Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Arthropod Biotypes

  • Chapter
Plant Resistance to Arthropods

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References Cited

  • Alston, F. H., and J. B. Briggs. 1977. Resistance genes in apple and biotypes of Dysaphis devecta. Ann. Appl. Biol. 87:75–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alam, S. N., and M. B. Cohen. 1998. Durability of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, resistance in rice variety IR64 in greenhouse selection studies. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 89:71–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anstead, J. A., J. D. Burd, and K. A. Shufran. 2003. Over-summering and biotypic diversity of Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae) populations on noncultivated grass hosts. Environ. Entomol. 32:662–667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appleby, J. H., and P. F. Credland. 2003. Variation in responses to susceptible and resistant cowpeas among west African populations of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 489–502.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Auclair, J. L. 1978. Biotypes of the pea aphid Acyrthrosiphon pisum in relation to host plants and chemically defined diets. Ent. Exp. Appl. 24:12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basky, Z. 2002. Biotypic variation in Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov Homoptera: Aphididae) between Hungary and South Africa. Cereal Res. Commun. 30:133–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basky, Z. 2003. Biotypic variation and pest status differences between Hungarian and South African populations of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Pest Manag. Sci. 59:11152–1158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basky, Z., and J. Jordaan. 1997. Comparison of the development and fecundity of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in South Africa and Hungary. J. Econ. Entomol. 90: 623–627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behura, S. K., S. Nair, and M. Mohan. 2001a. Polymorphisms flanking the mariner integration sites in the rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason) genome are biotype-specific. Genome. 44:947–954.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Behura, S. K., S. Nair, S. C. Sahu, and M. Mohan. 2000. An AFLP marker that differentiates biotypes of the Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae, Wood-Mason) is sex-linked and also linked to avirulence. Mol. Genet. Genomics. 263:328–334.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behura, S. K., S. C. Sahu, M. Mohan, and, S. Nair. 2001b. Wolbachia in the Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason): correlation between host mitotypes and infection status. Insect Mol. Biol. 10:163–171.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Behura, S. K., S. C. Sahu, S. Rajamani, A. Devi, R. Mago, S. Nair, and M. Mohan. 1999. Differentiation of Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason), biotypes by sequence amplified regions (SCARs). Insect Mol. Biol. 8:391–397.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bentur, J. S., and S. Amudhan. 1996. Reaction of differentials of different populations of Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae) under greenhouse conditions. Ind. J. Agr. Sci. 66:197–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentur, J. S., M. B. Kalode, and P. S. Prakash-Rao. 1994. Reaction of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties to different biotypes of rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae). Ind. J. Agr. Sci. 64:419–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beregovoy, V. H., and K. J. Starks. 1986. Enzyme patterns in biotypes of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 59:517–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beregovoy, V. H., and D. C. Peters. 1993. Variation of two kinds of wheat damage characters in seven biotypes of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 66:237–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beregovoy, V. H., and D. C. Peters. 1994. Biotype J, a unique greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) distinguished by plant damage characteristics. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 66:248–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berzonsky, W. A., H. Ding, S. D. Haley, M. O. Harris, R. J. Lamb, R. I. H. McKenzie, H. W. Ohm, F. L. Patterson, F. B. Peairs, D. R. Porter, R. H. Ratcliffe, and T. G. Shanower. 2003. Breeding wheat for resistance to insects. Plant Breed. Rev. 22:221–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birch A. N. E., B. Fenton, G. Malloch, A. T. Jones, M. S. Phillips, B. E. Harower, J. A. T. Woodford, and M. A. Catley. 1994. Ribosomal spacer length variability in the large raspberry aphid, Amphorophora idaei (Aphidinae: Macrosiphini). Insect Mol. Biol. 3: 239–245.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birch A. N. E., I. E. Geoghegan, M. E. N. Majerus, C. Hackett, and J. Allen. 1996. Interactions between plant resistance genes, pest aphid populations and beneficial aphid predators. Scot. Crop Res Instit. Ann. Rept. pp. 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borner, C. 1914. On the susceptibility and immunity of vines to the attack of the vine louse. Biol. Zentbl. 34:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowling, R., and G. Wilde. 1996. Mechanisms of resistance in three sorghum cultivars resistant to greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotype I. J. Econ. Entomol. 89:558–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowling, R., G. Wilde, and D. Margolies. 1998. Relative fitness of greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes E and I on sorghum, wheat, rye, and barley. J. Econ. Entomol. 91: 1219–1223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, J. B. 1965. The distribution, abundance, and genetic relationships of four strains of the Rubus aphid (Amphorophora rubi) in relation to raspberry breeding. J. Hort. Sci. 49:109–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. K., D. R. Frohlich, and R. C. Rosell. 1995. The sweet potato or silverleaf whiteflies: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci or a species complex? Ann. Rev. Entomol. 4:511–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bush, L., J. E. Slosser, and W. D. Worrall. 1989. Variations in damage to wheat caused by Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 82:466–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, B. C., and D. L. Dreyer. 1985. Host-plant resistance of sorghum: Differential hydrolysis of sorghum pectic substance by polysaccharases of greenbug biotypes (Schizaphis graminum, Homoptera: Aphididae). Arch. Biochem. Physiol. 2:203–215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cartier, J. J. 1959. Recognition of three biotypes of the pea aphid from southern Quebec. J. Econ. Entomol. 52:293–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cartier, J. J. 1963. Varietal resistance of peas to pea aphid biotypes under field and greenhouse conditions. J. Econ. Entomol. 56:205–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cartier, J. J., and R. H. Painter. 1956. Differential reactions of two biotypes of the corn leaf aphid to resistant and susceptible varieties, hybrids, and selections of sorghums. J. Econ. Entomol. 49:498–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claridge, M. F., and J. Den Hollander. 1982. Virulence to rice cultivars and selection for virulence in populations of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 32:213–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claridge, M. F., and J. Den Hollander. 1983. The biotype concept and its application to insect pests of agriculture. Crop Prot. 2:85–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement, S. L., L. R. Elberson, F. L. Young, J. R. Alldridge, R. H. Ratcliffe, and C. Hennings. 2003. Variable Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) populations in cereal production systems in eastern Washington. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 76:567–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. B., S. N. Alam, E. B. Medina, and C. C. Bernal. 1997. Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, resistance in rice cultivar IR64: mechanism and role in successful N. lugens management in Central Luzon, Philippines. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 85:221–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conner, R. L., J. B. Thomas, and E. D. P. Whelan. 1991. Comparison of mite resistance for control of wheat streak mosaic. Crop Sci. 31:315–1318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahms, R. G. 1948. Comparative tolerance of small grains to greenbugs from Oklahoma and Mississippi. J. Econ. Entomol. 41:825.

    Google Scholar 

  • DenHollander, J., and P. K. Pathak. 1981. The genetics of the ‘biotypes’ of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 29:76–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick, K. M., and P. F. Credland. 1986a. Variation in the response of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) to a resistant variety of cowpea. J. Stored Prod. Res. 22:43–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick, K. M., and P. F. Credland. 1986b. Changes in the response of Callosobruchus maculates (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) to a resistant variety of cowpea. J. Stored Prod. Res. 22:227–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, A., G. Olonju, P. J. Bramel-Cox, and T. L. Harvey. 1990. Diallel analysis of resistance in sorghum to greenbug biotype E: antibiosis and tolerance. Crop Sci. 30:1055–1059.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer, D. L., and B. C. Campbell. 1984. Degree of methylation of intercellular pectin associated with plant resistance to aphids and with induction of aphid biotypes. Experientia 40: 224.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, J. A., and D. P. H. Kempton. 1972. Resistance to attack by Brevicornye brassicae among plants of Brussels sprouts. Ann. Appl. Biol. 72:1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenbach, J., and T. E. Mittler. 1987. Polymorphism of biotypes E and C of the aphid Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae) in response to different scotophases. Environ. Entomol. 16:519–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • El Bouhssini, M. E., J. H. Hatchett, T. S. Cox, and G. E. Wilde. 2001. Genotypic interaction between resistance genes in wheat and virulence genes in the Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 91:327–331.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fenton B., G. Malloch, and F. Germa. 1998. A study of variation in rDNA ITS regions show that two haplotypes coexist within a single aphid genome. Genome. 41:337–345.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flor, H. H. 1971. The current status of the gene-for-gene concept. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 9:275–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Formusoh, E. S., J. H. Hatchett, W. C. Black IV, and J. J. Stuart. 1996. Sex-linked inheritance of virulence against wheat resistance gene H9 in the Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 89:428–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fouche, A., R. L. Verhoeven, P. H. Hewitt, M. C. Walters, C. F. Kriel, and J. De Jager. 1984. Russian aphid (Diuraphis noxia) feeding damage on wheat, related cereals and a Bromus grass species. In Walters, M. C. (ed.), Progress in Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxia Mordw.) Research in the Republic of South Africa. Republic of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture Technical Communication 191. pp. 22–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frazer, B. D. 1972. Population dynamics and recognition of biotypes in the pea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). Can. Entomol. 10:1729–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, K. D., P. E. Kenmore, and K. Sogawa. 1994. Judicial use of insecticides deter planthopper outbreaks and extend the life of resistant varieties in Southeast Asian rice. In: R. F. Denno and J. T. Perfect (Eds.), Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 599–614.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallun, R. L. 1977. The genetic basis of Hessian fly epidemics. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 287:223–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallun, R. L., and G. S. Khush. 1980. Genetic factors affecting expression and stability of resistance. In F. G. Maxwell and P. R. Jennings (Eds.), Breeding Plants Resistant to Insects. John Wiley. pp. 64–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galet, P. 1982. Phylloxera. In. Les Maladies et le Parasites de la Vigne, Tome II Les Pararites Animaux. ontpelier: Paysan du Midi. pp. 1059–1313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goggin, F. L., V. M. Williamson, and D. E. Ullman. 2001. Variability in the response of Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to the tomato resistance gene Mi. Environ. Entomol. 30:101–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, S. C., J. A. T. Woodford, B. Williamson, A. N. E. Birch, and A. T. Jones. 1999. Progress towards integrated crop management (ICM) for European raspberrry production. Scot. Crop Res. Instit. Ann. Rept. pp. 153–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granett, J., P. Timper, and L. A. Lider. 1985. Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) biotypes in California. J. Econ. Entomol. 78:81463–1467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granett, J., M. A. Walker, L. Kocsis, and A. D. Omer. 2001. Biology and management of grape phylloxera. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 46:387–412.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grassi, B., and M. Topi. 1917. The number of races of vine Phylloxera. Bull. Agr. Intell. Plant Dis. Rome 9:1322–1327. (Rev. Appl. Entomol. 6:56).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo-rui, W. C. Fu-yan, T. Lin-yong, H. Ci-Wei, and F. Bin-can. 1983. Studies on the biotypes of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal). Acta Entomol. Sinica 26:154–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haley, S. D., F. B. Peairs, C. B. Walker, J. B. Rudolph, and T. L. Randolph. 2004. Occurrence of a new Russian wheat aphid biotype in Colorado. Crop Sci. 44:1589–1592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, C. D. 1943. The occurrence of physiological races of the pea aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. 36:118–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, M.O., J. J. Stuart, M. Mohan, S. Nair, R. J. Lamb, and O. Rohfritsch. 2003. Grasses and gall midges: Plant defense and insect adaptation. An. Rev. Entomol. 48:549–577.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, T. L., and H. L. Hackerott. 1969. Recognition of a greenbug biotype injurious to sorghum. J. Econ. Entomol. 62:776–779.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, T. L., K. D. Kofoid, T. J. Martin, and P. E. Sloderbeck. 1991. A new greenbug biotype virulent to E-biotype resistant sorghum. Crop Sci. 31:1689–1691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, T. L., T. J. Martin, and D. L. Seifers. 1994. Importance of resistance to insects and mite vectors in controlling virus diseases of plants: resistance to WCM. J. Agric. Entomol. 11:271–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, T. L., T. J. Martin, and D. L. Seifers. 1995. Survival of five wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae), strains on mite resistant wheat. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 19: 459–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, T. L., T. J. Martin, D. L. Seifers, and P. E. Sloderbeck. 1997a. Change in virulence of wheat curl mite detected on TAM 107 wheat. Crop Sci. 37: 624–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, T. L., T. J. Martin, D. L. Seifers, and P. E. Sloderbeck. 1997b. Adaptations of wheat curl mite (Acaria: Eriophytidae) to resistant wheat in Kansas. J. Agric. Entomol. 12:119–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, T. L., D. L. Seifers, and T. J. Martin. 2001. Host range differences between two strains of wheat curl mites (Acaria: Eriophytidae). J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 18:35–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, T. L., D. L. Seifers, T. J. Martin, G. L. Brown-Guedira, and B. S. Gill. 1999. Survival of wheat curl mites on different sources of resistance in wheat. Crop Sci. 39:1887–1889.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, T. L., G. E. Wilde, and K. D. Kofoid. 1997. Designation of a new greenbug biotype, biotype K, injurious to resistant sorghum. Crop Sci. 37:989–991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatchett, J. H. 1969. Race E, sixth race of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor, discovered in Georgia wheat fields. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 62:677–678.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinrichs, E. A. 1986. Perspectives and directions for the continued development of insect-resistant rice varieties. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 18:9–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinrichs, E. A., and H. R. Rapusas. 1985. Cross-virulence of Nephotettix virescens (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) biotypes among some rice cultivars with the same major-resistance gene. Environ. Entomol. 14:696–700.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinrichs, E. A., and H. R. Rapusas. 1990. Response to selection for virulence of Nephotettix virescens (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on resistant rice cultivars. Environ. Entomol. 19:167–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinrichs, E. A., and P. K. Pathak. 1981. Resistance to the rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae in rice. Insect Sci. Applic. 1:123–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellqvist, S. 2001. Biotypes of Dasineura tetensi, differing in ability to gall and develop on black currant genotypes. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 98: 85–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herdt, R. W. 1991. Research priorities for rice biotechnology. In: G. S. Khush and G. H. Toenniessen (Eds.) Rice Biotechnology. CAB International, Oxon, UK. pp. 19–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inayatullah, C., J. A. Webster, and W. S. Fargo. 1987a. Morphometric variation in the alates of greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80:306–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inayatullah, C., W. S. Fargo, and J. A. Webster. 1987b. Use of multivariate models in differentiating greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes and morphs. Environ. Entomol. 16:839–846.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inayatullah, C., M. N. Ehsan-Ul-Haq, and M. F. Chaudhry. 1993. Incidence of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Pakistan and resistance in wheat against it. Insect Sci. Applic. 14:247–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • IITA. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. 1981. Research Highlights. IITA. Ibadan, Nigeria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, K., T. Wada, A. Takashi, N. M. Noor Nik Salleh, and H. Hassim. 1994. Brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stal (Homoptera: Delphacidae) biotypes capable of attacking resistant rice varieties in Malaysia. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 29:523–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A. T., W. J. McGavin, and A. N. E. Birch. 2000. Effectiveness of resistance genes to the large raspberry aphid, Amphorophora idaei Borner, in different raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) genotypes and under different environmental conditions. Ann. Appl. Biol. 136:107–113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katiyar, S. K., G. Chandel, Y. Tan, Y. Zhang, B. Huang, L. Nugaliyadde, K. Fernando, J. S. Bentur, S. Inthavong, S. Constantino, and J. Bennett. 2000. Biodiversity of Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason) from five countries examined by AFLP analysis. Genome. 43: 322–332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katiyar, S. K., and J. Bennett. 2001. Biotechnology for gall midge resistance: from molecular tagging to gene pyramiding. In: S. Peng and B. Hardy (Eds.), Rice Research for Food Security and Poverty Alleviation. Proc. Intl. Rice Research Conf., 31 March–3 April 2000, Los Banos, Philippines. Los Banos (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. pp. 369–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katiyar, S. K., Y. Tan, B. Huang, G. Chandel, Y. Xu, Y. Zhang, Z. Xie, and J. Bennett. 2001. Molecular mapping of gene Gm-6(t) which confers resistance against four biotypes of Asian rice gall midge in China. Theor. Appl. Genet. 103:953–961.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ketipearachchi, Y., C. Kaneda, and C. Nakamura. 1998. Adaptation of the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), to BPH resistant rice cultivars carrying bph8 or Bph9. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 33:497–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khush, G. S. 1995. Modern cultivars-their real contribution to food supply and equity. Geojourn. 35:275–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khush, G. S., and D. S. Brar. 1991. Genetics of resistance to insects in crop plants. Adv. Agron. 45:223–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 16: 111–120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kindler, S. D., and S. M. Spomer. 1986. Biotypic status of six greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) isolates. Environ. Entomol. 15:567–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kindler, S. D., and D. B. Hays. 1999. Susceptibility of cool-season grasses to greenbug biotypes. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 16:235–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Kogel, W. J., M. van der Hoek, and C. Mollema. 1997. Variation in performance of western flower thrips populations on susceptible and partially resistant cucumber. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 83:73–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lammerink, J. 1968. A new biotype of cabbage aphid, Brevicornye brassicae L. on aphid resistant rape (Brassica napus L.). N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 11:341–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, W. F., M. W. Nielson, V. L. Marble, and E. H. Stanford. 1983. Registration of CUF 101 alfalfa. Crop Sci. 23:398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lei, H., W. F. Tjallingii, and J. C. van Lenteren. 19998. Probing and feeding characteristics of the greenhouse whitefly in association with host-plant acceptance and whitefly strains. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 88:73–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X. M., and D. S. Jin. 1998. A new biotype (CHN-1) of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum, found in Beijing. Acta Entomol. Sinica. 41: 141–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X., C. M. Smith, B. S. Gill, and V. Tolmay. 2001. Microsatellite markers linked to six Russian wheat aphid resistance genes in wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:504–510.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, H. J. B. 1981. Resistance and susceptibility to colour forms of the aphid Sitobion avenae in spring and winter wheats (Triticum aestivum). Ann. Appl. Biol. 99:87–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malik, R. 2001. Molecular genetic characterization of wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella Keifer (Acari:Eriophyidae), and wheat genes conferring wheat curl mite resistance. Ph.D. Dissertation, Kansas State University, 102 pages.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malik, R., C. M. Smith, T. L. Harvey, and G. L. Brown-Guedira. 2003. Genetic mapping of wheat curl mite resistance genes Cmc3 and Cmc4 in common wheat. Crop Sci. 43:644–650.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marchal, P. 1931. La question des races du Phylloxera de la vigne. Ann. Epiphyt. 16:232–234. (Rev. Appl. Entomol. 33:124).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marais, G. F., M. Horn, and F. du Toit. 1994. Intergeneric transfer (rye to wheat) of a gene(s) for Russian wheat aphid resistance. Plant Breed. 113:265–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, T. J., A. Fritz, and J. P. Shroyer. 2001. Stanton Hard Red Winter Wheat. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service Publication L-921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Peniche, R. 1999. Effect of different phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) populations from South France, upon resistance expression of rootstocks 41 B and Aramon x Rupestris Ganzin No. 9. Vitis. 38:167–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martín-Sánchez, J. A., M. Gómez-Colmenarejo, J. Del Moral, E. Sin, M. J. Montes, C. González-Belinchón, I. López-Braña, and A. Delibes. 2003. A new Hessian fly resistance gene (H30) transferred from the wild grass Aegilops triuncialis to hexaploid wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 106:1248–1255.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michels, G. J., Jr. 1986. Graminaceous North American host plants of the greenbug with notes on biotypes. Southwest. Entomol. 11: 55–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell-Olds, T., and J. Bergelson. 2000. Biotic interactions Genomics and coevolution. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3:273–277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montllor, C. B., B. C. Campbell, and T. E. Miller. 1983. Natural and induced differences in probing behavior of two biotypes of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum, in relation to resistance in sorghum. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 34:99–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgham, A. T., P. E. Richardson, R. K. Campbell, J. R. Burd, R. D. Eikenbary, and L. C. Sumner. 1994. Ultrastructural responses of resistant and susceptible wheat to infestation by greenbug biotype E (Homoptera: Aphididae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 87:908–917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niassy, A., J. D. Ryan, and D. C. Peters. 1987. Variations in feeding behavior, fecundity, and damage of biotypes B and E of Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae) on three wheat genotypes. Environ. Entomol. 16:1163–1168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielson, M. W., and H. Don. 1974. A new virulent biotype of the spotted alfalfa aphid in Arizona. J. Econ. Entomol. 67:64–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielson, M. W., and R. O. Kuehl. 1982. Screening efficacy of spotted alfalfa aphid biotypes and genic systems for resistance in alfalfa. Environ. Entomol. 11:989–996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielson, M. W., and W. F. Lehman. 1980. Breeding approaches in alfalfa. In: F. G. Maxwell and P. R. Jennings (Eds.), Breeding Plants Resistant to Insects. John Wiley, New York. pp. 279–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nkongolo, K. K., J. S. Quick, W. L. Meyers, and F. B. Peairs. 1989. Russian wheat aphid resistance of wheat, rye, and triticale in greenhouse tests. Cer. Res. Comm. 17:227–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nkongolo, K. K., J. S. Quick, A. E. Limin, and D. B. Fowler. 1991. Sources and inheritance of resistance to Russian wheat aphid in Triticum species amphiploids and Triticum tauschii. Can. J. Plant Sci. 71:703–708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nombela, G., V.M. Williamson, and M. Muñiz. 2003. The root-knot nematode resistance gene Mi-1.2 of tomato is responsible for resistance against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 16:645–649.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ofuya, T. I., and P. F. Credland. 1996. Responses of three populations of the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera:Bruchidae), to seed resistance in selected varieties of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. J. Stored Prod. Res. 31:17–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omer, A. D., J. Granett, L. Kocsis, and D. A. Downie. 1999. Preference and performance responses of California grape phylloxera to different Vitis rootstocks. J. Appl. Ent. 123:341–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paguia, P., M. D. Pathak, and E. A. Heinrichs. 1980. Honeydew excretion measurement techniques for determining differential feeding activity of biotypes of Nilaparvata lugens on rice varieties. J. Econ. Entomol. 73:35–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Painter, R. H. 1930. Biological strains of Hessian fly. J. Econ. Entomol. 23:322–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Painter, R. H. 1951. Insect Resistance in Crop Plants. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, KS. 520 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Painter, R. H., and M. D. Pathak. 1962. The distinguishing features and significance of the four biotypes of the corn leaf aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch). Proc. XI Int. Cong. Entomol. 2:110–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pani, J., and S.C. Sahu. 2000. Inheritance of resistance against biotype 2 of the Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 95: 15–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak, P. K., and E. A. Heinrichs. 1982. Selection of biotype populations 2 and 3 of Nilaparvata lugens by exposure to resistant rice varieties. Environ. Entomol. 11:85–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, F. L., J. E. Foster, H. W. Ohm, J. E. Hatchett, and P. L. Taylor. 1992. Proposed system of nomenclature for biotypes of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in North America. J. Econ. Entomol. 85:307–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedigo, L. 1999. Entomology and Pest Management. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 742 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pesho, G. R., F. V. Lieberman, and W. F. Lehman. 1960. A biotype of the spotted alfalfa aphid on alfalfa. J. Econ. Entomol. 53:146–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, D. C., F. Ullah, M. A. Karner, W. B. Massey, P. G. Mulder, and V. H. Beregovoy. 1997. Greenbug (Homoptera:Aphididae) biotype surveys in Oklahoma, 1991–1996. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 70:120–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, D. C., and A. Wood, Jr., and K. J. Starks. 1975. Insecticide resistance in selections of the greenbug. J. Econ. Entomol. 75:339–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, D. R., J.D. Burd, K.A. Shufran, J.A. Webster, and G.L. Teetes. 1997. Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes: selected by resistant cultivars or preadapted opportunists?. J. Econ. Ent. 90:1055–1065.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, D. R., J. A. Webster, and B. Friebe. 1994. Inheritance of greenbug biotype G resistance in wheat. Crop Sci. 34:625–628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, K. B., G. L. Peterson, and O. Vise. 1982. A new greenbug biotype. Crop Sci. 22:847–850.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powers, T. O., S. G. Jensen, S. D. Kindler, C. J. Stryker, and L. J. Sandall. 1989. Mitochondrial DNA divergence among greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 82:298–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prinsloo, G. J., 2000. Host and host instar preference of Aphelinus sp. nr. varipes (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in South Africa. African Entomol. 8:57–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prokopy, R. J., S. R. Diehl, and S. S. Cooley. 1988. Behavioral evidence for host races in Rhagoletis pomonella flies. Oecologia. 76:138–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puterka, G. J., J. D. Burd, and R. L. Burton. 1992. Biotypic variation in a worldwide collection of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 85:1497–1506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puterka, G. J., and R. L. Burton. 1990. Aphid genetics in relation to host plant resistance. In: D. C. Peters, J. A. Webster and C. S. Chlouber (Eds.), Proc. Aphid-Plant Interactions: Populations to Molecules. Okla. Agric. Exp. Stn. MP-132: 59–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puterka, G. J., and D. C. Peters. 1989. Inheritance of greenbug virulence to Gb2 and Gb3 resistance genes in wheat. Genome. 32:109–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puterka, G. J., and D. C. Peters. 1995. Genetics of greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) virulence to resistance in sorghum. J. Econ. Entomol. 88:421–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puterka, G. J., D. C. Peters, D. L. Kerns, J. E. Slosser, L. Bush, D. W. Worrall, and R. W. McNew. 1988. Designation of two new greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes G and H. J. Econ. Entomol. 81:1754–1759.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puterka, G. J., W. C. Black IV, W. M. Steiner, and R. L. Burton. 1993. Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships among worldwide collections of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), inferred from allozyme and RAPD-PCR markers. Heredity. 70:604–618.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quick, J. S., G. E. Ellis, R. M. Normann, J. A. Stromberger, J. F. Shanahan, F. B. Peairs, J. B. Rudolph, K. Lorenz. 1996. Registration of ‘Halt’ wheat. Crop Sci. 36:210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quisenberry, S. S., and F. B. Peairs. 1998. A response model for an introduced pest-the Russian wheat aphid. Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD. 442 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raspusas, H. R., and E. A. Heinrichs. 1986. Virulence of green leafhopper (GLH) colonies from Luzon, Philippines, on IR36 and IR42. Int. Rice Res. Newsl. 11:15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe, R. H., and J. H. Hatchett. 1997. Biology and genetics of the Hessian fly and resistance in wheat, In: K. Bobdari, (Ed.), New Developments in Entomology, Research Signpost, Scientific Information Guild, Trivandrum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe, R. H., S. E. Cambron, K. L. Flanders, N. A. Bosque-Perez, S. L. Clement, and H. W. Ohm. 2001. Biotype composition of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) populations from the southeastern, midwestern, and northwestern United States and virulence to resistance genes in wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 93:1319–1328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe, R. H., H. W. Ohm, F. L. Patterson, S. E. Cambron, and G. G. Safranski. 1996. Response of resistance genes H9-H19 in wheat to Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomiidae) laboratory biotypes and field populations from the Eastern United States. J. Econ. Entomol. 89:1309–1317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe, R. H., G. C. Safranski, F. L. Patterson, H. W. Ohm, and P. L. Taylor. 1994. Biotype status of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyidae) populations from the eastern United States and their responses to 14 Hessian fly resistance genes. J. Econ. Entomol. 87:1113–1121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rider Jr., S. D., W. Sun, R. H. Ratcliffe, and J. J. Stuart. 2002. Chromosome landing near avirulence gene vH13 in the Hessian fly. Genome. 45:812–822.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riley, C. V. 1872. Grape disease. In. Fourth Annual Report of the Noxious, Beneficial, and Other Insects of the State of Missouri. Regan & Edwards, Jefferson City, MO. pp. 55–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J., M. Fischer, and D. Hoisington. 1993. Molecular characterization of Diuraphis spp. using random amplified polymorphic DNA. Southwest. Entomol. 18:121–127.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roche, P. A., F. H. Alston, C. A. Maliepaard, K. M. Evans, R. Vrielink, F. Dunemann, T. Markussen, S. Tartarini, L. M. Brown, C. Ryder, and G. J. King. 1997. RFLP and RAPD markers linked to the rosy leaf curling aphid resistance gene (Sd1) in apple. Theor. Appl. Genet. 94:528–533.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roderick, G. K. 1994. Genetics of host plant adaptation in delphacid planthoppers. In: R. F. Denno and J. T. Perfect (Eds.), Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 551–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, M., F. L. Goggin, S. B. Milligan, I. Klaoshian, D. E. Ullman, and V. M. Williamson. 1998. The nematode resistance gene Mi of tomato confers resistance against the potato aphid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:9750–9754.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sardesai, N., A. Kumar, K. R. Rajyashri, S. Nair, and M. Mohan. 2002. Identification and mapping of an AFLP marker linked to Gm7, a gall midge resistance gene and its conversion to a SCAR marker for its utility in marker aided selection in rice. Theor. Appl. Genet. 105:691–698.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sardesai, N., K. R. Rajyashri, S. K. Behura, S. Nair, and M. Mohan. 2001. Genetic. physiological and molecular interactions of rice and its major diptera pest, gall midge. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 64:115–131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, A., and K. Sogawa. 1981. Biotypic variations in the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens Uhler (Homoptera: Deltocephalidae). Appl. Ent. Zool. 16:55–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saxena, R. C., and A. A. Barrion. 1983. Biotypes of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal). Korean J. Plant Prot. 22:52–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saxena, R. C., and L. M. Rueda. 1982. Morphological variations among three biotypes of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens in the Philippines. Insect Sci. Applic. 3:193–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scharwtz, C. D., and G. A. Hubner. 1937. Aphis resistance in breeding mosaic-escaping red raspberries. Science. 86:15–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schilder, F. A. 1947. The biology of phylloxera races. Züchter. 17/18:413–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulte, S. J., S. D. Rider, J. H. Hatchett, and J. J. Stuart. 1999. Molecular genetic mapping of three Xlinked avirulence genes, vH6, vH9 and vH13, in the Hessian fly. Genome. 42:821–828.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sebesta, E. E., and E. A. Wood, Jr. 1978. Transfer of greenbug resistance from rye to wheat with x-rays. Agron. Absts. 61–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen Gupta, G. C., and P. W. Miles. 1975. Studies on the susceptibility of varieties of apple to the feeding of two strains of wooly aphids (Homoptera) in relation to the chemical content of the tissues of the host. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 26:157–68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shade, R. E., L. W. Kitch, P. Mentzer, and L. L. Murdock. 1996. Selection of a cowpea weevil (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) biotype virulent to cowpea weevil resistant landrace TVu 2027. J. Econ. Entomol. 89:1325–1331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shade, R. E., L. L. Murdock, and L. W. Kitch. 1999. Interactions between cowpea weevil (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) populations and Vigna (Leguminosae) species. J. Econ. Entomol. 92:740–745.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shufran K. A., J. D. Burd, and J. A. Webster. 1997. Biotypic status of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) populations in the United States. J. Econ. Entomol. 90:1684–1689.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shufran K. A., and G. Wilde. 1994. Clonal diversity in overwintering populations of Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 84:105–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shufran K. A., D. C. Margolies, and W. C. Black IV. 1992. Variation between biotype E clone of Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 82:407–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S. R., and E. A. Wood, Jr. 1963. Effect of temperature on fecundity of two strains of the greenbug. J. Econ. Entomol. 56:109–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S. R., and R. H. Painter. 1964. Effect of temperature and host plants on progeny production of four biotypes of corn leaf aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. 75:348–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. M., T. Belay, C. Stauffer, P. Stary, I. Kubeckova, and S. Starkey. 2004. Identification of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes virulent to the Dn4 resistance gene. J. Econ. Entomol. 97:112–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sogawa, K. 1978a. Variations in gustatory response to amino acid-sucrose solutions among biotypes of the brown planthopper. International Rice Res. Newslttr. 3(5):9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sogawa, K. 1978b. Electrophoretic variations in esterase among biotypes of the brown planthopper. International Rice Res. Newslttr. 3(5):8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sogawa, K. 1981. Biotypic variations in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delpahacidae) at the IRRN, the Philippines. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 16: 129–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sogawa, K. 1992. A change in biotype property of brown plant-hopper populations immigrating into Japan and their probable source areas. Proc. Assoc. Plant Prot. Kyushu Univ. 38:63–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Song, G.-C., and J. Granett. 1990. Grape phylloxera (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) biotypes in France. J. Econ. Entomol. 83:489–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sosa, O., Jr. 1978. Biotype L, ninth biotype of the Hessian fly. J. Econ. Entomol. 71:458–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sosa, O., Jr. 1981. Biotypes J and L of the Hessian fly discovered in an Indiana wheat field. J. Econ. Entomol. 74:180–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starks, K. J., and R. L. Burton. 1972. Greenbugs: Determining biotypes, culturing, and screening for plant resistance. USDA-ARS Tech. Bull. No. 1556. 12 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starks, K. J., R. L. Burton, and O. G. Merkle. 1983. Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) plant resistance in small grains and sorghum to biotype E. J. Econ. Entomol. 76:877–880.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuart, J. J., S. J. Schulte, P. S. Hall, and K. M. Mayer. 1998. Genetic mapping of Hessian fly avirlence gene vH6 using bulked segregant analysis. Genome. 41:702–708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takita, T., and H. Hashim. 1985. Relationship between laboratory-developed biotypes of green leafhopper and resistant varieties of rice in Malaysia. Japan. Agric. Res. Quart. 19: 219–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, A., K. Ito, J. Tang, G. Hu, and T. Wada. 1994. Biotypical property in the populations of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal (Homoptera: Delphacidae), collected in China and Japan. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 29:461–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, K. 1999. Quantitative genetic analysis of biotypes of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens: heritability of virulence to resistant rice varieties. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 90: 279–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teetes, G. L., C. A. Schaefer, J. R. Gipson, R. C. McIntyre, and E. E. Latham. 1975. Greenbug resistance to organophosphorous insecticides on the Texas high plains. J. Econ. Entomol. 68:214–216.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teetes, G. L., G. C. Peterson, K. F. Nwanze, and B. B. Pendelton. 1999. Genetic diversity of sorghum: A source of insect-resistant germplasm. In: S. L. Clement and S. S. Quisenberry (Eds.), Global Plant Genetic Resources for Insect Resistant Crops. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 63–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. B., and R. L. Conner. 1986. Resistance to colonization by the wheat curl mite in Aegilops squarrosa and its inheritance after transfer to common wheat. Crop Sci. 26:527–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomar, J. B., and S. C. Prasad. 1992. Genetic analysis of resistance to gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason) in rice. Plant Breed. 109:159–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, J. M., J. A. Webster, and E. L. Smith. 1985. Biotype E greenbug resistance in wheat streak mosaic virus-resistant wheat germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 25:686–688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, J. M., J. A. Webster, and O. G. Merkle. 1987. Designations for genes in wheat germplasm conferring greenbug resistance. Crop Sci. 27:526–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasilev, I. V. 1929. On the race of the Ukranian phylloxera (Russian). Vestn. Vinodel Ukrainui. 30:13–14. (Rev. Appl. Entomol. 17:306).

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma, S. K., P. K. Pathak, B. N. Singh, and M. N. Lal. 1979. Indian biotypes of the brown planthopper. International Rice Res. Newslttr. 4(6):7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wada, T., K. Ito, and A. Takahashi. 1994. Biotype comparisons of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) collected in Japan and the Indochina peninsula. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 29:477–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, J. A., and C. Inayatullah. 1985. Aphid biotypes in relation to host plant resistance: a selected bibliography. Southwest. Entomol. 10:116–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, J. A., P. Treat, L. Morgan, and N. Elliott. 2000. Economic impact of the Russian wheat aphid and greenbug in the western United States. 1993–94, 1994–95, and 1995–96. USDA ARS Service Report PSWCRL Rep. 00-001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whalon, M. E., G. Wilde, and H. Feese. 1973. A new corn leaf aphid biotype and its effect on some cereal and small grains. J. Econ. Entomol. 66:570–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whelan, E. D., and G. E. Hart. 1988. A spontaneous translocation that transfers wheat curl mite resistance from decaploid Agropyron elongatum to common wheat. Genome. 30:289–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilhoit, L. R. 1992. Evolution of virulence to plant resistance: Influence of variety mixtures. In: R. S. Fritz and E. L. Simms (Eds.), Plant Resistance to Herbivores and Pathogens: Ecology, Evolution, and Genetics, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 91–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. N., and G. F. Shambaugh. 1988. Grape phylloxera (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) biotypes confirmed by electrophoresis and host susceptibility. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 81:1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, E. A., Jr. 1961. Biological studies of a new greenbug biotype. J. Econ. Entomol. 54:1171–1173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, E., G. C. Rock, and D. C. Zeiger. 1982. Infestation of some Malus cultivars by the North Carolina woolly apple aphid biotype. HortSci. 17:787–788.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zantoko, L., and R. H. Shukle. 1997. Genetics of virulence in the Hessian fly to resistance gene H13 in wheat. J. Hered. 88:120–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarrabi, A. A., R. C. Berberet, and J. L. Caddell. 1995. New biotype of Acyrthosiphon kondoi (Homoptera: Aphididae) on alfalfa in Oklahoma. J. Econ. Entomol. 88:1461–1465.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA

    C. Michael Smith

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2005). Arthropod Biotypes. In: Smith, C.M. (eds) Plant Resistance to Arthropods. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3702-3_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation