Abstract
In this paper, we present a theoretical study on automated understanding of the design drawing. This can lead to design support through the natural interface of sketching. In earlier work, 24 plan-based conventions of depiction have been identified, such as grid, zone, axial system, contour, and element vocabulary. These are termed graphic units. Graphic units form a good basis for recognition of drawings as they combine shape with meaning. We present some of the theoretical questions that have to be resolved before an implementation can be made. The contribution of this paper is: (i) identification of domain knowledge which is necessary for recognition; (ii) outlining combined strategy of multi-agent systems and online recognition; (iii) functional structure for agents and their organisation to converge on sketch recognition.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Achten, H.H. 1997. Generic Representations. PhD-diss., Eindhoven University of Technology.
Achten, H.H. 2000. Design case retrieval by generic representations. In Artificial intelligence in design’ 00, ed. J.S. Gero: 373–392. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Achten, H.H., and J. Jessurun. 2003. Learning from mah jong. In Digital design: research and practice, ed. M.L. Chiu et al.: 115–124. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Ah-Soon, C., and K. Tombre. 2001. Architectural symbol recognition using a network of constraints. Pattern Recognition Letters 22: 231–248.
Akin, O., and H. Moustapha 2004. Strategic use of representation in architectural massing. Design Studies 25(1): 31–50.
Arias, J.F., Lai, C.P., Surya, S., Kasturi, R., and A. Chhabra. 1995. Interpretation of telephone system manhole drawings. Pattern Recognition Letters 16: 355–369.
Bimber, O., Encarnação, L.M., and A. Stork. 2000. A multi-layered architecture for sketch-based interaction within virtual environments. Computers & Graphics 24(6): 851–867.
Cha, M.Y., and Gero, J.S. 1998. Shape pattern recognition. In Artificial intelligence in design’98, ed. Gero, J.S., and F. Sudweeks: 169–187, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Cheng, N.Y.-W. 2004. Stroke sequence in digital sketching. In Architecture in the Network Society [eCAADe 2004 proceedings], eds. B. Rüdiger, B. Tournay, and H. Orbak: 387–393. Copenhagen: eCAADe.
Cooper, M.C. 1997. Interpreting line drawings of curved objects with tangential edges and surfaces. Image and Vision Computing 15: 263–276.
Dahl, D.W., Chattopadhyay, A., and G.J. Gorn. (2001). The importance of visualization in concept design. Design Studies 22(1): 5–26.
Dijk, C.G.C. van, and A.A.C. Mayer. 1997. Sketch input for conceptual surface design. Computers in Industry 34(1): 125–137.
Do, E., Gross, M.D., Neiman, B., and G. Zimring (2000). Intentions in and relations among design drawings. Design Studies 21(5): 483–503.
Erp, M. van, Vuurpijl, L., and L. Schomaker. 2002. An overview and comparison of voting methods for pattern recognition. In Proceedings of IWFHR’02, ed. Williams, A.D.: 195–200, Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society.
Forsyth, D. 1999. An empirical-statistical agenda for recognition. In Shape, contour and grouping in computer vision, ed. Forsyth, D.A., Mundy, J.L., di Gesú, V., and R. Cipolla: 9–21, Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Giacinto, G., and F. Roli. 2001. An approach to the automatic design of multiple classifier systems, Pattern Recognition Letters 22: 25–33.
Goel, V. 1995. Sketches of thought, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Gross, M. (1996). The Electronic Cocktail Napkin-a computational environment for working with design diagrams. Design Studies 17(1): 53–69.
Jansen, H., and F.-L. Krause. 1984. Interpretation of freehand drawings for mechanical design processes. Computers & Graphics 8(4): 351–369.
Kavakli, M., Scrivener, S.A.R. and L.J. Ball 1998. Structure in idea sketching behaviour. Design Studies 19(4): 485–517.
Koutamanis, A. (1990). Development of a computerized handbook of architectural plans. PhD. diss., Delft University of Technology.
Koutamanis, A., and V. Mitossi (2001). On representation. Design Research in the Netherlands 2000, ed. H. Achten, B. de Vries, and J. Hennessey: 105–118, Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology.
Lawson, B. and S.H. Loke 1997. Computers, words and pictures. Design Studies 18(2): 171–183.
Leclercq, P.P. 2001. Programming and assisted sketching. In Computer aided architectural design futures 2001, ed. B. de Vries and J.P. van Leeuwen, and H.H. Achten:15–31. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Lim, S., Qin, S.F., Prieto, P., Wright, D., and J. Shackleton. 2003. A study of sketching behaviour to support free-form surface modelling from on-line sketching. Design Studies 25(4): 393–413.
Liu, C.L., Nakashima, K., Sako, H., and H. Fujisawa 2003. Handwritten digit recognition: benchmarking of state-of-the-art techniques. Pattern Recognition 36(10): 2271–2285.
McGown, A., Green, G., and P.A. Rodgers 1998. Visible ideas: information patterns of conceptual sketch activity. Design Studies 19(4): 431–453.
Mundy, J. 1999. A formal-physical agenda for recognition. Shape, contour and grouping in computer Vision, ed. Forsyth, D.A., Mundy, J.L., di Gesú, V., and R. Cipolla: 22–27, Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Ng, G.S., and H. Singh. 1998. Democracy in pattern classification: combinations of votes in various pattern classifiers, Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 12:189–204.
Ogier, J.M., Mullot, R., Labiche, J., and Y. Lecourtier. 1998. Multilevel approach and distributed consistency for technical map interpretation: Application to cadastral maps. Computer Vision and Image Understanding 70(3): 438–451.
Parodi, P., Lancewicki, R., Vijh, A., and J.K. Tsotsos. 1998. Empirically-derived estimates of the complexity of labelling line drawings of polyhedral scenes. Artificial Intelligence 105: 47–75.
Purcell, A.T., and J.S. Gero 1998. Drawings and the design process. Design Studies 19(4): 389–430.
Qin, S.-F., Wright, D.K., and I.N. Jordanov. 2001. On-line segmentation of freehand sketches by knowledge-based nonlinear thresholding operations, Pattern Recognition 34(10): 1885–1893.
Rodgers, P.A., G. Green, and A. McGown. 2000. Using concept sketches to track design progress. Design Studies 21(5): 451–464.
Scrivener, S.A.R., Ball, L.J. and W. Tseng. 2000. Uncertainty and sketching behaviour. Design Studies 21(5): 465–481.
Song, X.B., Abu-Mostafa, Y., Sill, J., Kasdan, H., and M. Pavel. 2002. Robust image recognition by fusion of contextual information. Information Fusion 3(4): 277–287.
Tombre, K. 1995. Graphics recognition — general context and challenges. Pattern Recognition Letters 16(9): 883–891.
Tovey, M. 1997. Styling and design: intuition and analysis in industrial design. Design Studies 18(1): 5–31.
Tovey, M., Porter, S., and R. Newman. 2003. Sketching, concept development and automotive design. Design Studies 24(2): 135–153.
Verstijnen, I.M. 1997. Sketches of creative discovery. PhD. diss, Delft University of Technology.
Verstijnen, I.M., J.M. Hennessey, C. van Leeuwen, R. Hamel, and G. Goldschmidt. 1998. Sketching and creative discovery. Design Studies 19(4): 519–546.
Vuurpijl, L., and L. Schomaker, L. 1998. Multiple-agent architectures for the classification of handwritten text. In Proceedings of IWFHR6, 335–346. Taejon, Korea.
Wenyin, L., and D. Dori. 1998. A generic integrated line detection algorithm and its object-process specification. Computer Vision and Image Understanding 70(3): 420–437.
Williams, A.D. (ed.). 2002. Proceedings Eighth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer
About this paper
Cite this paper
Achten, H. (2005). Resolving some Ambiguities in Real-time Design Drawing Recognition by means of a Decision Tree for Agents. In: Martens, B., Brown, A. (eds) Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2005. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3698-1_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3698-1_29
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-3460-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-3698-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)