Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library ((ATSL,volume 32))

  • 1744 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, M., and J.E. Frederick, Effective photodissociation cross sections for molecular oxygen and nitric oxide in the Schumann-Runge Bands. J Atmos Sci: 39, 2066, 1982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, G.P., and L.A. Hall, Attenuation of solar irradiance in the stratosphere: Spectrometer measurements between 191 and 207 nm. J Geophys Res: 88, 6801–6806, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, D.G., J.R. Holton, and C.B. Leovy, Middle Atmosphere Dynamics. Academic Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apruzese, J.P., M.R. Schoeberl, and D.F. Strobel, Parameterization of IR cooling in a middle atmosphere dynamics model, 1. Effects of the zonally averaged circulation. J Geophys Res: 87, 8951, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apruzese, J.P., D.F. Strobel, and M.R. Schoeberl, Parameterization of IR cooling in the middle atmosphere dynamics model, 2. Non LTE radiative transfer and the globally averaged temperature of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. J Geophys Res: 89, 4917, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, B.H., Spectrum line profiles: The Voigt function. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer: 7, 61, 1967.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, S.M., G. Hancock, I.J. Murphy, and S.P. Rayner, The relative quantum yields of O2 (A1ΔG) from the photolysis of ozone in the wavelength range 270 nm ≤ λ ≤ 329 nm. Geophys Res Lett: 20, 2063, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, S.M., G. Hancock, and F. Winterbottom, Product channels in the near-UV photodissociation of ozone. Faraday Discuss: 100, 215, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bass, A.M., A.E. Ledford, and A.H. Laufer, Extinction coefficients of NO2 and N2O4. J Res Natl Bur. Stand SecA: 80, 143, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, A.M., L.C. Glasgow, C. Miller, J.P. Jesson, and D.L. Filkin, Temperature dependent cross sections for formaldehyde [CH2O]: The effect of formaldehyde on stratospheric chlorine chemistry. Planet Space Sci: 28, 675, 1980.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, D.R., Rayleigh scattering by air. Planet Space Sci: 32, 785, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, W.A., F.S. Johnson, J.J. Obserly, C.C. Rockwood, C.V. Strain, and R. Tousey, Solar ultraviolet spectrum to 88 kilometers. Phys Rev: 70, 781, 1946.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benter, T., C. Feldmann, U. Kirchner, M. Schmidt, S. Schmidt, and R.N. Schindler, UV/VIS absorption spectra of HOBr and CH3OBr; Br(2P3/2) atom yields in the photolysis of HOBr. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem: 99, 1144, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhartia, P.K., K.F. Klenk, A.J. Fleig, C.G. Wellemeyer, and D. Gordon, Intercomparison of Nimbus 7 Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet ozone profiles with rocket, balloon, and umkehr profiles. J Geophys Res: 89, 5227, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhartia, P.K., R.D. McPeters, C.L. Mateer, L.E. Flynn, and C. Wellemeyer, Algorithm for the estimation of vertical ozone profiles from the backscattered ultraviolet technique. J Geophys Res: 101, 18,793, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biaumé, F., Nitric acid vapour absorption cross section spectrum and its photodissociation in the stratosphere. J Photochem: 2, 139, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohren, C.F., and D.R. Huffman, Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. J. Wiley and Sons, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bongartz, A., J. Kames, F. Welter, and V. Schurath, Near UV absorption cross sections and trans/cis equilibrium of nitrous oxide. J Phys Chem: 95, 1076, 1991.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brasseur, G., and D. Offermann, Recombination of atomic oxygen near the mesopause: Interpretation of rocket data. J Geophys Res: 91, 10,818, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brasseur, G., A. De Rudder, and P.C. Simon, Implication for stratospheric composition of a reduced absorption cross section in the Herzberg continuum of molecular oxygen. Geophys Res Lett: 10, 20, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brownword, R.A., M. Hillenkamp, T. Laurent, R.K. Vasta, H.-R. Volpp, and J. Wolfrum, Quantum yield for H atom formation in the methane dissociation after photoexcitation at the Lyman-α (121.6 nm) wavelength. Chem Phys Lett: 266, 259, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brueckner, G.E., K.L. Edlow, L.E. Floyd, J.L. Lean, and M.E. van Hoosier, The solar ultraviolet spectral irradiance monitor (SUSIM) experiment on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. J Geophys Res: 98, 10,695, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brusa, R.W., and C. Frohlich, Recent solar constant determinations from high altitude balloons, Paper presented at the Symposium on the Solar Constant and the Spectral Distribution of Solar Irradiance, IAMAP Third Scientific Assembly, Published by the Radiation Commission, Boulder, Colo, USA, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkholder, J.B., Ultraviolet absorption spectrum of HOCl. J Geophy Res: 98, 2963, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkholder, J.B., J.J. Orlando, and C.J. Howard, Ultraviolet absorption cross section of Cl2O2 between 210 and 410 nm. J Phys Chem: 94, 687, 1990.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burkholder, J.B., R.K. Talukdar, A.R. Ravishankara, and S. Solomon, Temperature dependence of the HNO3 UV absorption cross section. J Geophys Res: 98, 22,937, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burkholder, J.B., R.K. Talukdar, and A.R. Ravishankara, Temperature dependence of the ClONO2 UV absorption spectrum. Geophys Res Lett: 21, 585, 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burkholder, J.B., A.R. Ravishankara, and S. Solomon, UV visible and IR absorption cross sections of BrONO2. J Geophys Res: 100, 16,793, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callear, A.B., and M.J. Pilling, Fluorescence of nitric oxide, 6. Predissociation and cascade quenching in NO D2Σ+ (ν = 0) and NO C2π (ν = 0), and the oscillator strengths of the σ (0,0) and (0,0) bands. Trans Faraday Soc: 66, 1886, 1970a.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callear, A.B., and M.J. Pilling, Fluorescence of nitric oxide, 7. Quenching rates of NO C2 π (ν = 0), and its rate of radiation to NO A2 Σ+, energy transfer efficiencies and mechanisms of predissociation. Trans Faraday Soc: 66, 1618, 1970b.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cantrell, C.A., J.A. Davison, A.H. McDaniel, R.E. Shetter, and J.G. Calvert, Temperature dependent formeldehyde cross sections in the near ultraviolet spectral region. J Phys Chem: 94, 3902, 1990.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cantrell, C., A. Zimmer, and G.S. Tyndall, Absorption cross sections for water vapor from 183 to 193 nm. Geophys Res Lett: 24, 2195, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cess, R.D., and V. Ramanathan, Radiative transfer in the atmosphere of Mars and that of Venus above the cloud deck. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer: 12, 933, 1972.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chabrillat, S., and G. Kockarts, Simple parameterization of the absorption of the solar Lyman-α line. Geophys Res Lett: 24, 2659, 1997. Correction: Geophys Res Lett: 25, 79, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandrasekhar, S., Radiative Transfer. Oxford University Press, 1950 (Reprinted by Dover Publ., 1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S., The absorption and dissociative or ionizing effect of monochromatic radiations in an atmosphere on a rotating earth. Proc Phys Soc: 43, 483, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, A.S.-C., K. Yoshino, W.H. Parkinson, S.L. Guberman, and D.E. Freeman, Absorption cross section measurements of oxygen in the wavelength region 195–241 nm of the Herzberg continuum. Planet Space Sci: 34, 1007, 1986.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, C.C., W.S. Smith, H. Vera Ruiz, K. Moe, G. Crescentini, J.J. Molinar, and F.S. Rowland, The temperature dependence of the ultraviolet absorption cross sections of CCl2F2 and CCl3F, and their stratospheric significance. J Phys Chem: 81, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chou, C.C., R.J. Milstein, W.S. Smith, H. Vera Ruiz, M.J. Molinar, and F.S. Rowland, Stratospheric photodissociation of several saturated perhalo chlorofluorocarbon compounds in current technological use (Fluorocarbons −13, −113, −114, and −115). J Phys Chem: 82, 1, 1978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cieslik, S., Détermination expérimentale des forces d’oscillateur des bandes β, γ, δ, et ξ de la molécule NO. Bull Cl Sci Acad Roy Belg: 63, 884, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cieslik, S., and M. Nicolet, The aeronomic dissociation of nitric oxide. Planet Space Sci: 21, 925, 1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clough, S.A., and M.J. Iacono, Line by line calculation of the atmospheric fluxes and cooling rates: Application to carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, and the halocarbons. J Geophys Res: 100, 16,519, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R.A., and K. Patrick, Kinetics of the reaction HO2 + NO2 (+ M) → HO2 NO2 using molecular modulation spectrometry. Int J Chem Kinetics: 11, 635, 1979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R.A., D.W. Sheppard, and M.P. Stevens, Absorption coefficients and kinetics of the BrO radical using molecular modulation. J Photochem: 19, 189, 1982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R.A., and G.D. Hayman, The stability and photochemistry of dimers of the ClO radical and implications for the Antarctic ozone depletion. Nature: 332, 796, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crutzen, P., Comment on paper “Absorption and emission by carbon dioxide in the mesosphere”, by J.T. Houghton. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc: 96, 767, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crutzen, P.J., Energy conversions and mean vertical motions in the high latitude summer mesosphere and lower thermosphere, in Mesospheric Models and Related Experiments. G. Fiocco (ed.), D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, A.R., Discussion of a statistical model for water vapour absorption. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc: 78, 638, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, A.R., and R.M. Goody, Thermal radiation in the upper atmosphere. Proc Roy Soc: A236, 193, 1956.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daumont, D., J. Brion, J. Charbonnier, and J. Malicet, Ozone UV spectroscopy, 1. Absorption cross sections at room temperatures. J Atmos Chem: 15, 145, 1992.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J.A., C.A. Cantrell, A.H. McDaniel, R.E. Shetter, S. Madronich, and J.G. Calvert, Visible-ultraviolet absorption cross sections for NO2 as a function of temperature. J Geophys Res: 93, 7105, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeMore, W.B., and M. Patapoff, Temperature and pressure dependence of CO2 extinction coefficients. J Geophys Res: 77, 6291, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeMore, W.B., and E. Tschuikow-Roux, Ultraviolet spectrum and chemical reactivity of the ClO dimer. J Phys Chem: 94, 5856, 1990.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deshler, T., B.J. Johnson, and W.R. Rozier, Baloon-borne measurements of Pinatubo aerosol during 1991 and 1992 at 41°N, vertical profile size distribution and volatility. Geophys Res Lett: 20, 1435, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deters, B., J.P. Burrows, S. Himmelmann, and C. Blindauer, Gas phase spectra of HOBr and Br2O and their atmospheric significance. Ann Geophys: 14, 468, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, R.E., Method of parameterization for infrared cooling between the altitudes of 30 and 70 km. J Geophys Res: 78, 4451, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, R.E., Infrared radiative cooling in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. J Atmos Terr Phys: 46, 995, 1984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dopplick, T.G., Radiative heating of the global atmosphere. J Atmos Sci: 29, 1278, 1972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D.P., GENLN2: A general line-by-line atmospheric transmittance and radiance model. Version 3.0 description and users guide, NCAR Technical Note, NCAR/TN-367+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., USA, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D.P., M. López-Puertas, and M.A. López-Valverde, Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium studies of the 15-µm bands of CO2 for atmospheric remote sensing. J Geophys Res: 98, 14,955, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellingson, R.G., J. Ellis, and S. Fels, The intercomparison of radiation codes used in climate models: Long wave results. J Geophys Res: 96, 8929, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elsasser, W.M., Heat transfer by infrared radiation in the atmosphere. Harvard Meteorol. Stud: 6, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., USA, 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elterman, L., UV, Visible and IR Attenuation for Altitudes to 50 km. AFCRL Report 68-0153, Environ. Res. Papers, Bedford, Mass, USA, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, T.M., S.C. Wofsy, and A. Dalgarno, Capacity distribution functions and absorption in Schumann-Runge bands of molecular oxygen. Planet Space Sci: 22, 413, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fomichev, V.I., W.E. Ward, S.R. Beagley, C. McLandress, J.C. McConnell, N.A. McFarlane, and T.G. Shepherd, Extended Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model: Zonal-mean climatology and physical parameterizations. J Geophys Res: 107, DIO, doi:10.1029/2001JD000479, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederick, J.E., and R. D. Hudson, Predissociation of nitric oxide in the mesosphere and stratosphere. J Atmos Sci: 36, 737, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frederick, J.E., and J.E. Mentall, Solar irradiance in the stratosphere: Implication for the Herzberg continuum absorption of O2. Geophys Res Lett: 9, 461, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frederick, J.E., R.B. Abrams, and P.J. Crutzen, A potential mechanism for coupling thermospheric variations to the mesosphere and the stratosphere. J Geophys Res: 88, 3829, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Froidevaux, L., and Y.L. Yung, Radiation and chemistry in the stratosphere: Sensitivity to O2 cross sections in the Herzberg continuum. Geophys Res Lett: 9, 854, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, Q., and K.N. Liou, On the correlated k-distribution method for radiative transfer in nonhomogeneous atmospheres. J Atmos Sci: 49, 2139, 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, R.R., and S. Solomon, A numerical model for the zonally averaged dynamical and chemical structure of the middle atmosphere. J Geophys Res: 88, 1379, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghazi, A.V., V. Ramanathan, and R.E. Dickinson, Acceleration of upper stratospheric radiative damping: Observational evidence. Geophys Res Lett: 6, 437, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gijs, A., A. Koppers, and D.P. Murtagh, Model studies of the influence of O2 photodissociation parameterizations in the Schumann-Runge bands on ozone related photolysis in the upper atmosphere. Ann Geophys: 14, 68, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillotay, D., and P.C. Simon, Ultraviolet absorption cross sections of methyl bromide at stratospheric temperatures. Ann Geophys: 6, 211, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillotay, D., A. Jenouvrier, B. Coquart, M.F. Merienne, and P.C. Simon, Ultraviolet absorption cross sections of bromoform in the temperature range 295–210 K. Planet Space Sci: 37, 1127, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godson, W.L., The evaluation of infrared radiative fluxes due to atmosphere water vapour. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc: 79, 367, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodeve, C.F., and A.C.W. Taylor, The continuous absorption spectrum of hydrogen bromide. Proc Roy Soc: A152, 221, 1935.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goody, R.M., Atmospheric Radiation, I. Theoretical Basis. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goody, R.M., and Y.L. Yung, Atmospheric Radiation: Theoretical Basis. Oxford University Press, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goody, R.M., R. West, L. Chen, and D. Crisp, The correlated k-method for radiation calculations in nonhomogeneous atmospheres. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer: 42, 539, 1989.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordley, L.L., B.T. Marshall, and D.A. Chu, LINEPAK: Algorithms for modeling spectral transmittance and radiance. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer: 52, 563, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, R.A., Photochemistry of NO3 and the kinetics of the N2O5 — O3 system, PhD Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, Calf, USA, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, R.A., and H.S. Johnston, The photochemistry of NO3 and the kinetics of the N2O5 — O3 system. J Phys Chem: 82, 254, 1978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, R.A., A.M. Wier, and J.A. Pitts, Ultraviolet and infrared cross section of gas phase HO2NO2. Geophys Res Lett: 5, 909, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanel, R.A., and B.J. Courath, Thermal Emission Spectra of the Earth and Atmosphere Obtained from the Nimbus 4 Michelson Interferometer Experiment. NASA Report X-620-70-244, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harwood, M.H., R.L. Jones, R.A. Cox, E. Lutman, and O.V. Rattigan, Temperature-dependent absorption cross sections of N2O5. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem: 73, 167, 1993.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harries, J., The greenhouse earth: A view from space. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc: 122, 799, 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henri, V., and S.A. Schou, Struktur und Akitivierung der Molekel des Formaldehyds, eine Analyse auf Grund des ultrvioletten Absorption-Spektrums des Dampfes. Zeit Phys: 49, 774, 1928.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J.R., and J.E. Mentall, The direct and scattered solar flux within the stratosphere. J Geophys Res: 87, 1319, 1982a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J.R., and J.E. Mentall, O2 absorption cross section (187–225 nm) from stratospheric solar flux measurements. J Geophys Res: 87, 8967, 1982b.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg, G., Ultraviolet absorption spectra of acetylene and formaldehyde. Trans Faraday Soc: 27, 378, 1931.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, R.B., and O. Oldenberg, Role of hydrogen peroxide in the thermal combination of hydrogen and oxygen. J Chem Phys: 17, 1091, 1949.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, R.B., C.K. McLane, and O. Oldenberg, Ultraviolet absorption spectrum of hydrogen peroxide. J Chem Phys: 16, 225, 1948. Erratum: J Chem Phys: 16, 638, 1948.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, J.T., Absorption and emission by carbon dioxide in the mesosphere. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc: 95, 1, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubinger, S., and J.B. Nee, Photoabsorption spectrum for OClO between 125 and 470 nm. Chem Phys: 181, 247, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubrich, C., and F. Stuhl, The ultraviolet absorption of some halogenated methanes and ethanes of atmospheric interest. J Photochem: 12, 93, 1980.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubrich, C., C. Zetsch, and F. Stuhl, Absorptionsspektren von halogenierten Methanen im Bereich von 275 bis 160 nm bei Temperaturen von 298 und 208 K. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem: 81, 437, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huder, K.J., and W.B. DeMore, Absoprtion cross sections of the ClO dimer. J Phys Chem: 99, 3905, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, R.D., and S.H. Mahle, Photodissociation rates of molecular oxygen in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. J Geophys Res: 77, 2902, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, R.D., V.L. Carter, and J.A. Stein, An investigation of the effect of temperature on the Schumann-Runge absorption continuum of oxygen, 1580–910 A. J Geophys Res: 71, 2295, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humlicek, J., Optimized computation of the Voigt and complex probability functions. J Quart Spectrosc Radiat Transfer: 27, 437, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inn, E.C.Y., Absorption coefficient of HCl in the region 1400 to 2200 A. J Atmos Sci: 32, 2375, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inn, E.C.Y., and Y. Tanaka, Absorption coefficient of ozone in the ultraviolet and visible regions. J Opt Soc Amer: 43, 8760, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inn, E.C.Y., K. Watanabe, and M. Zelikoff, Absorption coefficients of gases in the vacuum ultraviolet: 3. CO2. J Chem Phys: 21, 1648, 1953.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iribarne, J.V., and H.R. Cho, Atmospheric Physics, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenouvrier, A., B. Coquart, and M.F. Merienne-Lafore, New measurements of the absorption cross sections in the Herzberg continuum of molecular oxygen in the region between 205 and 240 nm. Planet Space Sci: 34, 253, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling, W.B. DeMora, S.P. Sander, D.M. Golden, R.F. Hampson, M.J. Kurylo, C.J. Howard, A.R. Ravishankara, C.E. Kolb, and M.J. Molina, eds., JPL Publication 97-4, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, F.S., J.D. Porcell, R. Tousey, and K. Watanabe, Direct measurements of the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone to 70 km altitude. J Geophys Res: 57, 157, 1952.