly people in industrialised societies: An introduction. In Mollenkopf, H. (Ed.), Elderly people in industrialised societies (pp. 13–22). Berlin: Edition sigma.
Mollenkopf, H., Marcellini, F., Ruoppila, I., Baas, S., Ciarrocchi, S., Hirsiaho, N., et al. (2003). The MOBILATE follow-up study 1995–2000. Enhancing outdoor mobility in later life: Personal coping, environmental resources, and technical support. (DZFA Research Report No. 14). Heidelberg: German Centre for Research on Ageing (DZFA).
Mollenkopf, H., Marcellini, F., Ruoppila, I., Széman, Z., & Tacken, M. (Eds.) (in press). Enhancing mobility in later life—Personal coping, environmental resources, and technical support.The out-of-home mobility of older adults in urban and rural regions of five European countries. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Mollenkopf, H., Marcellini, F., Ruoppila, I., Széman, Z., Tacken, M., Kaspar, R., et al. (2002). The role of driving in maintaining mobility in later life: A European view. Gerontechnology, 1(4), 231–250.
Mollenkopf, H., Marcellini, F., Ruoppila, I., Széman, Z., Tacken, M., & Wahl, H.-W. (2004). Social and behavioural science perspectives on out-of-home mobility in later life: Findings from the European project MOBILATE. European Journal of Ageing, 1, 45–53 (DOI: 10.1007/s10433-004-0004-3).
Mollenkopf, H., Marcellini, F., Ruoppila, I., & Tacken, M. (Eds.) (2004). Ageing and outdoor mobility: A European study. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Mollenkopf, H., Oswald, F., Schilling, O., & Wahl, H.-W. (2001). Aspekte der außerhäuslichen Mobilität älterer Menschen in der Stadt und auf dem Land: Objektive Bedingungen und subjektive Bewertung. Sozialer Fortschritt, 50(9–10), 214–220.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (1985). Traffic safety of elderly road users. Paris: Road Transport Research (OECD).
Oswald, F., Wahl, H.-W., Mollenkopf, H., & Schilling, O. (2003). Housing and life satisfaction of older adults in two rural regions in Germany. Research on Aging, 25(2), 122–143.
Rantanen, T., Harris, T., Leveille, S. G., Visser, M., Foley, D., Masaki, K., et al. (2000). Muscle strength and body mass index as long-term predictors of mortality in initially healthy men. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 55 A, M168–M173.
Rosenbloom, S. (2000). Report by the chairperson (United States). In European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) (Ed.), Transport and aging of the population(Report of the 112th round table on transport economics) (pp. 7–42). Paris Cedex, France: OECD Publications.
Ruoppila, I., Marcellini, F., Mollenkopf, H., Hirsiaho, N., Baas, S., Principi, A., et al. (2003). The MOBILATE cohort study 1995–2000: Enhancing outdoor mobility in later life. The differences between persons aged 55–59 years and 75–79 years in 1995 and 2000 (DZFA Research Report No. 17). Heidelberg: German Centre for Research on Ageing (DZFA).
Schaie, K. W. (2003). Mobility for what? In K. W. Schaie, H.-W. Wahl, H. Mollenkopf, & F. Oswald (Eds.), Aging independently: Living arrangements and mobility (pp. 18–27). New York: Springer Publishing.
Schlag, B. (2003). Safety and accidents among older drivers: The German perspective. In K. W. Schaie, H.-W. Wahl, H. Mollenkopf, & F. Oswald (Eds.), Aging independently: Living arrangements and mobility (pp. 205–219). New York: Springer Publishing.
Tacken, M., & Caso, O. (1999). Elderly and outdoor mobility in a Dutch new town: Zoetermeer-Meerzicht. In Tacken, M., Marcellini, F., Mollenkopf, H., & Ruoppila, I. (Eds.), Keeping the Elderly Mobile. Outdoor Mobility of the Elderly: Problems and Solutions (pp. 75–86). Delft: Delft University Press.
Veenhoven, R. (1996). Developments in satisfaction-research. Social Indicators Research, 37 1–46.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Telegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6 1063–1070.
World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). (2002). Mobility 2001—World mobility at the end of the twentieth century and its sustainability.Available from www.wbcsdmobility.org.
Zapf, W., & Habich, R. (Eds.). (1996). Wohlfahrtsentwicklung im vereinten Deutschland(Welfare development in Germany after unification). Berlin: Edition sigma.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
MOLLENKOPF, H., BAAS, S., KASPAR, R., OSWALD, F., WAHL, HW. (2006). OUTDOOR MOBILITY IN LATE LIFE: PERSONS, ENVIRONMENTS AND SOCIETY. In: Wahl, HW., Brenner, H., Mollenkopf, H., Rothenbacher, D., Rott, C. (eds) The Many Faces of Health, Competence and Well-Being in Old Age. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4138-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4138-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-4137-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-4138-9
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)