Abstract
Directive 96/82/EC (better known as “Seveso-II” Directive) on the control of major hazards caused by dangerous substances leads to relevant innovations in the safety requirements of process plants, that have a relevant impact on risk management. Among these are the inclusion of substances likely to be formed in the loss of control of chemical processes in site inventory, the evaluation of domino accident hazard, and the requirement of land-use planning criteria. The development of land-use planning (LUP) criteria for the minimisation of the industrial risk to which the population is exposed calls for the application of quantitative area risk analysis (QARA) techniques. However, the QARA techniques currently available are mainly based on the modification of risk analysis techniques originally developed for the major accident risk assessment of single risk sources. Thus, these techniques show important limitations, mainly in the assessment of the effects on the global industrial risk due to the contemporary presence of different risk sources in a narrow area. Therefore, the application of QARA techniques to land use planning in the framework of “Seveso-II” Directive requires the further development of procedures to assess specific problems as the presence of linear risk sources due to the transport of hazardous substances, the release of substances formed in the loss of control of chemical processes, domino accident hazards. This contribution addresses two of the open technological problems that arise in the application of QARA techniques to LUP. The methodologies available and the research needs in the quantitative assessment of domino hazards and of the hazards deriving from the release of dangerous substances formed in the loss of control of chemical processes are discussed. The potential impact on LUP of these hazards is also evidenced, discussing the results of two Italian case studies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Central Environmental Control Agency Rijnmond: “Risk Analysis of Six Potentially Industrial Objects in the Rijnmond Area, a Pilot Study — A Report to the Rijnmond Public Authority”, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dortrecht (NL): 1982
Health and Safety Executive: “Canvey: Summary of an investigation of potential hazards from operations in the Canvey Island/Thurrock Area”, HM Stationery Office, London (UK): 1982
D. Egidi, F.P. Foraboschi, G. Spadoni, A. Amendola: “The ARIPAR project: an analysis of the major accident risks connected with industrial and trasnportation activities in the Ravenna area”, Reliability Engineering and System Safety 49:75 (1995)
G. Spadoni, D. Egidi, S. Contini: “Through Aripar-GIS the quantified area risk analysis supports land-use planning activities”. J. Hazardous Materials 71:423 (2000)
S. Contini: “Rischio d’area: metodologia e software ARIPAR”, Rapporto POP Sicilia D/N/17/02.1/sc, 1996
C. Delvosalle: “Domino effects phenomena: definition, overview and classification, Proc. European seminar on domino effects, Leuven (B): 1996, p.11.
C. Delvosalle: “A methodology for the identification and evaluation of domino effects”, Rep. CRC/MT/003, Belgian Ministry of Employment and Labour, Bruxelles (B): 1998.
F.I. Khan, S.A. Abbasi: “Models for domino effect analysis in chemical process industries”. Proc. Safety Prog. 17:107 (1998)
F.P. Lees: “Loss Prevention in the process industries” (II ed.), Butterwoth-Heineman, Oxford (UK): 1996
S. Contini, S. Boy, M. Atkinson, N. Labath, M. Banca, J.P. Nordvik: “Domino effect evaluation of major industrial installations: a computer aided methodological approach”, Proc. European seminar on domino effects, Leuven (B): 1996, p.1
P. Latha, G. Gautam, K.V. Raghavan: “Strategies for tha quantification of thermally initiated cascade effects”, J. Loss Prev.Proc. Ind. 5:18 (1992)
R.L. Greenwood: “Research into the methodologies and criteria for domino effects”, Proc. European seminar on domino effects, Leuven (B): 1996, p.19
M. Morris, A. Miles, J. Copper: “Quantification of escalation effects in offshore quantitative risk assessment”, J. Loss Prev.Proc. Ind. 7:337 (1994)
G.N. Pettitt, R.R. Schumacher, L.A. Seeley “Evaluating the probability of major hazardous incidents as a result of escalation events”, J. Loss Prev.Proc.Ind. 6:37 (1993)
D.F. Bagster, R.M. Pitblado: “The estimation of domino incident frequencies: an approach”, Proc. Safety Environ. 69:196 (1991)
Center for Chemical Process Safety: “Guidelines for chemical process quantitative risk analysis” (II Ed.), A.I.Ch.E., New York: 2000.
V. Cozzani, S. Zanelli: “An Approach to the Assessment of Domino Accidents Hazard in Quantitative Area Risk Analysis”. Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on Loss Prev. and Safety Promotion in the Proc. Ind., Elsevier, Amsterdam: 2001, p.1263
P.H. Bottelberghs, B.J.M. Ale: “Consideration of Domino effects in the Implementation of the Seveso II Directive in the Netherlands”, European Seminar on Domino Effects, Leuven (B), 1996
V. J. Clancey: “Diagnostic features of explosion damage”, 6th Int. Meeting of Forensic Sciences, Edinburgh, 1972
S. Glasstone: “The effects of nuclear weapons”, Atom. Energy Comm, Washington DC, 1962
W.C. Brasie, D.W. Simpson: “Guidelines for estimating explosion damage”, Loss Prevention 2,91 (1968)
G. L. Wells: “Safety in Process Plant Design”, Wiley, Chichester, 1980, p 170
V. Cozzani, F. Gozzi, A. Mazzoni, S. Zanelli: “Assessment of probabilistic models for the estimation of accident propagation hazards”. Proc. Eur.Conf. Safety and Reliability, MG, Torino 2001, p.807
F.I. Khan, S.A. Abbasi: “An assessment of the likelihood of occurence, and the damage potential of domino effect in a typical cluster of industries” J. Loss Prev.Proc.Ind. 14:283 (2001)
A. Mazzoni: “Metodologie quantitative per l’analisi sistematica dell’effetto domino”, Thesis in Chemical Engineering, University of Pisa (I), 2001
N.A. Eisenberg, C.J. Lynch, R.J. Breeding: “Vulnerability model: a simulation system for assessing damage resulting from marine spills”, Rep. CG-D-136-75, Enviro Control Inc., Rockville, MD, 1975
F.I. Khan, S.A. Abbasi: “DOMIEFFECT (DOMIno eFFECT): a new software for domino effect analysis in chemical process industries”. Environment Modelling and Software, 13:163 (1998)
V. Cozzani, A. Amendola, S. Zanelli: “The formation of hazardous substances in industrial accidents”. La Chimica e l’Industria 79:1357 (1997)
V. Cozzani, S. Zanelli, A. Amendola and M. Smeder: “EUCLIDE database for the study of chemical reaction hazards”. Proc. Annual Meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis, Center for Risk Research, Stockholm, Sweden, 1997, p.224.
V. Cozzani, S. Zanelli: “EUCLID: A study on the Emission of Unwanted Compounds Linked to Industrial Disasters”. EUR 17351 EN, European Commission, 1997
V. Cozzani, S. Zanelli: “Precursors of dangerous substances formed in the loss of control of chemical systems”. J. Haz. Mat. 65:93 (1999)
J. Wei, J.C.W. Kuo: “A lumping analysis in monomolecular reaction systems: analysis of the exactly lumpable system”, Ind.Eng.Chem. Fundam. 8:114 (1969)
P.G. Coxson, K.B. Bischoff: “Lumping strategy: 1. Introductory techniques and application of cluster analysis” Ind.Eng.Chem.Res. 26:1239 (1987)
D.K. Liguras, D.T. Allen: “Comparison of lumped and molecular modeling of hydropyrolysis” Ind.Eng.Chem.Res. 31:45 (1992)
V. Cozzani, M. Smeder, S. Zanelli: “Formation of hazardous compounds by unwanted reactions in industrial accidents” J.Haz.Mat. 63:131 (1998)
S.T. Cole, P.J. Wicks: “Proceedings of II Industrial Fires Workshop”, EUR 15967 EN, European Commission, Luxembourg: 1995.
K.E. Petersen, B. Rasmussen: “Industrial Fires III”, EUR 17477 EN, European Commission, Luxembourg, 1996.
M. Molag, H. Bartelds, D. De Weger: “Toxic products from pesticide fires”, Report 92-366/112327-17897, TNO, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands, 1992
L. Smith-Hansen: “Toxic hazards from chemical warehouse fires”, Report RISØ-R-713(EN), RISØ National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 1994
C. Costa, G. Treand, F. Moineault, J.L. Gustin: Assessment and toxic effects of chemical and pesticide pool fires based on experimental data obtained using the Tewarson apparatus”. Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Elsevier, Amsterdam: 2001, p.867
F. Barontini, V. Cozzani, L. Petarca: “Thermal stability and decomposition products of hexabromocyclododecane”. Ind. Eng. Chem.Res. 40:3270 (2001)
J.D. Clark, A.S. Shah, J.C. Peterson, L. Patelis, R.J.A. Kersten, A.H. Heemskerk, M. Grogan, S. Camden: “The thermal stability of ethyl diazoacetate”, Thermochimica Acta, in press (2002)
M. Mossa Verre: “Analisi del rischio per l’area di Livorno e strategie di intervento”, ARPAT, Florence (I): 2000
V. Cozzani, L. Foschi, G. Francalanza, S. Zanelli, in “Risk management in the European Union of 2000”, G.A. Papadakis (Ed.); EUR 19664 EN, European Commission, Luxembourg: 2001; p.411
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cozzani, V., Zanelli, S. (2005). Quantitative Area Risk Analysis: Available Tools and Open Problems. In: Gheorghe, A.V. (eds) Integrated Risk and Vulnerability Management Assisted by Decision Support Systems. Topics in Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3721-X_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3721-X_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-3451-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-3721-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)