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, H.S., and R.A. Graham, Gas-phase ultraviolet spectrum of nitric acid vapor. J Chem Phys: 77, 62, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, H.S., and R.A. Graham, Photochemistry of NOx compounds. Canad J Chem: 52, 1415, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, H.S., and G. Selwyn, New cross sections for the absorption of near ultraviolet radiation by nitrous oxide (N2O). Geophys Res Lett: 2, 549, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston H.S., S.G. Chang, and G. Whitten, Photolysis of nitric acid vapor. J Phys Chem: 78, 1, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, H.S., H.F. Davies, and Y.T. Lee, NO3 photolysis product channels: Quantum yields from observed energy thresholds. J Phys Chem: 100, 4713, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E.J., and O.R. Wulf, The absorption coefficient of nitrogen pentoxide in the ultraviolet and the visible absorption spectrum NO3. J Chem Phys: 5, 873, 1937.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, J.H., W.J. Wiscombe, and J.A. Weinman, The delta-Eddington approximation for radiative flux transfer. J Atmos Sci: 33, 2452, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiehl, J.T., and V. Ramanathan, CO2 radiative parameterization used in climate models: Comparison with narrow band moels and with laboratory data. J Geophys Res: 88, 5191, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiehl, J.T., and R.E. Dickinson, A study of the radiative effects of enhanced atmospheric CO2 and CH4 on early earth surface temperatures. J Geophys Res: 92, 2991, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knauth, H.-D., H. Alberti, and H. Clausen, Equilibrium constant of the gas reaction Cl2 + H2O ultraviolet spectrum of HOCl. J Phys Chem: 83, 1604, 1979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kockarts, G., Absorption and photodissociation in the Schumann-Runge bands of molecular oxygen in the terrestrial atmosphere. Planet Space Sci: 24, 589, 1976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kockarts, G., Nitric oxide cooling in the terrestrial thermosphere. Geophys Res Lett: 7, 137, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kockarts, G., Penetration of solar radiation in the Schumann-Runge bands of molecular oxygen, A robust approximation. Ann Geophys, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kondratyev, K.Y., Radiation in the Atmosphere. Academic Press, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kourganoff, V., Basic Methods in Transfer Problems. Oxford University Press, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, W.R., and J. London, Infrared radiative cooling in the middle atmosphere (30–110 km). J Atmos Sci: 26, 189, 1969.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kylling, A., K. Stamnes, R.R. Meier, and D.E. Anderson, The 200–300 nm radiation field within the stratosphere: Comparison of models with observation. J Geophys Res: 98, 2741, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacis, A.A., and J.E. Hansen, A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the earth’s atmosphere. J Atmos Sci: 31, 118, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacis, A.A., and V. Oinas, A description of the correlated k distribution method for modeling nongray gaseous absorption, thermal emission, and multiple scattering in vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres. J Geophys Res: 96, 9027, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langhoff, J.R., J.P. Dix, J.O. Arnold, R.W. Nicholls, and L.L. Danylewych, Theoretical intensity parameters for the vibration-rotation bands of ClO. J Chem Phys: 67, 4306, 1977a.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langhoff, S.R., R.L. Jaffe, and J.O. Arnold, Effective cross sections and rate constants for predissociation of ClO in the earth’s atmosphere. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer: 18, 227, 1977b.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, A.M., and J.R. McNesby, Deuterium isotope effect in vacuum ultraviolet absorption coefficients of water and methane. Canad J Chem: 43, 3487, 1965.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lean, J., The sun’s variable radiation and its relevance for earth. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys: 35, 33, 1997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lean, J.L. and A.J. Blake, The effect of temperature on thermospheric molecular oxygen absorption in the Schumann-Runge continuum. J Geophys Res: 86, 211, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R.B., M.A. Gibson, R.S. Wilson, and S. Thomas, Long-term solar irradiance variability during sunspot cycle 22. J Geophys Res: 100, 1667, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leifson, S.W., Absorption spectra of some gases and vapors in the Schumann region. Astrophys J: 63, 73, 1926.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenoble, J., Standard procedures to compute atmospheric radiative transfer in a scattering atmosphere, I.A.M.A.P., National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., USA, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, B.R., and J.H. Carter, Temperature dependence of the carbon dioxide photoabsorption cross section between 1200 and 1700 Å. J Quant Spectros Radiat Transfer: 30, 297, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, B.R., L. Berzins, and J.H. Carter, Oscillator strengths for the Schumann-Runge bands of O2. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer: 36, 209, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, B.R., S.T. Gibson, and P.M. Dooley, Fine structure dependence of predissociation linewidth in the Schumann-Runge bands of molecular oxygen. J Chem Phys: 100, 6993, 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C.-L., and W.B. DeMore, O(1D) production in ozone photolysis near 3100 A. J Photochem: 2, 161, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C.L., N.K. Rohatgi, and W.B. Demore, Ultraviolet absorption cross sections of hydrogen peroxide. Geophys Res Lett: 5, 113, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liou, K.-N., An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation, Academic Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liou, K.-N., An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation, Second Edition, Academic Press, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • London, J., Radiative energy sources and sinks in the stratosphere and mesophere, Proc of the NATO Advanced Institute on Atmospheric Ozone, A.C. Aikin, ed., U.S. Dept. of Transportation, FAA-EE-80-20, FAA, Washington, D.C., USA, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Puertas, M., and F.W. Taylor, Non-LTE Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere, World Scientific, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Puertas, M., R. Rodrigo, A. Molina, and F.W. Taylor, A non-LTE radiative transfer model for infrared bands in the middle atmosphere, I. Theoretical basis and application to CO2 15-µm bands. J Atmos Terr Phys: 48, 729, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Puertas, M., M.A. López-Valverde, C.P. Rinsland, and M.R. Gunson, Analysis of the upper atmosphere CO2(v 2) vibrational temperatures retrieved from ATMOS/Spacelab 3 observations. J Geophys Res: 97, 20,469, 1992a.

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Puertas, M., M.A. Lopez-Valverde, and F.W. Taylor, Vibrational temperatures and radiative cooling of the CO2 15µm bands in the middle atmosphere. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc: 118, 499, 1992b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luther, F.M., D.J. Wuebbels, W.H. Duewer, and J.C. Chang, Effect of multiple scattering on species concentrations and model sensitivity. J Geophys Res: 83, 3563, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magnotta, F., and H.S. Johnston, Photodissociation quantum yields for the NO3 free radical. Geophys Res Lett: 7, 769, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malkmus, W., Random Lorentz band model with exponential-tailed S-1 line intensity distribution function. J Opt Soc Amer: 57, 323, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malicet, J., D. Daumont, J. Charbonnier, C. Parisse, A. Chakir, and J. Brion, Ozone UV spectroscopy, 2. Absorption cross sections and temperature dependence. J Atmos Chem: 21, 263, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manabe, S., and F. Moller, On the radiative equilibrium and heat balance of the atmosphere. Mon Wea Rev: 89, 503, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manabe, S., and R.F. Strickler, Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a convective adjustment. J Atmos Sci: 21, 361, 1964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maric, D., J.P. Burrows, and G.K. Moortgat, A study of the UV-visible absorption spectra of Br2 and BrCl. J. Photochem Photobiol A: Chem: 83, 179, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marmo, F.F., Absorption coefficients of nitrogen oxide in the vacuum ultraviolet. J Opt Soc Amer: 43, 1186, 1953.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, B.T., L.L. Gordley, and D.A. Chu, BANDPAK: Algorithms for modeling broadband transmission and radiance. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer: 52, 581, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mauldin III, R.L., J.B. Burkholder, and A.R. Ravishankara, A photochemical, thermodynamic and kinetic study of ClOO. J. Phys Chem: 96, 2582, 1992.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCartney, E.J., Optics of the Atmosphere: Scattering by Molecules and Particles, Wiley and Sons, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, M.P., P. Hamill, T.J. Pepin, W.P. Chu, T.J. Swissler, and L.R. McMaster, Satellite studies of the stratospheric aerosol. Bull Am Meteoroleor Soc: 60, 1038, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, H., G. P. Smith, and D. M. Golden, Photodissociation of pernitric acid at 248 nm. J Geophys Res: 93 3813, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meador, W.E., and W.R. Weaver, Two-stream approximations to radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres: A unified description of existing methods and a new improvement. J Atmos Sci: 37, 630, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meier, R.R., D.E. Anderson, Jr., and M. Nicolet, Radiation field in the troposphere and stratosphere from 240 to 1000 nm, I. General analysis. Planet Space Sci: 30, 923, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mérienne, M.F., B. Coquart, and A. Jenouvrier, Temperature effect of the ultraviolet absorption of CFCl3, CF2Cl2 and N2O. Planet Space Sci: 38, 617, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mertens, C.J., M.G. Mlynczak, R.R. Garcia, and R.W. Portmann, A detailed evaluation of the stratospheric heat budget, 1. Radiation transfer. J Geophys Res: 104, 6021, 1999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michelsen, H.H., R.J. Salawitch, P.O. Wennberg, and J.G. Anderson, Production of O(1D) from photolysis of O3. Geophys Res Lett: 21, 2227, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mie, G., Beitrage zur optik trueber Medien, Speziell koloidaller metaloesungen Ann der Phys: 25, 377, 1908.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milne, E.A., Handbuch der Astrophysik, 3, Part I. 1930 (Reprinted in “Selected Papers on the Transfer of Radiation”, Dover, 1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Minschwaner, K., and D.E. Siskind, A new calculation of nitric oxide photolysis in the stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere. J Geophys Res: 98, 20,401, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minschwaner, K., G.P. Anderson, L.A. Hall, and K. Yoshino, Polynomial coefficients for calculating O2 Schumann-Runge cross sections at 0.5 cm−1 resolution. J Geophys Res: 97, 10,103, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minschwaner, K., R.J. Salawitch, and M.B. McElroy, Absorption of solar radiation by O2: Implications for O3 and lifetimes of N2O, CFCl3, and CF2Cl2. J Geophys Res: 98, 10,543, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minschwaner, K., R.J. Thomas, and D.W. Rusch, Scattered ultraviolet radiation in the upper stratosphere, I. Observations. J Geophys Res: 100, 11,157, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishalanie, E.A., J.C. Rutkowski, R.S. Hutte, and J.W. Birks, Ultraviolet absorption spectrum of gaseous hypochlorous acid. J Phys Chem: 90, 5578, 1986.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, A.C.G., and W.M. Zemansky, Resonance Radiation and Excited Atoms. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., USA, 1934 (Reprinted 1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mlynczak, M.G., and B.T. Marshall, A reexamination of the role of solar heating in the O2 atmospheric and infrared atmospheric bands. Geophys Res Lett: 23, 657, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mlynczak, M.G., and S. Solomon, On the efficiency of solar heating in the middle atmosphere. Geophys Res Lett: 18, 1201, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mlynczak, M.G., and S. Solomon, A detailed evaluation of the heating efficiency in the middle atmosphere. J Geophys Res: 98, 10,517, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mlynczak, M.G., C.J. Mertens, R.R. Garcia, and R.W. Portman, A detailed evaluation of the stratospheric heat budget, 2. Global radiation balance and diabatic circulations. J Geophys Res: 104, 6039, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molina, M.J., and F.S. Rowland, Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine atom-catalyzed destruction of ozone. Nature: 249, 810, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, L.T., and M.J. Molina, Ultraviolet spectrum of HOCl. J Phys Chem: 42, 2410, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molina, L.T., and M.J. Molina, Chlorine nitrate ultraviolet absorption spectrum at stratospheric temperatures. J Photochem: 11, 139, 1979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, L.T., and M.J. Molina, UV absorption cross sections of HO2NO2 vapor. J Photochem: 15, 97, 1981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, L.T., and M.J. Molina, Absolute absorption cross sections of ozone in the 185 to 350 nm wavelength range. J Geophys Res: 91, 14,501, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, L.T., M.J. Molina, and F.S. Rowland, Ultraviolet absorption cross sections of several brominated methanes and ethanes of atmospheric interest. J Phys Chem: 86, 2672, 1982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, M.J., A.J. Colussi, L.T. Molina, R.N. Schindler, and T.L. Tso, Quantum yield of chlorine atom formation in the photodissociation of chlorine peroxide (ClOOCl) at 308 nm. Chem Phys Lett: 173, 310, 1990.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moortgat, G.K., E. Kudszus, and P. Warneck, Temperature dependence of O(1D) formation in the near UV photolysis of ozone. J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans: 11, 73,1216, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moortgat, G.K., W. Klippel, K.H. Mobius, W. Seiler, and P. Warneck, Laboratory measurements of photolytic parameters for formaldehyde. Rep. FAA-EE-80-47, Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C., USA, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moortgat, G.K., W. Seiler, and P. Warneck, Photodissociation of HCHO in air: CO and H22 quantum yield at 220 and 300 K. J Chem Phys: 78, 1185, 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moortgat, G.K., R. Meller, and W. Schneider, Temperature dependance (256–296 K) of the absorption cross sections of bromoform in the wavelength range 285–360 nm, in Proceedings of NATO workshop on “The Tropospheric Chemistry in the Polar Regions”, Wolfville, Canada, 23–28 August 1992, NATO ASI Series. H. Niki and K.H. Becker (eds.), Springer Verlag, Berlin, 359–369, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J.E., K. Yoshino, J. R. Esmond, W. H. Parkinson, Y. Sun, and A. Dalgarno, Vacuum ultraviolet Fourier transform spectroscopy of the δ(0,0) and β(7,0) bands of NO. J Chem Phys: 101, 62, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murtagh, D.P., The O2 Schumann-Runge system: New calculations of photodissociation cross sections. Planet Space Sci: 36, 819, 1988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nesme-Ribes, E., S.L. Baliunes, and D. Sokoloff, The stellar dynamo. Sci Amer: 51, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newchurch, M.J., M. Allen, M.R. Gunson, R.J. Salawitch, G.B. Collins, K.H. Huton, M.M. Abbas, M.C. Abrams, A.Y. Chang, D.W. Fahey, R.S. Gao, F.W. Irion, M. Loewenstein, G.L. Manney, H.A. Michelsen, J.R. Podolske, C.P. Rinsland, and R. Zander, Stratospheric NO and NO2 abundances from ATMOS solar-occultation measurements. Geophys Res Lett: 23, 2373, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nickolaisen, S.L., and S.P. Sander, Pressure dependent yields and product branching ratios in the broadband photolysis of chlorine nitrate. J Phys Chem: 100, 10,165, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolet, M., Etude des réactions chimiques de l’ozone dans la stratosphere. Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolet, M., The chemical equations of stratospheric and mesopheric ozone, Proc of the NATO Advanced Institute on Atmospheric Ozone, A.C. Aikin, ed., U.S. Dept. of Transportation, FAA-EE-80-20, FAA, Washington, D.C., USA, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolet, M., On the molecular scattering in the terrestrial atmosphere: An empirical formula for its calculation in the homosphere. Planet Space Sci: 32, 1467, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolet, M., and S. Cieslik, The photodissociation of nitric oxide in the mesophere and stratosphere. Planet Space Sci: 28, 105, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolet, M., and R. Kennes, Aeronomic problems of molecular oxygen photodissociation, IV. Photodissociation frequency and transmittance in the spectral range of the Schumann-Runge bands. Planet Space Sci: 37, 459, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolet, M., R.R. Meier, and D.E. Anderson, Radiation field in the troposphere and stratosphere, II. Numerical analysis. Planet Space Sci: 30, 935, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolet, M., S. Cieslik, and R. Kennes, Aeronomic problems of molecular oxygen photodissociation, V. Predissociation in the Schumann-Runge bands of oxygen. Planet Space Sci: 37, 427, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicovich, J.M., and P.H. Wine, Temperature-dependent absorption cross section of the hydrogen peroxide vapor, J Geophys Res: 93, 2417, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norrish, R.G.W., and F.N. Kirkbride, Primary photochemical processes, I. The decomposition of formaldehyde, J Chem Soc: 1, 1518, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, M., Absorption cross sections of O2 and CO2 continua in the Schumann-Runge and far-UV regions, J Chem Phys Lett: 9, 603, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlando, J.J., and J.B. Burkholder, Gas phase UV visible absorption spectra of HOBr and Br2O, J Phys Chem: 99, 1143, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orlando, J.J., G.S. Tyndall, G.K. Moortgat, and J.G. Calvert, Quantum yields for NO3 photolysis between 570 and 635 nm, J Phys Chem: 97, 10,996, 1993.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, J.H., The equivalent mean absorption cross sections for the O2 Schumann-Runge bands: Application to the H2O and NO photodissociation rates. J Atmos Sci: 312, 1893, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penndorf, R., Tables of the refractive index for standard air and the Rayleigh scattering coefficient for the spectral region between 0.2 and 20.0 µm and their application to atmospheric optics. J Opt Soc Amer: 47, 176, 1957.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penner, S.S., Quantitative Molecular Spectroscopy and Gas Emissivities. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass, USA, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Permien, T., R. Vogt, and R.N. Schindler, Mechanisms of gas phase-liquid phase chemical transformations. Air Pollution Report 17, R.A. Cox, ed., Environmental Research Program of the CEC, Brussels, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perner, D., and U. Platt, Absorption of light in the atmosphere by collision pairs of oxygen (O2)2. Geophys Res Lett: 7, 1053, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petropavlóvskikh, I., Evaluation of Photodissociation Coefficient Calculations for Use in Atmospheric Chemical Models. Univ. of Brussels and National Center for Atmospheric Research Cooperative Ph.D. Thesis, NCAR/CT-159, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramanathan, V., Radiative transfer within the earth’s troposphere and stratosphere: A simplified radiative-convective model. J Atmos Sci: 33, 1330, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rattigan, O.V., R.L. Jones, and R.A. Cox, The visible spectrum of gaseous OBrO. Chem Phys Lett: 230, 121, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rattigan, O.V., D.J. Lary, R.L. Jones, and R.A. Cox, UV-visible absorption cross sections of gaseous Br2O and HOBr. J Geophys Res: 101, 23,021, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rebbert, R.E., R.L. Lilly, and P. Ausloos, Abstract of papers, 164th National Meeting, Association Chemical Society, New York, August 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, P.G., D.G. Torr, and M.A. Torr, Photodissociation of N2: A significant source for thermospheric atomic nitrogen. J Geophys Res: 86, 1495, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, P.G., J.A. Fennelly, and D.G. Torr, EUVAC: A solar EUV flux model for aeronomic calculations. J Geophys Res: 99, 8981, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, D.E., Photodissociation of methyl chloride and methyl bromide in the atmosphere. Geophys Res Lett: 3, 213, 1976. Erratum: Ibid, 757, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, C.D., and C.D. Walshaw, The computation of infra-red cooling rate in planetary atmospheres. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc: 92, 67, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romand, J., Absorption ultraviolette dans la région of Schumann-Runge, Etude de ClH, BrH et IH gazeux. Ann Phys, Paris: 4, 527, 1949.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romand, J., and B. Vodar, Spectre d’absorption de l’acide chlorhydrique gazeux dans la région de Schumann. Canad Roy Acad Sci Paris: 226, 238, 1948.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, L.S., C.P. Rinsland, A. Goldman, S.T. Massie, D.P. Edwards, J.-M. Flaud, A. Perrin, C. Camy-Peyret, V. Dana, J.-Y. Mandin, J. Schroeder, A. McCann, R.R. Gamache, R.B. Wattson, K. Yoshino, K.V. Chance, K.W. Jucks, L.R. Brown, V. Nemtschinov, and P. Varanasi, The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic data base and HAWKS: 1996 Edition. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer: 60, 665, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rottman, G.J., T.N. Woods, and T.P. Sparn, Solar stellar irradiance comparison experiment: Instrument design and operation. J Geophys Res: 98, 10,667, 1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, F.S., and M.J. Molina, Chlorofluoromethanes in the environment. Rev Geophys Space Phys: 13, 1, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiffman, A., D.D. Nelson, Jr., and D.J. Nesbitt, Quantum yields for OH production from 193 and 248 nm photolysis of HNO3 and H2O2. J Chem Phys: 98, 6935, 1993.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, W.F., A.K. Moortgat, G.S. Tyndall, and J.P. Burrows, Absorption cross sections of NO2 in the UV and visible region (200–700 nm) at 298K. J of Photochem Photobiol: 40, 195, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeberl, M.R., and D.F. Strobel, The zonally averaged circulation of the middle atmosphere. J Atmos Sci: 35, 577, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schurgers, M., and K.H. Welge, Absorptionskoeffizient von H2O2 und N2H4 zwischen 1200 und 2000 A. Zeit Naturforsch: 23A, 1508, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn, G., J. Podolske, and H.S. Johnston, Nitrous oxide ultraviolet absorption spectrum at stratospheric temperatures. Geophys Res Lett: 4, 427, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, J., Solar Radiation. Ohio J Sci: 53, 258, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shemansky, D.E., CO2 extinction coefficient 1700–3000Å. J Chem Phys: 56, 1582, 1972.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shved, G.M., L.E. Khvorostovskaya, I.Y. Potekhin, A.I. Demyanikov, A.A. Kutepov, and V.I. Fomichev, Measurement of the quenching rate constant of CO2(0110)-O collisions and its significance for the thermal regime and radiation in the lower thermosphere, Atmos Oceanic Phys: 27, 295, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shved, G.M., Kutepov, A.A., and Ogivalov, V.P., Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium in CO2 in the middle atmosphere, I. Input data and populations of the v3 mode manifold states. J Atmos Solar Terr Phys: 60, 289, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silvente, E., R.C. Richter, M. Zheng, E.S. Saltzman, and A.J. Hynes, Relative quantum yields for O1D production in the photolysis of ozone between 301 and 336 nm: Evidence for the participation of a spin forbidden channel. Chem Phys Lett: 264, 309, 1997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, P.C., D. Gillotay, N. Vanlaethem-Meurée, and J. Wisemberg, Ultraviolet absorption cross sections of chloro-and chlorofluoro-methane at stratospheric temperatures. J Atmos Chem: 7, 107, 1988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, C.J.S.M., P.D. Gait, and J.M. Simmie, The vibrational deactivation of the bending moe of CO2 by O2 and by N2. Chem Phys Lett: 47, 133, 1977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, R.J., J.N. Crowley, J.P. Burrows, W. Schneider, and G.K. Moortgat, Measurement of the absorption cross section of peroxynitric acid between 210 and 330 nm in the range 253–298 K. J Photochem Photobiol: 48, 17, 1989.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siskind, D.E., K. Minschwaner, and R.S. Eckman, Photodissociation of oxygen and water vapor in the middle atmosphere: Comparison of numerical methods and impact on modeled ozone and hydroxyl. Geophys Res Lett: 21, 863, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slanger, T.G., and G. Black, Photodissociative channels at 1216 Å for H2O, NH3, and CH4. J Chem Phys: 77, 2432, 1982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F.L., III, and C. Smith, Numerical evaluation of Chapman’s grazing incidence integral Ch (X, x). J Geophys Res: 77, 3592, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobolev, V.V., A Treatise of Radiative Transfer. D. Van Nostrand, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, J.E., and F.S. Rowland, Bromine nitrate and its stratospheric significance. J Phys Chem: 82, 7, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamnes, K., S.C. Tsay, W. Wiscombe, and K. Jayaweera, Numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layers. Appl Opt: 27, 2502, 1988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinfeld, J. I., S.M. Adler-Golden, and J. W. Gallagher, Critical survey of data on the spectroscopy and kinetics of ozone in the mesosphere and thermosphere. J Phys Chem: 16, 911, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stief, L.J., W.A. Payne, and R.B. Klemm, A flash-photolysis-resonance fluorescence study of the formation of O (1D) in the photolysis of water and the reaction of O (1D) with H2, Ar and He. J Chem Phys: 62, 4000, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stockwell, W.R., and J.C. Calvert, The near ultraviolet absorption spectrum of gaseous HONO and N2O4. J Photochem: 8, 193, 1978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, K., Y. Matsumi, and M. Kawasaki, Photodissociation processes of ozone in the Huggins band at 308–326 nm: Direct observation of O (1D2) and O (3Pj) products. J Phys Chem: 100, 4084, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, K., N. Taniguchi, Y. Matsumi, M. Kawasaki, and M.N.R. Ashfold, Wavelength and temperature dependence of the absolute O(1D) production yield from the 305–329 nm photodissociation of ozone. J Chem Phys: 108, 7161, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, G.D., and K. Stamnes, Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean. Cambridge University Press, 517 pp., 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, B.A., P. Harteck, and R.R. Reeves, Jr., Ultraviolet absorption coefficients of CO2 CO, O2, H2O, N2O, NH3, NO, SO2 and CH4 between 1850 and 4000 A. J Geophys Res: 68, 6431, 1963.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari, S.N., Models for infrared atmospheric radiation. Adv Geophys: 20, 1, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toon, O.B., C.P. McKay, T.P. Ackerman, and K. Santhanam, Rapid calculation of radiative heating rates and photodissociation rates in inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres. J Geophys Res: 94, 16,287, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turnipseed, A.A., G.L. Vaghjiani, J.E. Thompson, and A.R. Ravishankara, Photodissociation of HNO3 at 193, 222, and 248 nm: Products and Quantum Yields. J Chem Phys: 96, 5887, 1992.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urey, H.C., L.C. Dawsey, and F.O. Rice, The absorption spectrum and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by light. J Amer Chem Soc: 51, 1371, 1929.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaghjiani, G.L., and A.R. Ravishankara, Absorption cross sections of CH3OOH, H2O2 and D2O2 vapors between 210 and 365 nm at 297 K. J Geophys Res: 94, 3487, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Hulst, H.C., Light Scattering by Small Particles. Wiley, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Hoosier, M.E., J.-D.F. Bartoe, G.E. Brueckner, and D.K. Prinz, Absolute solar spectral irradiance 120 nm–400 nm (Results from the Solar Ultraviolet Irradiance Monitor — SUSIM — experiment on board Spacelab 2). Astrophys Lett Commun: 27, 163, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Laethem-Meurée, N., J. Wisemberg, and P.C. Simon, Absorption des chlorométhanes dans l’ultraviolet: Mesures des sections efficaces d’absorption en fonction de la température. Bull Acad Roy Belgique Cl Sci: 64, 34, 1978a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Laethem-Meurée, N., J. Wisemberg, and P.C. Simon, Influence de la température sur les sections efficaces d’absorption des chlorofluorométhanes dans l’ultraviolet. Bull Acad Roy Belgique Cl Sci: 64, 42, 1978b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasudev R., Absorption spectrum and solar photodissociation of gaseous nitrous acid in the actinic wavelength region. Geophys Res. Lett: 17, 2153, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernazza, J., E.H. Avrett, and R. Loeser, Structure of the solar chromosphere, II. The underlying photosphere and temperature minimum region. Astrophys J: 30, 1, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vigroux, E., Contribution expérimentale de l’absorption de l’ozone. Ann Phys, Paris: 8, 709, 1953.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vigroux, E. Coefficients d’absorption de l’ozone dans la bande de Hartley. Ann Geophys: 25, 169, 1969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vodar, M.B., Spectre d’absorption ultraviolet du gaz chlorhydrique et courbe d’energie potentielle de l’état excité de la molecule ClH. J Phys Rad: 9, 166, 1948.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahner, A., G.S. Tyndall, and A.R. Ravishankara, Absoprtion cross sections for OClO as a function of temperature in the wavelength range 240–480 nm. J Phys Chem: 91, 2734, 1987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahner, A., A.R. Ravishankara, S.P. Sander, and R.R. Friedl, Absorption cross section of BrO between 312 and 385 nm at 298 and 223 K. Chem Phys Lett: 152, 507, 1988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, K., and M. Zelikoff, Absorption coefficient of water vapor in the vacuum ultraviolet. J Opt Soc Amer: 43, 753, 1953.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, K., E.C.Y. Inn, and M. Zelikoff, Absorption coefficients of oxygen in the vacuum ultraviolet. J Chem Phys: 21, 1026, 1953.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, R.T., Rate constants of ClO of atmospheric interest. J Phys Chem Ref Data: 6, 87, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wayne, R.P., The photochemistry of ozone. Atmos Environ: 21, 1683, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wayne, R.P., I. Barnes, P. Biggs, J.P. Burrows, C.E. Canosa-Mas, J. Hjorth, G. LeBras, G.K. Moortgag, D. Perher, G. Poulet, G. Restelli, and J. Sidebottom, The nitrate radical: Physics, chemistry and the atmosphere. Atmos Environ: 25A, 1, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, A.P., and C.D. Rodgers, Radiative transfer by the 15 micron CO2 band in the mesophere. Proc Intl Radiation Symposium, Sendai, Japan, 26 May–2 June 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R.C., and H.S. Hudson, The sun’s luminosity over a complete solar cycle. Nature: 351, 42, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wintersteiner, P.P., R.H. Picard, R.D. Sharma, J.R. Winick, and R.A. Joseph, Lineby-line radiative excitation model for the nonequilibrium atmosphere: Application to CO2 15 µm emission. J Geophys Res: 97, 18,083, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), The Stratosphere 1981: Theory and Measurements. Report No. 11, Geneva, Switzerland, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report No. 16, Geneva, Switzerland, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods, T.N., and G.J. Rottman, Solar Lyman α irradiance measurements during two solar cycles. J Geophys Res: 102, 8769, 1997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, T.N., D.K. Prinz, G.J. Rottman, J. London, P.C. Crane, R.P. Cebula, E. Hilsenrath, G.E. Brueckner, M.D. Andrews, O.R. White, M.E. VanHoosier, L.E. Floyd, L.C. Herring, B.G. Knapp, C.K. Pankratz, and P.A. Reiser, Validation of the UARS solar ultraviolet irradiances: Comparison with the ATLAS 1 and 2 measurements. J Geophys Res: 101, 9541, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods, T.N. G.J. Rottman, S.M. Bailey, S.C. Solomon, and J. Worden, Solar extreme ultraviolet irradiance measurements during solar cycle 22. Solar Physics: 177, 133, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao, F., I. Wilson, and H. Johnston, Temperature dependent ultraviolet absorption spectrum for dinitrogen pentoxide. J Phys Chem: 86, 3611, 1982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, K., D.E. Freeman, J.R. Esmond, and W.H. Parkinson, High resolution absorption cross section measurements and band oscillator strengths of the (1,0)–(12,0) Schumann-Runge bands of O2. Planet Space Sci: 31, 339, 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, K., A.S.-C. Cheung, J.R. Esmond, W.H. Parkinson, D.E. Freeman, and S.L. Guberman, Improved absorption cross sections of oxygen in the wavelength region 205–240 nm of the Herzberg continuum. Planet Space Sci: 36, 1469, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, K., J.R. Esmond, D.E. Freeman, and W.H. Parkinson, Measurements of absolute absorption cross sections of ozone in the 185 to 254 nm wavelength region and the temperature dependence. J Geophys Res: 98, 5205, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, K., J.R. Esmond, Y. Sun, and W.H. Parkinson, Absorption cross section measurements of carbon dioxide in the wavelength region 118.7–175.5 nm and the temperature dependence. Spectrosc Ra: 55, 53, 1996a.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, K., J.R. Esmond, W.H. Parkinson, K. Ito, and T. Matsui, Absorption cross section measurements of water vapor in the wavelength region 120 to 188 nm. Japan Chem Phys: 211, 387, 1996b.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, X., J.-H. Yee, S.A. Lloyd, and D.F. Storbel, Numerical modeling of chemicaldynamical coupling in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. J Geophys Res: 104, 23,995, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2005). Radiation. In: Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere. Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library, vol 32. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3824-0_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics