This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, S.M. (2003) Establishing causality between environmental stressors and effects on aquatic ecosystems, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 19, 17–35.
Ahlf, W., Calmano, W., Erhard, J. and Förstner, U. (1989) Comparison of rive bioassay techniques for assessing sediment-bound contaminants, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11-14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 285–289.
Ahne, W. (1985) Untersuchungen über die Verwendung von Fischzellkulturen fur Toxizitätsbestimmungen zur Einschränkung and Ersatz des Fishtests, Zentralblatt Fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie Und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale B, Hygiene 180, 480–504.
Ahtiainen, J., Nakari, T. and Silvonen, J. (1996) Toxicity of TCF and ECF pulp bleaching effluents assessed by biological toxicity tests, in M.R. Servos, K.R. Munkittrick, J.H. Carey and G.J. Van Der Kraak (eds.), Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents, St-Lucie Press, FL, pp. 33–40.
Ahtiainen, J., Nakari, T., Ruoppa, M., Verta, M. and Talka, E. (2000) Toxicity screening of novel pulp mill wastewaters in Finnish pulp mills, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 307–317.
Alberts, J.J., Takács, M. and Pattanayek, M. (2001) Influence of IHSS standard and reference materials on copper and mercury toxicity to Vibrio fischeri, Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 28, 428–435.
Ali, M. and Sreekrishnan, T.R. (2001) Aquatic toxicity from pulp and paper mill effluents: a review, Advances in Environmental Research 5, 175–196.
Altenburger, R., Boedeker, W., Faust, M. and Grimme, L.H. (1996) Regulations for combined effects of pollutants: consequences from risk assessment in aquatic toxicology, Food and Chemical Toxicology 34, 1155–1157.
Anastácio, P.M., Lützhøft, H.C., Halling-Sørensen, B. and Marques, J.C. (2000) Surfactant (Genapol OX-80) toxicity to Selenastrum capricornutum, Chemosphere 40(8), 835–838.
Angelaki, A., Sakellariou, M., Pateras, D. and Kungolos, A. (2000) Assessing the quality of natural waters in Magnesia prefecture in Greece using Toxkits, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 281–288.
Ankley, G. T., Benoit, D. A., Balogh, J. C., Reynoldson, T. B., Day, K. E. and Hoke, R. A. (1994) Evaluation of potential confounding factors in sediment toxicity tests with three freshwater benthic invertebrates, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(4), 627–635.
Ankley, G.T., Liber, K., Call, D.J., Markee, T.P., Canfield, T.J. and Ingersoll, C.G. (1996) A field investigation of the relationship between zinc and acid volatile sulfide concentrations in freshwater sediments, Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 5(4), 255–264.
Antunes, S.C., Castro, B.B. and Gonçalves, F. (2004) Effect of food level on the acute and chronic responses of daphnids to lindane, Environmental Pollution 127(3), 367–375.
Aoyama, I., Okamura, H. and Rong, L. (2000) Toxicity testing in Japan and the use of Toxkit microbiotests, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 123–133.
Arbuckle, W.B. and Alleman, J.E. (1992) Effluent toxicity testing using nitrifiers and Microtox™, Water Environment Research 64, 263–267.
Arkhipchuk, V.V. and Malinovskaya, M.V. (2002) Quality of water types in Ukraine evaluated by WaterTox bioassays, Environmental Toxicology 17(3), 250–257.
Aruldoss, J.A. and Viraraghavan, T. (1998) Toxicity testing of refinery wastewater using Microtox, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 60(3), 456–463.
Asami, M., Suzuki, N. and Nakanishi, J. (1996) Aquatic toxicity emission from Tokyo: wastewater measured using marine luminescent bacterium, Photobacterium phosphoreum, Water Science and Technology 33(6), 121–128.
Atienzar, F.A., Cheung, V.V., Jha, A.N. and Depledge, M.H. (2001) Fitness parameters and DNA effects are sensitive indicators of copper-induced toxicity in Daphnia magna, Toxicological Sciences 59(2), 241–250.
Babich, H. and Borenfreund, E. (1987) Cultured fish cells for the ecotoxicity testing of aquatic pollutants, Toxicity Assessment 2, 119–133.
Babich, H. and Borenfreund, E. (1991) Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays with cultured fish cells: a review, Toxicology in Vitro 5, 91–100.
Baer, K.N., Ziegenfuss, M.C., Banks, S.D. and Ling, Z. (1999) Suitability of high-hardness COMBO medium for ecotoxicity testing using algae, daphnids, and fish, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 63(3), 289–296.
Baer, K.N., Boeri, R.L., Ward, T.J. and Dixon, D.W. (2002) Aquatic toxicity evaluation of paramethylstyrene, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 53(3), 432–438.
Baird, D.J., Barber, I., Bradley, M., Soares, A.M.V.M. and Calow, P. (1991) A comparative study of genotype sensitivity to acute toxic stress using clones of Daphnia magna Straus, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 21, 257–265.
Barata, C., Baird, D.J. and Markich, S.J. (1998) Influence of genetic and environmental factors on the tolerance of Daphnia magna Straus to essential and non-essential metals, Aquatic Toxicology 42(2), 115–137.
Barber, I., Baird, D.J. and Calow, P. (1990) Clonal variation in general responses of Daphnia magna Straus to toxic stress. II. Physiological effects, Functional Ecology 4, 409–414.
Barber, T.R., Fuchsman, P.C., Chappie, D.J., Sferra, J.C., Newton, F.C. and Sheehan, P.J. (1997) Toxicity of hexachlorobenzene to Hyallela azteca and Chironomus tentans in spiked sediment bioassays, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(8), 1716 1720.
Barrett, K.L. (1995) A comparison of the fate and effects of prochloraz in artificial and natural sediments, Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 4(4), 239–248.
Bartlett, A.J., Borgmann, U., Dixon, D.G., Batchelor, S.P. and Maguire, R.J. (2004) Tributyltin uptake and depuration in Hyalella azteca: implications for experimental design, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(2), 426–434.
Bartsch, M.R., Newton, T.J., Allran, J.W., O’Donnell, J.A. and Richardson, W.B. (2003) Effects of porewater ammonia on in situ survival and growth of juvenile mussels (Lampsilis cardium) in the St. Croix Riverway, Wisconsin, USA, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(11), 2561–2568.
Bastian, K.C. and Alleman, J.E. (1998) Microtox characterization of foundry sand residuals, Waste Management 18(4), 227–234.
Baun, A., Bussarawit, N. and Nyholm, N. (1998) Screening of pesticide toxicity in surface water from an agricultural area at Phuket Island (Thailand), Environmental Pollution 102(2–3), 185–190.
Bearden, A.P., Gregory, B.W. and Schultz, T.W. (1997) Growth kinetics of preexposed and naive populations of Tetrahymena pyriformis to 2-decanone and acetone, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 37(3), 245–250.
Becker, C.D., Fallon, W.E., Crass, D.W. and Scott, A.J. (1983) Acute toxicity of water soluble fractions derived from a coal liquid (SRC-II) to three aquatic organisms, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 19, 171–184.
Becker, D.S., Rose, C.D. and Bigham, G.N. (1995) Comparison of the 10-day freshwater sediment toxicity tests using Hyallela azteca and Chironomus tentans, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14(12), 2089–2094.
Bengtsson, B.-E., Bongo, J.P. and Eklund, B. (1999) Assessment of duckweed Lemna aequinoctialis as a toxicological bioassay for tropical environments in developing countries, Ambio 28(2), 152–155.
Bennett, J. and Cubbage, J. (1992a) Evaluation of bioassay organisms for freshwater sediment toxicity testing, Environmental Investigations and Laboratory Services, Washington State Department of Ecology, Washington, DC (December 19, 2003); http://www.nic.edu/library/superfund/refdocs%5Ccda0159.pdf.
Bennett, J. and Cubbage, J. (1992b) Review and evaluation of Microtox test for freshwater sediments, Washington State Department of Ecology, Washington, 28 pp.
Bennett, W.R. and Farrell, A.P. (1998) Acute toxicity testing with juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 33(1), 95–110.
Benoit, D.A., Sibley, P.K., Juenemann, J.L. and Ankley, G.T. (1997) Chironomus tentans life-cycle test: design and evaluation for use in assessing toxicity of contaminated sediments, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(6), 1165–1176.
Bérard, A., Dorigo, U., Mercier, I., Becker-van Slooten, K., Grandjean, D. and Leboulanger, C. (2003) Comparison of the ecotoxicological impact of the triazines Irgarol 1051 and atrazine on microalgal cultures and natural microalgal communities in Lake Geneva, Chemosphere 53(8), 935–944.
Berk, S.G. and Roberts, R.O. (1998) Development of a protozoan chemoattraction inhibition assay for evaluating toxicity of aquatic pollutants, in P.G. Wells, K. Lee and C. Blaise (eds.) Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology: Advances, Techniques, and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 337–348.
Bermingham, N., Costan, G., Blaise, C. and Patenaude, L. (1996) Use of micro-scale aquatic toxicity tests in ecolabelling guidelines for general purpose cleaners, in M. Richardson (ed.), Environmental Xenobiotics, Taylor & Francis Books Ltd, London, England, pp. 195–212.
Bervoets, L. and Blust, R. (2003) Metal concentrations in water, sediment and gudgeon (Gobio gobio) from a pollution gradient: relationship with fish condition factor, Environmental Pollution 126(1), 9–19.
Bervoets, L., Baillieul, M., Blust, R. and Verheyen, R. (1996) Evaluation of effluent toxicity and ambient toxicity in a polluted lowland river, Environmental Pollution 91(3), 333–341.
Bervoets, L., De Bruyn, L., Van Ginneken, L. and Blust, R. (2003) Accumulation of 137Cs by larvae of the midge Chironomus riparius from sediment: effect of potassium, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(7), 1589–1596.
Bervoets, L., Meregalli, G., De Cooman, W., Goddeeris, B. and Blust, R. (2004) Caged midge larvae (Chironomus riparius) for the assessment of metal bioaccumulation from sediments in situ, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(2), 443–454.
Besser, J.M., Kubitz, J.A., Ingersoll, C.G., Braselton, W.E. and Giesy, J.P. (1995) Influences on copper bioaccumulation, growth, and survival of the midge, Chironomus tentans, in metal contaminated sediments, Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 4(3), 157–168.
Besser, J.M., Ingersoll, C.G. and Giesy, J.P. (1996) Effects of spatial and temporal variation of acid-volatile sulfide on the bioavailability of copper and zinc in freshwater sediments, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(3), 286–293.
Besser, J.M., Ingersoll, C.G., Leonard, E.N. and Mount, D.R. (1998) Effect of zeolite on toxicity of ammonia in freshwater sediments: implications for toxicity identification evaluation procedures, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17(11), 2310–2317.
Besser, J.M., Brumbaugh, W.G., May, T.W. and Ingersoll, C.G. (2003) Effects of organic amendments on the toxicity and bioavailability of cadmium and copper in spiked formulated sediments, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(4), 805–815.
Bettinetti, R., Giarei, C. and Provini, A. (2003) Chemical analysis and sediment toxicity bioassays to assess the contamination of the River Lambro (Northern Italy), Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 45(1), 72–78.
Bierkens, J., Maes, J. and Plaetse, F.V. (1998) Dose-dependent induction of heat shock protein 70 synthesis in Raphidocelis subcapitata following exposure to different classes of environmental pollutants, Environmental Pollution 101(1), 91–97.
Bitton, G. and Koopman, B. (1992) Bacterial and enzymatic bioassays for toxicity testing in the environment, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 125, 1–22.
Bitton, G. and Morel, J.L. (1998) Microbial enzyme assays for the detection of heavy metal toxicity, in P.G. Wells, K. Lee and C. Blaise (eds.), Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology: Advances, Techniques, and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 143–152.
Bitton, G., Koopman, B. and Agami, O. (1992) MetPAD™: a bioassay for rapid assessment of heavy metal toxicity in wastewater, Water Environment Research 64(6), 834–836.
Bitton, G., Jung, K. and Koopman, B. (1994) Evaluation of a microplate assay specific for heavy metal toxicity, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27(1), 25–28.
Blaise, C. (1993) Practical laboratory applications with micro-algae for hazard assessment of aquatic contaminants, in M. Richardson (ed.), Ecotoxicology Monitoring, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 83–107.
Blaise, C. (2002) Use of microscopic algae in toxicity testing, in G. Bitton (ed.), Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, pp. 3219–3230.
Blaise, C. (2003) Canadian application of bioassays for environmental management: a review, in M. Munawar (ed.), Sediment Quality Assessment and Management: Insight and Progress, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society, Canada, pp. 39–58.
Blaise, C. and Costan, G. (1987) La toxicité létale aiguë des effluents industriels au Québec vis-à-vis de la truite arc-en-ciel, Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada 22(3), 385–402.
Blaise, C. and Kusui, T. (1997) Acute toxicity assessment of industrial effluents with a microplate-based Hydra attenuata assay, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 12(1), 53–60.
Blaise, C. and Ménard, L. (1998) A micro-algal solid-phase test to assess the toxic potential of freshwater sediments, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 33(1), 133–151.
Blaise, C., Bermingham, N. and Van Collie, R. (1985) The integrated ecotoxicological approach to assessment of ecotoxicity, Water Quality Bulletin 10(1), 3–10.
Blaise, C., Van Coillie, R., Bermingham, N. and Coulombe, G. (1987) Comparaison des réponses toxiques de trois indicateurs biologiques (bactéries, algues, poissons) exposés à des effluents de fabriques de pâtes et papiers, Revue Internationale des Sciences de l’Eau 3(1), 9–17.
Blaise, C., Sergy, G., Wells, P., Bermingham, N. and Van Coillie, R. (1988) Biological Testing-Development, Application, and Trends in Canadian Environmental Protection Laboratories, Toxicity Assessment 3, 385–406.
Blaise, C., Forghani, R., Legault, R., Guzzo, J. and Dubow, M.S. (1994) A bacterial toxicity assay performed with microplates, microluminometry and Microtox reagent, Biotechniques 16(5), 932–937.
Blaise, C., Wells, P.G. and Lee, K. (1998a) Microscale testing in aquatic toxicology: introduction, historical perspective, and context, in P.G. Wells, K. Lee and C. Blaise (eds.), Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology: Advances, Techniques, and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 1–9.
Blaise, C., Férard, J.-F. and Vasseur, P. (1998b) Microplate toxicity tests with microalgae: a review, in P.G. Wells, K. Lee and C. Blaise (eds.), Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology: Advances, Techniques, and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 269–288.
Blaise, C., Gagné, F. and Bombardier, M. (2000) Recent developments in microbiotesting and early millennium prospects, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 123(1–4), 11–23.
Blaise, C, Gagné, F., Chèvre, N., Harwood, M., Lee, K., Lappalainen, J, Chial, B., Persoone, G. and Doe, K. (2004) Toxicity assessment of oil-contaminated freshwater sediments, Environmental Toxicology 19, 329–335.
Bleckmann, C.A., Rabe, B., Edgmon, S.J. and Fillingame, D. (1995) Aquatic toxicity variability for fresh-and saltwater species in refinery wastewater effluent, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14(7), 1219–1223.
Blinova, I. (2000) Comparison of the sensitivity of aquatic test species for toxicity evaluation of various environmental samples, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 217–220.
Boluda, R., Quintanilla, J.F., Bonilla, J.A., Saez, E. and Gamon, M. (2002) Application of the Microtox test and pollution indices to the study of water toxicity in the Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain), Chemosphere 46(2), 355–369.
Bombardier, M. and Blaise, C. (2000) Comparative study of the sediment-toxicity index, benthic community metrics and contaminant concentrations, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 35(4), 753–780.
Bonnemoy, F., Lavédrine, B. and Boulkamh, A. (2004) Influence of UV irradiation on the toxicity of phenylurea herbicides using Microtox® test, Chemosphere 54(8), 1183–1187.
Bonnet, C. (2000) Développement de bioessais sur sédiments et applications à l’é tude, en laboratoire, de la toxicité de sédiments dulçaquicoles contaminés, UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Université de METZ, Metz, France, 326 pages.
Borgmann, U. and Munawar, M. (1989) A new standardized sediment bioassay protocol using the amphipod Hyalella azteca (Saussure), in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11–14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 425–531.
Botsford, J.L. (1998) A simple assay for toxic chemicals using a bacterial indicator, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 14(3), 369–376.
Boulanger, B. and Nikolaidis, N.P. (2003) Mobility and aquatic toxicity of copper in an urban watershed, Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39(2), 325–336.
Bradfield, A.D., Flexner, N.M. and Webster, D.A. (1993) Water quality, organic chemistry of sediment, and biological conditions of streams near an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee, Water-resources investigations report; 93-4148, USGS, Earth Science Information Center, Denver, CO, pp. 1–50.
Brent, R.N. and Herricks, E.E. (1998) Postexposure effects of brief cadmium, zinc, and phenol exposures on freshwater organisms, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17(10), 2091–2099.
Bridges, T.S., Wright, R.B., Gray, B.R., Gibson, A.B. and Dillon, T.M. (1996) Chronic toxicity of Great Lakes sediments to Daphnia magna: elutriate effects on survival, reproduction and population growth, Ecotoxicology 5, 83–102.
Brix, K.V., DeForest, D.K. and Adams, W.J. (2001a) Assessing acute and chronic copper risks to freshwater aquatic life using species sensitivity distributions for different taxonomic groups, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20(8), 1846–1856.
Brix, K.V., Henderson, D.G., Adams, W.J., Reash, R.J., Carlton, R.G. and McIntyre, D.O. (2001b) Acute toxicity of sodium selenate to two daphnids and three amphipods, Environmental Toxicology 16(2), 142–150.
Brix, K.V., Volosin, J.S., Adams, W.J., Reash, R.J., Carlton, R.G. and McIntyre, D.O. (2001c) Effects of sulfate on the acute toxicity of selenate to freshwater organisms, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20(5), 1037–1045.
Broomhall, S. (2002) The effects of endosulfan and variable water temperature on survivorship and subsequent vulnerability to predation in Litoria citropa tadpoles, Aquatic Toxicology 61(3–4), 243–250.
Brorson, T., Björklund, I., Svenstam, G. and Lantz, R. (1994) Comparison of two strategies for assessing ecotoxicological aspects of complex wastewater from a chemical-pharmaceutical plant, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(4), 543–552.
Brouwer, H., Murphy T. and McArdle, L. (1990) A sediment contact assay with Photobacterium phosphoreum, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9, 1353–1358.
Buchwalter, D.B., Jenkins, J.J. and Curtis, L.R. (2003) Temperature influences on water permeability and chlorpyrifos uptake in aquatic insects with differing respiratory strategies, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(11), 2806–2812.
Bulich, A.A. and Bailey, G. (1995) Environmental toxicity assessment using luminescent bacteria, in M. Richardson (ed.), Environmental Toxicology Assessment, Taylor & Francis Ltd., London, England, pp. 29–40.
Bulich, A.A., Huynh, H. and Ulitzur, S. (1996) The use of luminescent bacteria for measuring chronic toxicity, in G.K. Ostrander (ed.), Techniques in Aquatic Toxicology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 3–12.
Burba, A. (1999) The design of an experimental system of estimation methods for effects of heavy metals and their mixtures on Daphnia magna, Acta Zoologica Lituanica, Hydrobiologia 9(2), 21–29.
Burton Jr, G.A., Nelson, M.K. and Ingersoll, C.G. (1992) Freshwater benthic toxicity tests, in G.A. Burton Jr. (ed.), Sediment Toxicity Assessment, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 213–240.
Burton Jr, G.A., Norberg-King, T.J., Ingersoll, C.G., Benoit, D.A., Ankley, G.T., Winger, P.V., Kubitz, J.A., Lazorchak, J.M., Smith, M.E., Greer, E., Dwyer, F.J., Call, D.J., Day, K.E., Kennedy, P. and Stinson, M. (1996) Interlaboratory study of precision: Hyallela azteca and Chironomus tentans freshwater sediment toxicity assays, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(8), 1335–1343.
Burton Jr, G.A., Baudo, R., Beltrami, M. and Rowland, C. (2001) Assessing sediment contamination using six toxicity assays, Journal of Limnology 60(2), 263–267.
Bury, N.R., Shaw, J., Glover, C. and Hogstrand, C. (2002) Derivation of a toxicity-based model to predict how water chemistry influences silver toxicity to invertebrates, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C 133(1–2), 259–270.
Cairns Jr, J. and Pratt, J.R. (1989) The scientific basis of bioassays, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfeld, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11–14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 5–20.
Call, D.J., Liber, K., Whiteman, F.W., Dawson, T.D. and Brooke, L.T. (1999) Observations on the 10-day Chironomus tentans survival and growth bioassay in evaluating Great Lakes sediments, Journal of the Great Lakes Research 25, 171–178.
Call, D.J., Markee, T.P., Geiger, D.L., Brooke, L.T., VandeVenter, F.A., Cox, D.A., Genisot, K.I., Robillard, K.A., Gorsuch, J.W., Parkerton, T.F., Reiley, M.C., Ankley, G.T. and Mount, D.R. (2001) An assessment of the toxicity of phthalate esters to freshwater benthos. 1. Aqueous exposures, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20(8), 1798–1804.
Calleja, M.C. and Persoone, G. (1993) The influence of solvents on the acute toxicity of some lipophilic chemicals to aquatic invertebrates, Chemosphere 26(11), 2007–2022.
Calow, P. (1989) The choice and implementation of environmental bioassays, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfeld, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11–14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 61–64.
Campbell, D.L., Lawton, L.A., Beattie, K.A. and Codd, G.A. (1994) Comparative assessment of the specificity of the brine shrimp and Microtox assays to hepatotoxic (microcystin-LR-containing) cyanobacteria, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 9(1), 71–77.
Cancilla, D.A., Holtkamp, A., Matassa, L. and Fang, X. (1997) Isolation and characterization of Microtox®-active components from aircraft de-icing/anti-icing fluids, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(3), 430–434.
Canfield, T.J., Brunson, E.L., Dwyer, F.J., Ingersoll, C.G. and Kemble, N.E. (1998) Assessing sediments from Upper Mississippi River navigational pools using a benthic invertebrate community evaluation and the sediment quality triad approach, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35(2), 202–212.
Cangiano, T., Dellagreca, M., Fiorentino, A., Isidori, M., Monaco, P. and Zarrelli, A. (2002) Effect of entlabdane diterpenes from Potamogetonaceae on Selenastrum capricornutum and other aquatic organisms, Journal of Chemical Ecology 28(6), 1091–1102.
Canivet, V. and Gibert, J. (2002) Sensitivity of epigean and hypogean freshwater macroinvertebrates to complex mixtures. Part I: Laboratory experiments, Chemosphere 46(7), 999–1009.
CANMET (1996) Comparison of results from alternative acute toxicity tests with rainbow trout for selected mine effluents, Aquatic Effects Technology Evaluation (AETE) Program, Project 1.1.4, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Mining Association of Canada (MAC), Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 1–228.
CANMET (1997a) Review of methods for sublethal aquatic toxicity tests relevant to the Canadian metal-mining industry, Aquatic Effects Technology Evaluation (AETE) Program, Project 1.2.1, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Mining Association of Canada (MAC), Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 1–132.
CANMET (1997b) Laboratory screening of sublethal toxicity tests for selected mine effluents, Aquatic Effects Technology Evaluation (AETE) Program, Project 1.2.2, Canada Center for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Mining Association of Canada (MAC), Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 1–69.
CANMET (1997c) Toxicity assessment of highly mineralized waters from potential mine sites, Aquatic Effects Technology Evaluation (AETE) Program, Project 1.2.4, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Mining Association of Canada (MAC), Ottawa, Ontario, 38 pp.
CANMET (1998) Toxicity assessment of mining effluents using up-stream or reference site waters and test organism acclimation techniques, Aquatic Effects Technology Evaluation (AETE) Program, Project 4.1.2a, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Mining Association of Canada (MAC), Ottawa, Ontario, 81 pp.
CANMET (1999) Technical evaluation of determining mining related impacts utilizing benthos macroinvertebrate fitness parameters, Aquatic Effects Technology Evaluation (AETE) Program, Project 2.1.5, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Mining Association of Canada (MAC), Ottawa, Ontario, 81 pp.
Canna-Michaelidou, S., Nicolaou, A.S., Neopfytou, E. and Christodoulidou, M., (2000) The use of a battery of microbiotests as a tool for integrated pollution control evaluation and perspectives in Cyprus, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 39–48.
Carter, J.A., Mroz, R.E., Tay, K.L. and Doe, K.G. (1998) An evaluation of the use of soil and sediment bioassays in the assessment of three contaminated sites in Atlantic Canada, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 33(2), 295–317.
Castaño, A., Bols, N.C., Braunbeck, T., Dierickx, P.J., Halder, M., Isomaa, B., Kawahara, K., Lee, L.E.J., Mothersill, C., Pärt, P., Repetto, G., Sintes, J.R., Rufli, H., Smith, R., Wood, C. and Segner, H. (2003) The use of fish cells in ecotoxicology. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 47, ATLA (Alternatives To Laboratory Animals) 31(3), 317–351.
Castillo, G.C., Vila, I.C. and Neild, E. (2000) Ecotoxicity assessment of metals and wastewater using multitrophic assays, Environmental Toxicology 15(5), 370–375.
Cataldo, D., Colombo, J.C., Boltovskoy, D., Bilos, C. and Landoni, P. (2001) Environmental toxicity assessment in the Paraná river delta (Argentina): simultaneous evaluation of selected pollutants and mortality rates of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) early juveniles, Environmental Pollution 112(3), 379–389.
Cerejeira, M.J., Pereira, T. and Silva-Fernandes, A. (1998) Use of new microbiotests with Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum immobilized forms, Chemosphere 37(14–15), 2949–2955.
Chan, Y.K., Wong, C.K., Hsieh, D. P.H., Ng, S.P., Lau, T.K. and Wong, P.K. (2003) Application of a toxicity identification evaluation for a sample of effluent discharged from a dyeing factory in Hong Kong, Environmental Toxicology 18(5), 312–316.
Chapman, P.M. (1998) Death by mud: amphipod sediment toxicity tests, in P.G. Wells, K. Lee and C. Blaise (eds.), Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology: Advances, Techniques, and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 451–463.
Chapman, K.K., Benton, M.J., Brinkhurst, R.O. and Scheuerman, P.R. (1999) Use of the aquatic oligochaetes Lumbriculus variegatus and Tubifex tubifex for assessing the toxicity of copper and cadmium in a spiked-artificial-sediment toxicity test, Environmental Toxicology 14(2), 271–278.
Charles, A.L., Markich, S.J., Stauber, J.L. and De Filippis, L.F. (2002) The effect of water hardness on the toxicity of uranium to a tropical freshwater alga (Chlorella sp.), Aquatic Toxicology 60(1–2), 61–73.
Cheam, V., Reynoldson, T., Garbai, G., Rajkumar, J. and Milani, D. (2000) Local impacts of coal mines and power plants across Canada. II. Metals, organics and toxicity in sediments, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 35(4), 609–631.
Chen, C.-Y. and Lin, K.-C. (1997) Optimization and performance evaluation of the continuous algal toxicity test, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(7), 1337–1344.
Chen, C.-Y., Huang, J.-B. and Chen, S.-D. (1997) Assessment of the microbial toxicity test and its application for industrial wastewaters, Water Science and Technology 36(12), 375–382.
Chen, C.-Y., Chen, J.-N. and Chen, S.-D. (1999) Toxicity assessment of industrial wastewater by microbial testing method, Water Science and Technology 39(10–11), 139–143.
Chial, B.Z. and Persoone, G. (2002) Cyst-based toxicity tests XIII — Development of a short chronic sediment toxicity test with the ostracod crustacean Heterocypris incongruens: Methodology and precision, Environmental Toxicology 17(6), 528–532.
Chial, B.Z., Persoone, G. and Blaise, C. (2003) Cyst-based toxicity tests. XVIII. Application of ostracodtoxkit microbiotest in a bioremediation project of oil-contaminated sediments: Sensitivity comparison with Hyalella azteca solid-phase assay, Environmental Toxicology 18(5), 279–283.
Choi, K. and Meier, P.G. (2001) Toxicity evaluation of metal plating wastewater employing the Microtox® assay: a comparison with cladocerans and fish, Environmental Toxicology 16(2), 136–141.
Choi, K., Sweet, L.I., Meier, P.G. and Kim, P.G. (2004) Aquatic toxicity of four alkylphenols (3-tertbutylphenol, 2-isopropylphenol, 3-isopropylphenol, and 4-iso-propylphenol) and their binary mixtures to microbes, invertebrates and fish, Environmental Toxicology 19, 45–50.
Chu, S., He, Y. and Xu, X. (1997) Determination of acute toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls to Photobacterium phosphoreum, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58(2), 263–267.
Cieniawski, S. and Collier, D. (2003) Post-Remediation Sediment Sampling on the Raisin River Near Monroe, Michigan, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Programm Office, Chicago, Illinois, 52 pp.
Clément, B. (2000) The use of microbiotests for assessing the influence of the dilution medium quality on the acute toxicity of chemicals and effluents, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 221–228.
Clément, B., Persoone, G., Janssen, C. and Le Dû-Delepierre, A. (1996) Estimation of the hazard of landfills through toxicity testing of leachates — I. Determination of leachate toxicity with a battery of acute tests, Chemosphere 33(11), 2303–2320.
Cleuvers, M. and Ratte, H.T. (2002a) Phytotoxicity of coloured substances: is Lemna duckweed an alternative to the algal growth inhibition test?, Chemosphere 49(1), 9–15.
Cleuvers, M. and Ratte, H.T. (2002b) The importance of light intensity in algal tests with coloured substances, Water Research 36(9), 2173–2178.
Cleuvers, M. and Weyers, A. (2003) Algal growth inhibition test: does shading of coloured substances really matter?, Water Research 37(11), 2718–2722.
Codina, J.C., Pérez-García, A. and de Vicente, A. (1994) Detection of heavy metal toxicity and genotoxicity in wastewaters by microbial assay, Water Science and Technology 30(10), 145–151.
Coleman, R.N. and Qureshi, A.A. (1985) Microtox and Spirillum volutans tests for assessing toxicity of environmental samples, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35(4), 443–451.
Collier, D. and Cieniawski, S. (2003) Survey of sediment contamination in the Chicago River, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, IL, (2003-12-30), 46 pp.; http: //www.epa.gov/glnpo/sediment/ChgoRvr/chgorvrpt.pdf.
Connon, R., Printes, L.B., Dewhurst, R.E., Crane, M. and Callaghan, A. (2000) Groundwater Pollution: development of biomarkers for the assessment of sublethal toxicity, URGENT Annual Meeting 2000 Proceedings of the NERC URGENT Thematic Programme, Cardiff University, Wales, UK (2003-12-22); http: //urgent.nerc.ac.uk/Meetings/2000/2000Proc/water/connon.htm.
Conrad, A.U., Fleming, R.J. and Crane, M. (1999) Laboratory and field response of Chironomus riparius to a pyrethroid insecticide, Water Research 33(7), 1603–1610.
Cooman, K., Gajardo, M., Nieto, J., Bornhardt, C. and Vidal, G. (2003) Tannery wastewater characterization and toxicity effects on Daphnia spp., Environmental Toxicology 18(1), 45–51.
Cortes, G., Mendoza, A. and Muñoz, D. (1996) Toxicity evaluation using bioassays in rural developing district 063 Hidalgo, Mexico, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 11(2), 137–143.
Côté, C., Blaise, C., Michaud, J.-R., Ménard, L., Trottier, S., Gagné, F. and Lifshitz, R. (1998a) Comparisons between microscale and whole-sediment assays for freshwater sediment toxicity assessment, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 13(1), 93–110.
Côté, C., Blaise, C., Schroeder, J., Douville, M. and Michaud, J.-R. (1998b) Investigating the adequacy of selected micro-scale bioassays to predict the toxic potential of freshwater sediments through a tier process, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 33(2), 253–277.
Côté, C., Douville, M. and Michaud, J.-R. (1999) Eaux usées industrielles: é valuation de micro-bioessais pour la surveillance et l’identification de la toxicité des effluents de l’industrie papetière, Saint-Laurent Vision 2000, Environnement Canada, Québec.
Couture, P., Blaise, C., Cluis, D. and Bastien, C. (1989) Zirconium toxicity assessment using bacteria, algae and fish assay, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 47(1–2), 87–100.
Cowgill, U.M. (1986) Why round-robin testing with zooplankton often fails to provide acceptable results, in T.M. Poston and R. Purdy (eds.), Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Fate: 9 th Volume, ASTM STP 921, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 349–356.
Coya, B., Marañón, E. and Sastre, H. (1996) Evaluation of the ecotoxicity of industrial wastes by microtox bioassay, Toxicology Letters 88(Supplement 1), 79–79.
Coz, A., Andrés, A. and Irabien, A. (2004) Ecotoxicity assessment of stabilized/solifidied foundry sludge, Environmental Science and Technology 38, 1897–1900.
Crane, M., Delaney, P., Mainstone, C. and Clarke, S. (1995) Measurement by in situ bioassay of water quality in an agricultural catchment, Water Research 29(11), 2441–2448.
Crane, M., Attwood, C., Sheahan, D. and Morris, S. (1999) Toxicity and bioavailability of the organophosphorus insecticide pirimiphos methyl to the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex L. in laboratory and mesocosm systems, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(7), 1456–1461.
Czerniawska-Kusza, I. and Ebis, M. (2000) Toxicity of waste dump leachates and sugar factory effluents and their impact on groundwater and surface water quality in the Opole Province in Poland, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 319–322.
Daniels, S.A., Munawar, M. and Mayfield, C.I. (1989) An improved elutriation technique for the bioassessment of sediment contaminants, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11–14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 619–631.
Dauble, D.D., Fallon, W.E., Gray, R.H. and Bean, R.M. (1982) Effects of coal liquid water-soluble fractions on growth and survival of four aquatic organisms, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 11(5), 553–560.
Dave, G. and Dennegard, B. (1994) Sediment toxicity and heavy metals in the Kattegat and Skaggerak, Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 3(3), 207–219.
Day, K.E., Holtze, K.E., Metcalfe-Smith, J.L., Bishop, C.T. and Dutka, B.J. (1993) Toxicity of leachate from automobile tires to aquatic biota, Chemosphere 27(4), 665–675.
Day, K.E., Dutka, B.J., Kwan, K.K., Batista, N., Reynoldson, T.B. and Metcalfe-Smith, J.L. (1995a) Correlations between solid-phase microbial screening assays, whole-sediment toxicity tests with macroinvertebrates and in situ benthic community structure, Journal of the Great Lakes Research 21(2), 192–206.
Day, K.E., Kirby, R.S. and Reynoldson, T.B. (1995b) The effect of manipulations of freshwater sediments on responses of benthic invertebrates in whole-sediment toxicity tests, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14(8), 1333–1343.
Day, K.E., Maguire, R.J., Milani, D. and Batchelor, S.P. (1998) Toxicity of tributyltin to four species of freshwater benthic invertebrates using spiked sediment bioassays, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 33(1), 111–132.
De Coen, W.M. and Janssen, C.R. (1997) The use of biomarkers in Daphnia magna toxicity testing II. Digestive enzyme activity in Daphnia magna exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium, chromium and mercury, Chemosphere 35(5), 1053–1067.
de Haas, E.M., Reuvers, B., Moermond, C.T.A., Koelmans, A.A. and Kraak, M.H.S. (2002) Responses of benthic invertebrates to combined toxicant and food input in floodplain lake sediments, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21(10), 2165–2171.
de Haas, E.M., Paumen, M.L., Koelman, A.A. and Kraak, M.H.S. (2004) Combined effects of copper and food on the midge Chironomus riparius in whole-sediment bioassays, Environmental Pollution 127(1), 99–107.
de Jonge, J., Brils, J.M., Hendriks, A.J. and Ma, C. (1999) Ecological and ecotoxicological surveys of moderately contaminated floodplain ecosystems in the Netherlands, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 2(1), 9–18.
de Vlaming, V. and Norberg-King, T.J. (1999) A review of single species toxicity tests: are the tests reliable predictors of aquatic ecosystem community reponses?, EPA 600/R-97/114, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN.
DellaGreca, M., Fiorentino, A., Isidori, M., Monaco, P., Temussi, F. and Zarrelli, A. (2001) Antialgal furano-diterpenes from Potamogeton natans L., Phytochemistry 58(2), 299–304.
DellaGreca, M., Fiorentino, A., Isidori, M., Lavorgna, M., Monaco, P., Previtera, L. and Zarrelli, A. (2002) Phenanthrenoids from the wetland Juncus acutus, Phytochemistry 60(6), 633–638.
DellaGreca, M., Fiorentino, A., Isidori, M., Lavorgna, M., Previtera, L., Rubino, M. and Temussi, F. (2004) Toxicity of prednisolone, dexamethasone and their photochemical derivatives on aquatic organisms, Chemosphere 54(5), 629–637.
den Besten, P.J. and Tuk, C.W. (2000) Relation between responses in the neutral red retention test and the comet assay and life history parameters of Daphnia magna, Marine Environment Research 50(1–5), 513–516.
den Besten, P.J., Naber, A., Grootelaar, E.M.M. and van de Guchte, C. (2003) In situ bioassays with Chironomus riparius: laboratory-field comparisons of sediment toxicity and effects during wintering, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and management 6(2), 217–228.
Deniseger, J. and Kwong, Y.T.J. (1996) Risk Assessment of Copper-Contaminated Sediments in the Tsolum River Near Courtenay, British Columbia, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 31(4), 725–740.
Denizeau, F. (1998) The use of fish cells in the toxicological evaluation of environmental contaminants, in P.G. Wells, K. Lee and C. Blaise (eds.), Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology: Advances, Techniques, and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 113–128.
Dewhurst, R.E., Connon, R., Crane, M., Callaghan, A. and Mather, J.D. (2001) URGENT in Hounslow and Heathrow. The application of acute and sub-lethal ecotoxicity tests to groundwater quality assessment, URGENT Annual Meeting 2000 Proceedings of the NERC URGENT Thematic Programme, Cardiff University, Wales, UK (2004-01-02); http: //urgent.nerc.ac.uk/Meetings/2001/Abstracts/mather.htm.
Dias, N. and Lima, N. (2002) A comparative study using a fluorescence-based and a direct-count assay to determine cytotoxicity in Tetrahymena pyriformis, Research in Microbiology 153(5), 313–322.
Diaz-Baez, M.C. and Roldan, F. (1996) Evaluation of the agar plate method for rapid toxicity assessment with some heavy metals and environmental samples, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 11(3), 259–263.
Diaz-Baez, M.C., Sanchez, W.A., Dutka, B.J., Ronco, A., Castillo, G., Pica-Granados, Y., Castillo, L.E., Ridal, J., Arkhipchuk, V. and Srivastava, R.C. (2002) Overview of results from the WaterTox intercalibration and environmental testing phase II program: part 2, ecotoxicological evaluation of drinking water supplies, Environmental Toxicology 17(3), 241–249.
Dieter, C.D., Hamilton, S.J., Duffy, W.G. and Flake, L.D. (1994) Evaluation of the Microtox test to detect phorate contamination in wetlands, Journal of Freshwater Ecology 9(4), 271–280.
Dive, D., Blaise, C., Robert, S., Le Du, A., Bermingham, N., Cardin, R., Kwan, A., Legault, R., Mac Carthy, L., Moul, D. and Veilleux, L. (1990) Canadian workshop on the Colpidium campylum ciliate protozoan growth inhibition test, Zeitschrift für angewandte Zoologie 76(1), 49–63.
Dive, D., Blaise, C. and Le Du, A. (1991) Standard protocol proposal for undertaking the Colpidium campylum ciliate protozoan growth inhibition test, Zeitschrift für angewandte Zoologie 78(1), 79–90.
Dizer, H., Wittekindt, E., Fischer, B. and Hansen, P.-D. (2002) The cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of surface water and wastewater effluents as determined by bioluminescence, umu-assays and selected biomarkers, Chemosphere 46(2), 225–233.
Dmitruk, U. and Dojlido, J. (2000) Application of Toxkit microbiotests for toxicity evaluation of river waters and waste waters in the region of Warsaw in Poland, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 323–325.
Dodard, S.G., Renoux, A.Y., Hawari, J., Ampleman, G., Thiboutot, S. and Sunahara, G.I. (1999) Ecotoxicity characterization of dinitrotoluenes and some of their reduced metabolites, Chemosphere 38(9), 2071–2079.
Dodson, S.I., Merritt, C.M., Shannahan, J.-P. and Shults, C.M. (1999) Low exposure concentrations of atrazine increase male production in Daphnia pulicaria, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(7), 1568–1573.
Doherty, F.G. (2001) A review of the Microtox toxicity test system for assessing the toxicity of sediments and soils, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 36(3), 475–518.
Doherty, F.G., Qureshi, A.A. and Razza, J.B. (1999) Comparison of the Ceriodaphnia dubia and Microtox® inhibition tests for toxicity assessment of industrial and municipal wastewaters, Environmental Toxicology 14(4), 375–382.
Doi, J. and Grothe, D.R. (1989) Use of fractionation and chemical analysis schemes for plant effluent toxicity evaluations, in G.W. Suter II and M.A. Lewis (eds.), Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Fate: Eleventh Volume, ASTM STP 1007, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 204–215.
Dombroski, E.C., Smiley, K.L., Johnson, C.I., Florence, L.Z. and Dieken, F.P. (1993) A comparison of bioassay results from untreated CTMP effluent, Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1942, 96–104.
Draper III, A.C. and Brewer, W.S. (1979) Measurement of the aquatic toxicity of volatile nitrosamines, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 5(6), 985–993.
Dunbar, A.M., Lazorchak, J.M. and Waller, W.T. (1983) Acute and chronic toxicity of sodium selenate to Daphnia magna Straus, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2(2), 239–244.
Dutka, B.J., Tuominen, T., Churchland, L. and Kwan, K.K. (1989) Fraser river sediments and waters evaluated by the battery of screening tests technique, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11–14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 301–315.
Dutka, B.J., McInnis, R., Jurkovic, A., Liu, D. and Castillo, G. (1996) Water and sediment ecotoxicity studies in Temuco and Rapel River Basin, Chile, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 11(3), 237–247.
Dyatlov, S. (2000) Comparison of Ukrainian standard methods and new microbiotests for water toxicity assessment, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 229–232.
Eggen, R.I.L., Behra, R., Burkhardt-Holm, P., Escher, B.I. and Schweigert, N. (2004) Challenges in ecotoxicology, Environmental Science and Technology, February 1, 2004, pp. 59A–64A.
Eleftheriadis, K., Angelaki, A., Kungolos, A., Nalbandian, L. and Sakellaropoulos, G.P. (2000) Assessing the impact of atmospheric wet and dry deposition using chemical and toxicological analysis, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 469–473.
Environment Canada (1990) Guidance document on control of toxicity test precision using reference toxicants, Report EPS 1/RM/12, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 85 pp.
Environment Canada (1994) Guidance document on collection and preparation of sediment for physicochemical characterization and biological testing, Report EPS 1/RM/29, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 144 pp.
Environment Canada (1995) Guidance document on measurement of toxicity test precision using control sediments spiked with a reference toxicant, Report EPS 1/RM/30, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 56 pp.
Environment Canada (1999) Guidance document on application and interpretation of single-species tests in environmental toxicology, Report EPS 1/RM/34, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 203 pp.
Environment Canada (2004a) Guidance document for testing the pathogenicity and toxicity of new microbial substances to aquatic and terrestrial organisms, Report EPS 1/RM/44, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 171 pp.
Environment Canada (2004b) Guidance document on statistical methods to determine endpoints to toxicity tests, Report EPS 1/RM/46, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 265 pp.
Erten-Unal, M., Wixson, B.G., Gale, N. and Pitt, J.L. (1998) Evaluation of toxicity, bioavailability and speciation of lead, zinc and cadmium in mine/mill wastewaters, Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability 10(2), 37–46.
Evandri, M.G., Costa, L.G. and Bolle, P. (2003) Evaluation of brominated diphenyl ether-99 toxicity with Raphidocelis subcapitata and Daphnia magna, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(9), 2167–2172.
Farrell, A.P., Kennedy, C.J., Wood, A., Johnston, B.D. and Bennett, W.R. (1998) Acute toxicity of a didecyldimethylammonium chloride-based wood preservative, bardac 2280, to aquatic species, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17(8), 1552–1557.
Farrell, A.P., Kennedy, C., Cheng, W. and Lemke, M.A. (2001) Acute toxicity of monochloramine to juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum) and Ceriodaphnia dubia, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 36(1), 133–149.
Fearnside, D. and Hiley, P.D. (1993) The role of Microtox® in the detection and control of toxic trade effluents and spillages, in M. Richardson (ed.), Ecotoxicology Monitoring, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 319–332.
Feng, Q., Boone, A.N. and Vijayan, M.M. (2003) Copper impact on heat shock protein 70 expression and apoptosis in rainbow trout hepatocytes, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C 135(3), 345–355.
Fent, K. (2001) Fish cell lines as versatile tools in ecotoxicology: assessment of cytotoxicity, cytochrome P4501A induction potential and estrogenic activity of chemicals and environmental samples, Toxicology In Vitro 15(4-5), 477–488.
Fentem, J. and Balls, M. (1993) Replacement of fish in ecotoxicology testing: use of bacteria, other lower organisms and fish cells in vitro, in M. Richardson (ed.), Ecotoxicology Monitoring, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 71–81.
Fernández-Alba, A.R., Hernando, M.D., Piedra, L. and Chisti, Y. (2002) Toxicity evaluation of single and mixed antifouling biocides measured with acute toxicity bioassays, Analytica Chimica Acta 456(2), 303–312.
Fernández-Casalderrey, A., Ferrando, M.D. and Andreu-Moliner, E. (1993) Chronic toxicity of methylparathion to the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus fed on Nannochloris oculata and Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Hydrobiologia 255/256, 41–49.
Fernández-Sempere, J., Barrueso-Martínez, M.L., Font-Montesinos, R. and Sabater-Lillo, M.C. (1997) Characterization of tannery wastes. Comparison of three leachability tests, Journal of Hazardous Materials 54(1-2), 31–45.
Ferrari, B., Radetski, C.M., Veber, A.-M. and Férard, J.-F. (1999) Ecotoxicological assessment of solid wastes: a combined liquid-and solid-phase testing approach using a battery of bioassays and biomarkers, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(6), 1195–1202.
Fialkowski, W., Klonowska-Olejnik, M., Smith, B.D. and Rainbow, P.S. (2003) Mayfly larvae (Baetis rhodani and B. vernus) as biomonitors of trace metal pollution in streams of a catchment draining a zinc and lead mining area of Upper Silesia, Poland, Environmental Pollution 121(2), 253–267.
Finger, S.E., Little, E.F., Henry, M.G., Fairchild, J.F. and Boyle, T.P. (1985) Comparison of laboratory and field assessment of fluorene — Part I: Effects of fluorene on the survival, growth, reproduction, and behavior of aquatic organisms in laboratory tests, in T.P. Boyle (ed.), Validation and Predictability of Laboratory Methods for Assessing the Fate and Effects of Contaminants in Aquatic Ecosystems, ASTM STP 865, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 120–133.
Fisher, D.J., Hersh, C.M., Paulson, R.L., Burton, D.T. and Hall Jr., L.W. (1989) Acute toxicity of industrial and municipal effluents in the state of Maryland, USA: results from one year of toxicity testing, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11–14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 641–648.
Fisher, D.J., Knott, M.H., Turley, B.S., Yonkos, L.T. and Ziegler, G.P. (1998) Acute and chronic toxicity of industrial and municipal effluents in Maryland, U.S., Water Environment Research 10(1), 101–107.
Fisher, S.W. (1986) Effects of temperature on the acute toxicity of PCP in the midge Chironomus riparius Meigen, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36(5), 744–748.
Fisher, S.W. and Wadleigh, R.W. (1986) Effects of pH on the acute toxicity and uptake of [14C]pentachlorophenol in the midge, Chironomus riparius, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 11(1), 1–8.
Fleming, R.J., Holmes, D. and Nixon, S.J. (1998) Toxicity of permethrin to Chironomus riparius in artificial and natural sediments, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17(7), 1332–1337.
Fliedner, A. (1997) Ecotoxicity of poorly water-soluble substances, Chemosphere 35(1-2), 295–305.
Fochtman, P., Raszka, A. and Nierzedska, E. (2000) The use of conventional bioassays, microbiotests, and some rapid methods in the selection of an optimal test battery for the assessment of pesticides toxicity, Environmental Toxicology 15(5), 376–384.
Font, R., Gomis, V., Fernandez, J. and Sabater, M.C. (1998) Physico-chemical characterization and leaching of tannery wastes, Waste Management and Research 16(2), 139–149.
Forget, G., Gagnon, P., Sanchez, W.A. and Dutka, B.J. (2000) Overview of methods and results of the eight country International Development Research Centre (IDRC) WaterTox project, Environmental Toxicology 15(4), 264–276.
Franklin, N.M., Stauber, J.L., Markich, S.J. and Lim, R.P. (2000) pH-dependent toxicity of copper and uranium to a tropical freshwater alga (Chlorella sp.), Aquatic Toxicology 48(2-3), 275–289.
Franklin, N.M., Stauber, J.L., Apte, S.C. and Lim, R.P. (2002) Effect of initial cell density on the bioavailability and toxicity of copper in microalgal bioassays, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21(4), 742–751.
Froehner, K., Backhaus, T. and Grimme, L.H. (2000) Bioassays with Vibrio fischeri for the assessment of delayed toxicity, Chemosphere 40(8), 821–828.
Froehner, K., Meyer, W. and Grimme, L.H. (2002) Time-dependent toxicity in the long-term inhibition assay with Vibrio fischeri, Chemosphere 46(7), 987–997.
Fu, L.-J., Staples, R.E. and Stahl Jr, R.G. (1991) Application of the Hydra attenuata assay for identifying developmental hazards among natural waters and wastewaters, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 22(3), 309–319.
Fu, L.-J., Staples, C.A. and Stahl Jr, R.G. (1994) Assessing acute toxicities of pre-and post-treatment industrial wastewaters with Hydra attenuata: a comparative study of acute toxicity with the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(4), 563–569.
Fuchsman, P.C., Barber, T.R. and Sheehan, P.J. (1998) Sediment toxicity evaluation for hexachlorobenzene: spiked sediment tests with Leptocheirus plumulosus, Hyalella azteca, and Chironomus tentans, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35(4), 573–579.
Gabrielson, J., Kühn, I., Colque-Navarro, P., Hart, M., Iversen, A., McKenzie, D. and Möllby, R. (2003) Microplate-based microbial assay for risk assessment and (eco)toxic fingerprinting of chemicals, Analytica Chimica Acta 485, 121–130.
Gagné, F. and Blaise, C. (1993) Hepatic metallothionein level and mixed function oxidase activity in fingerling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after acute exposure to pulp and paper mill effluents, Water Research 27(11), 1669–1682.
Gagné, F. and Blaise, C. (1997) Evaluation of industrial wastewater quality with a chemiluminescent peroxidase activity assay, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 12(4), 315–320.
Gagné, F. and Blaise, C. (1998a) Toxicological evaluation of municipal wastewaters to rainbow trout hepatocytes, Toxicology Letters 95(Supplement 1), 194–194.
Gagné, F. and Blaise, C. (1998b) Estrogenic properties of municipal and industrial wastewaters evaluated with a rapid and sensitive chemoluminescent in situ hybridization assay (CISH) in rainbow trout hepatocytes, Aquatic Toxicology 44(1), 83–91.
Gagné, F. and Blaise, C. (1998c) Differences in the measurement of cytotoxicity of complex mixtures with rainbow trout hepatocytes and fibroblasts, Chemosphere 37(4), 753–769.
Gagné, F. and Blaise, C. (1999) Toxicological effects of municipal wastewaters to rainbow trout hepatocytes, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 63(4), 503–510.
Gagné, F. and Blaise, C. (2001) Acute cytotoxicity assessment of liquid samples using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes, Environmental Toxicology 16(1), 104–109.
Gagné, F., Blaise, C., van Aggelen, G., Boivin, P., Martel, P., Chong-Kit, R., Jonczyk, E., Marion, M., Kennedy, S.W., Legault, R. and Goudreault, J. (1999a) Intercalibration study in the evaluation of toxicity with rainbow trout hepatocytes, Environmental Toxicology 14(4), 429–437.
Gagné, F., Pardos, M., Blaise, C., Turcotte, P., Quémerais, B. and Fouquet, A. (1999b) Toxicity evaluation of organic sediment extracts resolved by size exclusion chromatography using rainbow trout hepatocytes, Chemosphere 39(9), 1545–1570.
Gagné, F., Ridal, J., Blaise, C. and Brownlee, B. (1999c) Toxicological effects of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol on rainbow trout hepatocytes, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 63(2), 174–180.
Gale, S.A., Smith, S.V., Lim, R.P., Jeffree, R.A. and Petocz, P. (2003) Insights into the mechanisms of copper tolerance of a population of black-banded rainbowfish (Melanotaenia nigrans) (Richardson) exposed to mine leachate, using 64/67Cu, Aquatic Toxicology 62(2), 135–153.
Garay, V., Roman, G. and Isnard, P. (2000) Evaluation of PNEC values: extrapolation from Microtox®, algae, daphnid, and fish data to HC5, Chemosphere 40(3), 267–273.
Gasith, A., Jop, K.M., Dickson, K.L., Parkerton, T.F. and Kaczmarek, S.A. (1988) Protocol for the identification of toxic fractions in industrial wastewater effluents, in W.J. Adams, G.A. Chapman and W.G. Landis (eds.), Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: 10 th volume, ASTM STP 971, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 204–215.
Geis, S.W., Fleming, K.L., Korthals, E.T., Searle, G., Reynolds, L. and Karner, D.A. (2000) Modifications to the algal growth inhibition test for use a regulatory assay, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(1), 36–41.
Geis, S.W., Fleming, K.L., Mager, A. and Reynolds, L. (2003) Modifications to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) chronic test method to remove mortality due to pathogenic organisms, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(10), 2400–2404.
Gensemer, R.W., Naddy, R.B., Stubblefield, W.A., Hockett, J.R., Santore, R. and Paquin, P. (2002) Evaluating the role of ion composition on the toxicity of copper to Ceriodaphnia dubia in very hard waters, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C 133(1-2), 87–97.
George, D.B., Berk, S.G., Adams, V.D., Ting, R.S., Roberts, R.O., Parks, L.H. and Lott, R.C. (1995) Toxicity of alum sludge extracts to a freshwater alga, protozoan, fish, and marine bacterium, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29(2), 149–158.
Gerhardt, A., Janssens de Bisthoven, L., Mo, Z., Wang, C., Yang, M. and Wang, Z. (2002a) Short-term responses of Oryzias latipes (Pisces: Adrianichthyidae) and Macrobrachium nipponense (Crustacea: Palaemonidae) to municipal and pharmaceutical waste water in Beijing, China: survival, behaviour, biochemical biomarkers, Chemosphere 47(1), 35–47.
Gerhardt, A., Schmidt, S. and Höss, S. (2002b) Measurement of movement patterns of Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda) with the Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor® (MFB) — a potential new method to study a behavioral toxicity parameter of nematodes in sediments, Environmental Pollution 120(3), 513–516.
Ghosal, T.K. and Kaviraj, A. (2002) Combined effects of cadmium and composted manure to aquatic organisms, Chemosphere 46(7), 1099–1105.
Giesy, J.P. and Hoke, R.A. (1989) Freshwater sediment toxicity bioassessment: rationale for species selection and test design, Journal of the Great Lakes Research 15(4), 539–569.
Giesy, J.P., Graney, R.L., Newsted, J.L., Rosiu, C.J., Benda, A., Kreis, J.R.G. and Horvath, F.J. (1988) Comparison of three sediment bioassay methods using Detroit River sediments, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7, 483–498.
Giesy, J.P., Rosiu, C.J., Graney, R.L. and Henry, M.G. (1990) Benthic invertebrate bioassays with toxic sediment and pore water, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9(2), 233–248.
Gilli, G. and Meineri, V. (2000) Assessment of the toxicity and genotoxicity of wastewaters treated in a municipal plant, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 327–338.
Gillis, P.L., Diener, L.C., Reynoldson, T.B. and Dixon, D.G. (2002) Cadmium-induced production of a metallothioneinlike protein in Tubifex tubifex (oligochaeta) and Chironomus riparius (diptera): correlation with reproduction and growth, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21(9), 1836–1844.
Gilron, G.L. and Lynn, D.H. (1998) Ciliated protozoa as test organisms in toxicity assessments, in P.G. Wells, K. Lee and C. Blaise (eds.), Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology: Advances, Techniques, and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 323–336.
Gilron, G.L., Gransden, S.G., Lynn, D.H., Broadfoot, J. and Scroggins, R. (1999) A behavioral toxicity test using the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. I. Method description, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(8), 1813–1816.
Girling, A.E., Pascoe, D., Janssen, C.R., Peither, A., Wenzel, A., Schäfer, H., Neumeier, B., Mitchell, G.C., Taylor, E.J., Maund, S.J., Lay, J.P., Jüttner, I., Crossland, N.O., Stephenson, R.R. and Persoone, G. (2000) Development of methods for evaluating toxicity to freshwater ecosystems, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 45(2), 148–176.
Gonzalez, A.M. (1996) A laboratory formulated sediment incorporating synthetic acid-volatile sulfide, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(12), 2209–2220.
Gorbi, G., Corradi, M.G., Invidia, M., Rivara, L. and Bassi, M. (2002) Is Cr(VI) toxicity to Daphnia magna modified by food availability or algal exudates? The hypothesis of a specific chromium/algae/exudates interaction, Water Research 36(8), 1917–1926.
Graff, L., Isnard, P., Cellier, P., Bastide, J., Cambon, J.-P., Narbonne, J.-F., Budzinski, H. and Vasseur, P. (2003) Toxicity of chemicals to microalgae in river and in standard waters, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(6), 1368–1379.
Gray, N.F. and O’Neill, C. (1997) Acid mine-drainage toxicity testing, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 19(4), 165–171.
Gregor, D.J. and Munawar, M. (1989) Assessing toxicity of Lake Diefenbaker (Saskatchewan, Canada) sediments using algal and nematode bioassays, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11–14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 291–300.
Grothe, D.R., Dickson, K.L. and Reed-Judkins, D.K. (eds.) (1996) Whole effluent toxicity testing: an evaluation of methods and prediction of receiving system impacts, Proceedings from a SETAC — sponsored Pellston Workshop, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL, 346 pp.
Guéguen, C., Koukal, B., Dominik, J. and Pardos, M. (2003) Competition between alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), humic substances and EDTA for Cd and Zn control in the algal assay procedure (AAP) medium, Chemosphere 53(8), 927–934.
Guerra, R. (2001) Ecotoxicological and chemical evaluation of phenolic compounds in industrial effluents, Chemosphere 44(8), 1737–1747.
Guerrero, N.R.V., Taylor, M.G., Wider, E.A. and Simkiss, K. (2003) Influence of particle characteristics and organic matter content on the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of pyrene by clams, Environmental Pollution 121(1), 115–122.
Guilhermino, L., Diamantino, T.C., Ribeiro, R., Gonşalves, F. and Soares, A.M. (1997) Suitability of test media containing EDTA for the evaluation of acute metal toxicity to Daphnia magna Straus, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 38(3), 292–295.
Guilhermino, L., Lacerda, M.N., Nogueira, A.J.A. and Soares, A.M.V.M. (2000) In vitro and in vivo inhibition of Daphnia magna acetylcholinesterase by surfactant agents: possible implications for contamination biomonitoring, The Science of The Total Environment 247(2-3), 137–141.
Gunn, A.M., Hunt, D.T.E. and Winnard, D.A. (1989) The effect of heavy metal speciation in sediment on bioavailability to tubificid worms, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11–14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 487–496).
Gustavson, K.E., Svenson, A. and Harkin, J.M. (1998) Comparison of toxicities and mechanism of action of n-alkanols in the submitochondrial particle and the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence (Microtox®) bioassay, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17(10), 1917–1921.
Gustavson, K.E., Sonsthagen, S.A., Crunkilton, R.A. and Harkin, J.M. (2000) Groundwater toxicity assessment using bioassay, chemical, and toxicity identification evaluation analyses, Environmental Toxicology 15(5), 421–430.
Guzzella, L. (1998) Comparison of test procedures for sediment toxicity evaluation with Vibrio fischeri bacteria, Chemosphere 37(14-15), 2895–2909.
Guzzella, L. and Mingazzini, M. (1994) Biological assaying of organic compounds in surface waters, Water Science and Technology 30(10), 113–124.
Guzzella, L., Bartone, C., Ross, P., Tartari, G. and Muntau, H. (1996) Toxicity identification evaluation of Lake Orta (Northern Italy) sediments using the Microtox system, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 35(3), 231–235.
Haller, W.T. and Stocker, R.K. (2003) Toxicity of 19 adjuvants to juvenile Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill sunfish), Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(3), 615–619.
Hamm, J.T., Wilson, B.W. and Hinton, D.E. (2001) Increasing uptake and bioactivation with development positively modulate diazinon toxicity in early life stage medaka (Oryzias latipes), Toxicological Sciences 61(2), 304–313.
Hankenson, K. and Schaeffer, D.J. (1991) Microtox assay of trinitrotoluene, diaminonitrotoluene, and dinitromethylaniline mixtures, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 46(4), 550–553.
Hansen, P.D. (1993) Regulatory significance of toxicological monitoring by and summarizing effect parameters, in M. Richardson (ed.), Ecotoxicology Monitoring, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 273–286.
Hao, O.J., Shin, C.-J., Lin, C.-F., Jeng, F.-T. and Chen, Z.-C. (1996) Use of microtox tests for screening industrial wastewater toxicity, Water Science and Technology 34(10), 43–50.
Harkey, G.A., Landrum, P.F. and Klaine, S.J. (1994) Comparison of whole-sediment, elutriate and porewater exposures for use in assessing sediment-associated organic contaminants in bioassays, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(8), 1315–1329.
Harrahy, E.A. and Clements, W.H. (1997) Toxocity and bioaccumulation of a mixture of heavy metals in Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae) in synthetic sediment, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(2), 317–327.
Hartgers, E.M., Aalderink, G.H.R., Van den Brink, P.J., Gylstra, R., Wiegman, J.W.F. and Brock, T.C.M. (1998) Ecotoxicological threshold levels of a mixture of herbicides (atrazine, diuron and metolachlor) in freshwater microcosms, Aquatic Ecology 32(2), 135–152.
Hatch, A.C. and Burton Jr, G.A. (1999) Sediment toxicity and stormwater runoff in a contaminated receiving system: consideration of different bioassays in the laboratory and field, Chemosphere 39(6), 1001–1017.
Hauser, B., Schrader, G. and Bahadir, M. (1997) Comparison of acute toxicity and genotoxic concentrations of single compounds and waste elutriates using the Microtox/Mutatox test system, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 38(3), 227–231.
Havas, M. and Likens, G.E. (1985) Toxicity of aluminum and hydrogen ions to Daphnia catawba, Holopedium gibberum, Chaoborus punctipennis, and Chironomus anthrocinus from Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, Canadian Journal of Zoology 63(5), 1114–1119.
Hayes, K.R., Douglas, W.S. and Fischer, J. (1996) Inter-and intra-laboratory testing of the Daphnia magna IQ toxicity test, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 57(4), 660–666.
Heida, H. and van der Oost, R. (1996) Sediment pore water toxicity testing, Water Science and Technology 34(7-8), 109–116.
Heijerick, D.G., Janssen, C.R., Karlèn, C., Wallinder, I.O. and Leygraf, C. (2002) Bioavailability of zinc in runoff water from roofing materials, Chemosphere 47(10), 1073–1080.
Heinis, F., Brils, J.M., Klapwijk, S.P. and De Poorter, L.R.M. (2000) From microbiotest to decision support system: an assessment framework for surface water toxicity, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 65–72.
Helma, C., Eckl, P., Gottmann, E., Kassie, F., Rodinger, W., Steinkellner, H., Windpassinger, C., Schulte-Hermann, R. and Knasmüller, S. (1998) Genotoxic and ecotoxic effects of groundwaters and their relation to routinely measured chemical parameters, Environmental Science and Technology 32(12), 1799–1805.
Herbrandson, C., Bradbury, S.P. and Swackhamer, D.L. (2003a) Influence of suspended solids on acute toxicity of carbofuran to Daphnia magna: I. Interactive effects, Aquatic Toxicology 63(4), 333–342.
Herbrandson, C., Bradbury, S.P. and Swackhamer, D.L. (2003b) Influence of suspended solids on acute toxicity of carbofuran to Daphnia magna: II. An evaluation of potential interactive mechanisms, Aquatic Toxicology 63(4), 343–355.
Heugens, E.H., Jager, T., Creyghton, R., Kraak, M.H., Hendriks, A.J., Van Straalen, N.M. and Admiraal, W. (2003) Temperature-dependent effects of cadmium on Daphnia magna: accumulation versus sensitivity, Environmental Science and Technology 37(10), 2145–2151.
Hickey, C.W., Blaise, C. and Costan, G. (1991) Microtesting appraisal of ATP and cell recovery toxicity end points after acute exposure of Selenastrum capricornutum to selected chemicals, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 6, 383–403.
Hill, L. and Jooste, S. (1999) The effects of contaminated sediments of the Blesbok Spruit near Witbank on water quality and the toxicity thereof to Daphnia pulex, Water Science and Technology 39(10-11), 173–176.
Hoffmann, C. and Christofi, N. (2001) Testing the toxicity of influents to activated sludge plants with the Vibrio fischeri bioassay utilising a sludge matrix, Environmental Toxicology 16(5), 422–427.
Hoke, R.A., Giesy, J.P., Zabik, M. and Ungers, M. (1993) Toxicity of sediments and sediment pore waters from the Grand Calumet River — Indiana Harbor, Indiana area of concern, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 26(1), 86–112.
Holdway, D.A., Lok, K. and Semaan, M. (2001) The acute and chronic toxicity of cadmium and zinc to two Hydra species, Environmental Toxicology 16(6), 557–565.
Hong, L.C.D., Becker-van Slooten, K., Sauvain, J.-J., Minh, T.L. and Tarradellas, J. (2000) Toxicity of sediments from the Ho Chi Minh City canals and Saigon River, Viet Nam, Environmental Toxicology 15(5), 469–475.
Huggett, D.B., Brooks, B.W., Peterson, B., Foran, C.M. and Schlenk, D. (2002) Toxicity of select beta adrenergic receptor-blocking pharmaceuticals (B-blockers) on aquatic organisms, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 43(2), 229–235.
Huuskonen, S.E., Ristola, T.E., Tuvikene, A., Hahn, M.E., Kukkonen, J.V.K. and Lindström-Seppä, P. (1998) Comparison of two bioassays, a fish liver cell line (PLHC-1) and a midge (Chironomus riparius), in monitoring freshwater sediments, Aquatic Toxicology 44(1-2), 47–67.
Hyötyläinen, T. and Oikari, A. (1999) The toxicity and concentrations of PAHs in creosote-contaminated lake sediment, Chemosphere 38(5), 1135–1144.
IGETG (Inter-Governmental Ecotoxicological Testing Group) (2004) The evolution of toxicological testing in Canada, Environment Canada, Environmental Technology Centre Report, January 2004, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, 19 pp.
Ingersoll, C.G., Ankley, G.T., Benoit, D.A., Brunson, E.L., Burton, G.A., Dwyer, F.J., Hoke, R.A., Landrum, P.F., Norberg-King, T.J. and Winger, P.V. (1995) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants using freshwater invertebrates: a review of methods and applications, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14(11), 1885–1894.
Ingersoll, C., Besser, J. and Dwyer, J. (1997) Development and application of methods for assessing the bioavailability of contaminants associated with sediments: I. Toxicity and the sediment quality triad, Proceedings of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Sediment Workshop, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri (2003-12-22); http://water.usgs.gov/osw/techniques/workshop/ingersoll.html.
Ingersoll, C.G., MacDonald, D.D., Wang, N., Crane, J.L., Field, L.J., Haverland, P.S., Kemble, N.E., Lindskoog, R.A., Severn, C. and Smorong, D.E. (2000) Prediction of sediment toxicity using consensus-based freshwater sediment quality guidelines, EPA 905/R-00/007, U.S. Enviromnental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, IL (2004-02-25); http://www.cerc.usgs.gov/pubs/center/pdfdocs/91126.pdf.
Ingersoll, C.G., MacDonald, D.D., Brumbaugh, W.G., Johnson, B.T., Kemble, N.E., Kunz, J.L., May, T.W., Wang, N., Smith, J.R., Sparks, D.W. and Ireland, D.S. (2002) Toxicity assessment of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal in Northwest Indiana, USA., Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 43(2), 156–167.
Isidori, M. (2000) Toxicity monitoring of waste waters from tanneries with microbiotests, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 339–345.
Isidori, M., Parrella, A., Piazza, C.M.L. and Strada, R. (2000) Toxicity screening of surface waters in southern Italy with Toxkit microbiotests, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 289–293.
Isnard, P., Flammarion, P., Roman, G., Babut, M., Bastien, P., Bintein, S., Esserméant, L., Férard, J.F., Gallotti-Schmitt, S., Saouter, E., Saroli, M., Thiébaud, H., Tomassone, R. and Vindimian, E. (2001) Statitical analysis of regulatory ecotoxicity tests, Chemosphere 45, 659–669.
ISO (2003) Water quality — Freshwater algal growth inhibition test with unicellular green algae, (ISO/FDIS 8692:2004), International Standard (under development). Water quality-Freshwater algal growth inhibition test with unicellular green algae.
Isomaa, B., Lilius, H., Sandbacka, M. and Holmström, T. (1995) The use of freshly isolated rainbow trout hepatocytes and gill epithelial cells in toxicity testing, Toxicology Letters 78(1), 42–42.
Jackson, M., Milne, J., Johnston, H. and Dermott, R. (1995) Assays of Hamilton Harbour sediments using Diporeia hoyi (Amphipoda) and Chironomus plumosus (Diptera), Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2039, 1–21.
Jacobs, M.W., Delfino, J.J. and Bitton, G. (1992) The toxicity of sulfur to Microtox® from acetonitrile extracts of contaminated sediments, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11(8), 1137–1143.
Jak, R.G., Maas, J.L. and Scholten, M.C.T. (1998) Ecotoxicity of 3,4-dichloroaniline in enclosed freshwater plankton communities at different nutrient levels, Ecotoxicology 7(1), 49–60.
Janati-Idrissi, M., Guerbet, M. and Jouany, J.M. (2001) Effect of cadmium on reproduction of daphnids in a small aquatic microcosm, Environmental Toxicology 16(4), 361–364.
Janssen, C.R., Vangheluwe, M. and Van Sprang, P. (2000) A brief review and critical evaluation of the status of microbiotests, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W. M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 27–37.
Jaworska, J.S., Schowanek, D. and Feijtel, T.C. (1999) Environmental risk assessment for trisodium [S,S]-ethylene diamine disuccinate, a biodegradable chelator used in detergent applications, Chemosphere 38(15), 3597–3625.
Jenner, H.A. and Janssen-Mommen, J.P.M. (1989) Phytomonitoring of pulverized fuel ash leachates by the duckweed Lemna minor, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11–14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 361–366.
Johnson, B.T., Petty, J.D., Huckins, J.N., Lee, K. and Gauthier, J. (2004) Hazard assessment of a simulated oil spill on intertidal areas of the St-Lawrence River with SPMP-TOX, Environmental Toxicology 19, 329–335.
Johnson, I. (2000) Criteria-based procedure for selecting test methods for effluent testing and its application to Toxkit microbiotests, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 73–94.
Johnson, I. and Delaney, P. (1998) Development of a 7-day Daphnia magna growth test using image analysis, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61(3), 355–362.
Johnson, I., Butler, R., Milne, R. and Redshaw, C.J. (1993) The role of Microtox® in the monitoring and control of effluents, in M. Richardson (ed.), Ecotoxicology Monitoring, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 309–317.
Jooste, S. and Thirion, C. (1999) An ecological risk assessment for a South African acid mine drainage, Water Science and Technology 39(10-11), 297–303.
Jop, K.M., Foster, R.B. and Askew, A.M. (1991) Factors affecting toxicity identification evaluation: the role of source water use in industrial processes, in M.A. Mayes and M.G. Barron (eds.), Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Fourteenth Volume, ASTM STP 1124, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 84–93.
Jop, K.M., Askew, A.M., Terrio, K.F. and Simoes, A.T. (1992) Application of the short-term chronic test with Ceriodaphnia dubia in identifying sources of toxicity in industrial wastewaters, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49(5), 765–771.
Jos, A., Repetto, G., Rios, J.C., Hazen, M.J., Molero, M.L., del Peso, A., Salguero, M., Fernández-Freire, P., Pérez-Martín, M. and Cameán, A. (2003) Ecotoxicological evaluation of carbamazepine using six different model systems with eighteen endpoints, Toxicology in Vitro 17(5-6), 525–532.
Joutti, A., Schultz, E., Tuukkanen, E. and Vaajasaari, K. (2000) Industrial waste leachates toxicity detection with microbiotests and biochemical tests, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 347–355.
Jung, K. and Bitton, G. (1997) Use of Ceriofast™ for monitoring the toxicity of industrial effluents: comparison with the 48-h acute Ceriodaphnia toxicity test and Microtox®, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(11), 2264–2267.
Junghans, M., Backhaus T., Faust M., Scholze M., Grimme L.H. (2003) Predictability of combined effects of eight chloroacetanilide herbicides on algal reproduction, Pest Management Science 59, 1101–1110.
Juvonen, R., Martikainen, E., Schultz, E., Joutti, A., Ahtiainen, J. and Lehtokari, M. (2000) A battery of toxicity tests as indicators of decontamination in composting oily waste, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 47(2), 156–166.
Kahru, A., Kurvet, M. and Külm, I. (1996) Toxicity of phenolic wastewater to luminescent bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum and activated sludges, Water Science and Technology 33(6), 139–146.
Kahru, A., Põllumaa, L., Reiman, R. and Rätsep, A. (1999) Predicting the toxicity of oil-shale industry wastewater by its phenolic composition, ATLA (Alternatives To Laboratory Animals) 27(3), 359–366.
Kahru, A., Põllumaa, L., Reiman, R. and Rätsep, A. (2000) Microbiotests for the evaluation of the pollution from the oil shale industry, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 357–365.
Kaiser, K.L.E. and McKinnon, M.B. (1993) Qualitative and quantitative relationships of Microtox data with acute and subchronic toxicity data for other aquatic species, Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1942, 1–24.
Kamaya, Y., Kurogi, Y. and Suzuki, K. (2003) Acute toxicity of fatty acids to the freshwater green alga Selenastrum capricornutum, Environmental Toxicology 18(5), 289–294.
Karen, D.J., Ownby, D.R., Forsythe, B.L., Bills, T.P., La Point, T.W., Cobb, G.B. and Klaine, S.J. (1999) Influence of water quality on silver toxicity to rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and water fleas (Daphnia magna), Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(1), 63–70.
Keller, A.E., Ruessler, D.S. and Chaffee, C.M. (1998) Testing the toxicity of sediments contaminated with diesel fuel using glochidia and juvenile mussels (Bivalvia, Unionidae), Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 1(1), 37–47.
Kemble, N.E., Brumbaugh, W.G., Brunson, E.L., Dwyer, F.J., Ingersoll, C.G., Monda, D.P. and Woodward, D.F. (1994) Toxicity of metal-contaminated sediments from the Upper Clark Fork River, Montana, to aquatic invertebrates and fish in laboratory exposures, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13, 1985–1997.
Kemble, N.E., Brunson, E.L., Canfield, T.J., Dwyer, F.J. and Ingersoll, C.G. (1998) Assessing sediment toxicity from navigational pools of the Upper Mississippi River using a 28-D Hyalella azteca test., Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35(2), 181–190.
Kemble, N.E., Dwyer, F.J., Ingersoll, C.G., Dawson, T.D. and Norberg-King, T.J. (1999) Tolerance of freshwater test organisms to formulated sediments for use as control materials in whole-sediment toxicity tests, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(2), 222–230.
Kemble, N.E., Ingersoll, C.G. and Kunz, J.L. (2002) Toxicity assessment of sediment samples collected from North Carolina streams, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, Final Report CERC-8335-FY03-20-01, 69 pages.
Koivisto, S. and Ketola, M. (1995) Effects of copper on life-history traits of Daphnia pulex and Bosmina longirostris, Aquatic Toxicology 32(2-3), 255–269.
Kondo, S., Fujiwara, M., Ohba, M. and Ishii, T. (1995) Comparative larvicidal activities of the four Bacillus thuringiensis serovars against a chironomid midge, Paratanytarsus grimmii (Diptera: Chironomidae), Microbiological Research 150(4), 425–428.
Kosmala, A., Charvet, S., Roger, M.-C. and Faessel, B. (1999) Impact assessment of a wastewater treatment plant effluent using instream invertebrates and the Ceriodaphnia dubia chronic toxicity test, Water Research 33(1), 266–278.
Koukal, B., Guéguen, C., Pardos, M. and Dominik, J. (2003) Influence of humic substances on the toxic effects of cadmium and zinc to the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Chemosphere 53(8), 953–961.
Kovacs, T., Gibbons, J.S., Naish, V. and Voss, R. (2002) Complying with effluent toxicity regulation in Canada, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 37(4), 671–679.
Kross, B.C. and Cherryholmes, K. (1993) Toxicity screening of sanitary landfill leachates: a comparative evaluation with Microtox® analyses, chemical, and other toxicity screening methods, in M. Richardson (ed.), Ecotoxicology Monitoring, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 225–249.
Kszos, L.A., Morris, G.W. and Konetsky, B.K. (2004) Source of toxicity in storm water: zinc from commonly used paint, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(1), 12–16.
Kubitz, J.A., Besser, J.M. and Giesy, J.P. (1996) A two-step experimental design for a sediment bioassay using growth of the amphipod Hyallela azteca for the test end point, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(10), 1783–1792.
Kuhne, W.W., Caldwell, C.A., Gould, W.R., Fresquez, P.R. and Finger, S.E. (2002) Effects of depleted uranium on the health and survival of Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyallela azteca, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21(10), 2198–2203.
Kungolos, A., Samaras, P., Kimeroglu, V., Dabou, X. and Sakellaropoulos, G.P. (1998) Water quality and toxicity assessment in Koronia Lake, Greece, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 7(7A-8A, Sp.), 615–622.
Kusui, T. and Blaise, C. (1999) Ecotoxicological assessment of japanese industrial effluents using a battery of small-scale toxicity tests, in S.S. Rao (ed.), Impact Assessment of Hazardous Aquatic Contaminants: Concepts and Approaches, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 161–181.
Kwan, K.K. (1995) Direct sediment toxicity testing procedure using sediment-chromotest kit, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 10, 193–196.
Kwan, K.K. and Dutka, B.J. (1992) Evaluation of Toxi-Chromotest direct sediment toxicity testing procedure and Microtox solid-phase testing procedure, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49(5), 656–662.
Kwan, K.K. and Dutka, B.J. (1995) Comparative assessment of two solid-phase toxicity bioassays: the direct sediment toxicity testing procedure (DSTTP) and the Microtox® solid-phase test (SPT), Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 55(3), 338–346.
La Point, T.W., Cobb, G.P., Klaine, S.J., Bills, T., Forsythe, B., Jeffers, R., Waldrop, V.C. and Wenholz, M. (1996) Water quality components affecting silver toxicity in Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas, in A.W. Andren and T.W. Bober (eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment, International Argentum Conference, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 121–124.
Lacaze, J.C., Chesterikoff, A. and Garban, B. (1989) Bioévaluation de la pollution des sédiments de la Seine (région parisienne) par l’emploi d’un bioessai basé sur la croissance à court terme de la microalgue Selenastrum capricornutum Printz, Revue des Sciences de l’Eau 2, 405–427.
Lacey, R., Watzin, M.C. and McIntosh, A.W. (1999) Sediment organic matter content as a confounding factor in toxicity tests with Chironomus tentans, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(2), 231–236.
Lahr, J. (1998) An ecological assessment of the hazard of eight insecticides used in Desert Locust control, to invertebrates in temporary ponds in the Sahel, Aquatic Ecology 32(2), 153–162.
Lahr, J., Maas-Diepeveen, J.L., Stuijfzand, S.C., Leonards, P.E.G., Drüke, J.M., Lücker, S., Espeldoorn, A., Kerkum, L.C.M., van Stee, L.L.P. and Hendriks, A.J., (2003) Responses in sediment bioassays used in the Netherlands: can observed toxicity be explained by routinely monitored priority pollutants?, Water Research 37(8), 1691–1710.
Lambolez, L., Vasseur, P., Férard, J.-F. and Gisbert, T. (1994) The environmental risks of industrial waste disposal: an experimental approach including acute and chronic toxicity studies, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 28(3), 317–328.
Lamy-Enrici, M.-H., Dondeyne, A. and Thybaud, E. (2003) Influence of the organic matter on the bioavailability of phenanthrene for benthic organisms, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 6(4), 391–396.
Landrum, P.F., Leppänen, M.T., Robinson, S.D., Gossiaux, D.C., Burton, G.A., Greenberg, M., Kukkonen, J.V.K., Eadie, B.J. and Lansing, M.B. (2004) Comparing behavioral and chronic endpoints to evaluate the response of Lumbriculus variegatus to 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl sediment exposures, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(1), 187–194.
Länge, R. and Dietrich, D. (2002) Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical drug substances-conceptual considerations, Toxicology Letters 131(1-2), 97–104.
Lappalainen, J., Juvonen, R., Vaajasaari, K. and Karp, M. (1999) A new flash method for measuring the toxicity of solid and colored samples, Chemosphere 38(5), 1069–1083.
Larsen, J., Schultz, T.W., Rasmussen, L., Hooftman, R. and Pauli, W. (1997) Progress in an ecotoxicological standard protocol with protozoa: results from a pilot ring test with Tetrahymena pyriformis, Chemosphere 35(5), 1023–1041.
Lasier, P.J., Winger, P.V. and Reinert, R.E. (1997) Toxicity of alkalinity to Hyalella azteca, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 59(5), 807–814.
Lasier, P.J., Winger, P.V. and Bogenrieder, K.J. (2000) Toxicity of manganese to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 38(3), 298–304.
Latif, M. and Zach, A. (2000) Toxicity studies of treated residual wastes in Austria using different types of conventional assays and cost-effective microbiotests, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 367–383.
Latif, M. and Licek, E. (2004) Toxicity assessment of wastewaters, river waters, and sediments in Austria using cost-effective microbiotests, Environmental Toxicology 19, 302–309.
Lauten, K.P. (1993) Sediment toxicity assessment-North Saskatchewan River, Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1942, 360–367.
Leal, H.E., Rocha, H.A. and Lema, J.M. (1997) Acute toxicity of hardboard mill effluents to different bioindicators, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 12(1), 39–42.
LeBlond, J.B. and Duffy, L.K. (2001) Toxicity assessment of total dissolved solids in effluent of Alaskan mines using 22-h chronic Microtox® and Selenastrum capricornatum assays, The Science of The Total Environment 271(1-3), 49–59.
Lechelt, M., Blohm, W., Kirschneit, B., Pfeiffer, M., Gresens, E., Liley, J., Holz, R., Lüring, C. and Moldaenke, C. (2000) Monitoring of surface water by ultrasensitive Daphnia toximeter, Environmental Toxicology 15(5), 390–400.
Lee, J.-S., Lee, B.-G., Luoma, S.N. and Yoo, H. (2004) Importance of equilibration time in the partitioning and toxicity of zinc in spiked sediment bioassays, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(1), 65–71.
Lewis, M.A. (1995) Use of freshwater plants for phytotoxicity testing: a review, Environmental Pollution 87(3), 319–336.
Leynen, M., Duvivier, L., Girboux, P. and Ollevier, F. (1998) Toxicity of ozone to fish larvae and Daphnia magna, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 41(2), 176–179.
Liao, C.M. and Lin, M.C. (2001) Acute toxicity modeling of rainbow trout and silver sea bream exposed to waterborne metals, Environmental Toxicology 16(4), 349–360.
Liao, C.-M., Chen, B.-C., Singh, S., Li, M.-C., Liu, C.-W. and Han, B.-C. (2003) Acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of arsenic in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan, Environmental Toxicology 18(4), 252–259.
Liu, D.H.W., Bailey, H.C. and Pearson, J.G. (1983) Toxicity of a complex munitions wastewater to aquatic organisms, in W.E. Bishop, R.D. Cardwell and B.B. Heidolph (eds.), Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Sixth Symposium, ASTM STP 802, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 135–150.
Liu, M.C., Chen, C.M., Cheng, H.Y., Chen, H.Y., Su, Y.C. and Hung, T.Y. (2002) Toxicity of different industrial effluents in Taiwan: a comparison of the sensitivity of Daphnia similis and Microtox®, Environmental Toxicology 17(2), 93–97.
Lockhart, W.L., Billeck, B.N. and Baron, C.L. (1989) Bioassays with a floating aquatic plant (Lemna minor) for effects of sprayed and dissolved glyphosate, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11–14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 353–359.
Long, E.R., MacDonald, D.D., Cubbage, J.C. and Ingersoll, C.G. (1998) Predicting the toxicity of sediment associated trace metals with simultaneously extracted trace metal: acid-volatile sulfide concentrations and dry weight-normalized concentrations: a critical comparison, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17(5), 972–974.
Long, K.E., Van Genderen, E.J. and Klaine, S.J. (2004) The effects of low hardness and pH on copper toxicity to Daphnia magna, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(1), 72–75.
Lopes, I., Gonçalves, F., Soares, A.M.V.M. and Ribeiro, R. (1999) Discriminating the ecotoxicity due to metals and to low pH in acid mine drainage, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 44(2), 207–214.
Lotufo, G.R. (1998) Lethal and sublethal toxicity of sediment-associated fluoranthene to benthic copepods: application of the critical-body-residue approach, Aquatic Toxicology 44(1-2), 17–30.
Lucivjanská, V., Lucivjanská, M. and Cízek, V. (2000) Sensitivity comparison of the ISO Daphnia and algal test procedures with Toxkit microbiotests, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 243–246.
Ma, M., Zhu, W., Wang, Z. and Witkamp, G.J. (2003) Accumulation, assimilation and growth inhibition of copper on freshwater alga (Scenedesmus subspicatus 86.81 SAG) in the presence of EDTA and fulvic acid, Aquatic Toxicology 63(3), 221–228.
MacDonald, D.D. and Ingersoll, C.G. (2002a) A guidance manual to support the assessment of contaminated sediments in freshwater ecosystems. Volume II-Design and implementation of sediment quality investigations, EPA-905-B02-001-B, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, IL, 136 pp.
MacDonald, D.D. and Ingersoll, C.G. (2002b) A guidance manual to support the assessment of contaminated sediments in freshwater ecosystems. Volume III-Interpretation of the results of sediment quality investigations, EPA-905-B02-001-C, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Il, 232 pp.
MacGregor, D.J. and Wells, P.G. (1984) The role of ecotoxicological testing of effluents and chemicals in the Environmental Protection Service, A working paper for E.P.S., Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, November 1984, 56 pp.
Mackay, D.W., Holmes, P.J. and Redshaw, C.J. (1989) The application of bioassay techniques to water pollution problems-The United Kingdom experience, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11–14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 77–86.
Madoni, P. (2000) The acute toxicity of nickel to freshwater ciliates, Environmental Pollution 109(1), 53–59.
Mäenpää, K.A., Sormunen, A.J. and Kukkonen, J.V.K. (2003) Bioaccumulation and toxicity of sediment associated herbicides (ioxynil, pendimethalin, and bentazone) in Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta) and Chironomus riparius (Insecta), Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 56(3), 398–410.
Maier, K.J. and Knight, A.W. (1993) Comparative acute toxicity and bioconcentration of selenium by the midge Chironomus decorus exposed to selenate, selenite, and seleno-DL-methionine, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 25(3), 365–370.
Malá, J., Maršálková, E. and Rovnaníková, P. (2000) Toxicity testing of solidified waste leachates with microbiotests, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 385–390.
Maltby, L. and Calow, P. (1989) The application of bioassays in the resolution of environmental problems; past, present and future, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11–14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 65–76.
Manasherob, R., Ben-Dov, E., Zaritsky, A. and Barak, Z. (1994) Protozoan-enhanced toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis-Endotoxin against Aedes aegypti larvae, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 63(3), 244–248.
Mandal, R., Hassan, N.M., Murimboh, J., Chakrabarti, C.L., Back, M.H., Rahayu, U. and Lean, D.R.S. (2002) Chemical speciation and toxicity of nickel species in natural waters from the Sudbury area (Canada), Environmental Science and Technology 36(7), 1477–1484.
Manusadžianas, L., Balkelyte, L., Sadauskas, K. and Stoškus, L. (2000) Microbiotests for the toxicity assessment of various types of water samples, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 391–399.
Manusadžianas, L., Balkelyte, L., Sadauskas, K., Blinova, I., Põllumaa, L. and Kahru, A. (2003) Ecotoxicological study of Lithuanian and Estonian wastewaters: selection of the biotests, and correspondence between toxicity and chemical-based indices, Aquatic Toxicology 63(1), 27–41.
Maršálek, B. and Bláha, L. (2000) Microbiotests for cyanobacterial toxins screening, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 519–525.
Maršálek, B. and Rojícková-Padrtová, R. (2000) Selection of a battery of microbiotests for various purposes-the Czech experience, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 95–101.
Marsalek, J., Rochfort, Q., Brownlee, B., Mayer, T. and Servos, M. (1999) An exploratory study of urban runoff toxicity, Water Science and Technology 39(12), 33–39.
Martinez-Madrid, M., Rodriguez, P. and Perez-Iglesias, J.I. (1999) Sediment toxicity bioassays for assessment of contaminated sites in the Nervion River (Northern Spain). I. Three-brood sediment chronic bioassay of Daphnia magna Straus, Ecotoxicology 8, 97–109.
Marvin, C.H., Howell, E.T., Kolic, T.M. and Reiner, E.J. (2002) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and dioxinlike polychlorianted biphenyls in sediments and mussels at three sites in the lower Great Lakes, North America, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21(9), 1908–1921.
Maycock, D.S., Prenner, M.M., Kheir, R., Morris, S., Callaghan, A., Whitehouse, P., Morritt, D. and Crane, M. (2003) Incorporation of in situ and biomarker assays in higher-tier assessment of the aquatic toxicity of insecticides, Water Research 37(17), 4180–4190.
McCarthy, L.H., Williams, T.G., Stephens, G.R., Peddle, J., Robertson, K. and Gregor, D.J. (1997) Baseline studies in the Slave River, NWT, 1990–1994: Part I. Evaluation of the chemical quality of water and suspended sediment from the Slave River (NWT), The Science of The Total Environment 197(1-3), 21–53.
McDaniel, M. and Snell, T.W. (1999) Probability distributions of toxicant sensitivity for freshwater rotifer species, Environmental Toxicology 14(3), 361–366.
McDonald, S.F., Hamilton, S.J., Buhl, K.J. and Heisinger, J.F. (1996) Acute toxicity of fire control chemicals to Daphnia magna (Straus) and Selenastrum capricornutum (Printz), Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 33(1), 62–72.
McKnight, D.M., Feder, G.L. and Stiles, E.A. (1981) Toxicity of volcanic-ash leachate to a blue-green alga. Results of a preliminary bioassay experiment, Environmental Science and Technology 15(3), 362–364.
Miana, P., Scotto, S., Perin, G. and Argese, E. (1993) Sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum, Daphnia magna and submitochondrial particles to tributyltin, Environmental Technology (Letters) ETLEDB 14(2), 175–181.
Michel, K., Brinkmann, C., Hahn, S., Dott, W. and Eisentraeger, A. (2004) Acute toxicity investigations of ester-based lubricants by using biotests with algae and bacteria, Environmental Toxicology 19, 445–448.
Michniewicz, M., Nalecz-Jawecki, G., Stufka-Olczyk, J. and Sawicki, J. (2000) Comparison of chemical composition and toxicity of wastewaters from pulp industry, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 401–411.
Middaugh, D.P., Beckham, N., Fournie, J.W. and Deardorff, T.L. (1997) Evaluation of bleached kraft mill process water using Microtox®, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Menidia beryllina toxicity tests, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 32(4), 367–375.
Milam, C.D. and Farris, J.L. (1998) Risk identification associated with iron-dominated mine discharges and their effect upon freshwater bivalves, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17(8), 1611–1619.
Milam, C.D., Farris, J.L. and Wilhide, J.D. (2000) Evaluating mosquito control pesticides for effect on target and nontarget organisms, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39(3), 324–328.
Milani, D., Reynoldson, T.B., Borgmann, U. and Kolasa, J. (2003) The relative sensitivity of four benthic invertebrates to metals in spiked-sediment exposures and application to contaminated field sediment, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(4), 845–854.
Milner, R.J., Lim, R.P. and Hunter, D.M. (2002) Risks to the aquatic ecosystem from the application of Metarhizium anisopliae for locust control in Australia, Pest Management Science 58(7), 718–723.
Mkandawire, M., Lyubun, Y.V., Kosterin, P.V. and Dudel, E.G. (2004) Toxicity of arsenic species to Lemna gibba L. and the influence of phosphate on arsenic bioavailability, Environmental Toxicology 19(1), 26–34.
Monarca, S., Feretti, D., Collivignarelli, C., Guzzella, L., Zerbini, I., Bertanza, G. and Pedrazzani, R. (2000) The influence of different disinfectants on mutagenicity and toxicity of urban wastewater, Water Research 34(17), 4261–4269.
Monda, D.P., Galat, D.L., Finger, S.E. and Kaiser, M.S. (1995) Acute toxicity of ammonia (NH3-N) in sewage effluent to Chironomus riparius: II. Using a generalized linear model, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28(3), 385–390.
Monkiédjé, A., Njiné, T., Tamatcho, B. and Démanou, J. (2000) Assessment of the acute toxic effects of the fungicide Ridomil plus 72 on aquatic organisms and soil micro-organisms, Environmental Toxicology 15(1), 65–70.
Moran, T. and Chiles, C. (1993) Multi-species toxicity assessment of sediments from the St-Clair River using Hyalella azteca, Daphnia magna and Microtox (Photobacterium phosphoreum) as test organisms, Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1942, 447–456.
Moreno-Garrido, I., Lubián, L.M. and Soares, A.M.V.M. (2000) Influence of cellular density on determination of EC(50) in microalgal growth inhibition tests, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 47(2), 112–116.
Mowat, F.S. and Bundy, J.G. (2002) Experimental and mathematical/computational assessment of the acute toxicity of chemical mixtures from the Microtox® assay, Advances in Environmental Research 6(4), 547–558.
Mueller, D.C., Bonner, J.S., McDonald, S.J., Autenrieth, R.L., Donnelly, K.C., Lee, K., Doe, K. and Anderson, J. (2003) The use of toxicity bioassays to monitor the recovery of oiled wetland sediments, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(9), 1945–1955.
Mummert, A.K., Neves, R.J., Newcomb, T.J. and Cherry, D.S. (2003) Sensitivity of juvenile freshwater mussels (Lampsilis fasciola, Villora iris) to total and un-ionized ammonia, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(11), 2545–2553.
Munawar, M., Dermott, R., McCarthy, L.H., Munawar, S.F. and van Stam, H.A. (1999) A comparative bioassessment of sediment toxicity in lentic and lotic ecosystems of the North American Great Lakes, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 2(4), 367–378.
Munawar, M., Munawar, I.F., Sergeant, D. and Wenghofer, C. (2000) A preliminary bioassessment of Lake Baikal sediment toxicity in the vicinity of a pulp and paper mill, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 3(2), 249–257.
Munawar, M., Munawar, I.F., Burley, M., Carou, S. and Niblock, H. (2003) Multi-trophic bioassessment of stressed “Areas of Concern” of the Lake Erie watershed, in M. Munawar (ed.), Sediment Quality Assessment and Management: Insight and Progress, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society, Canada, pp. 169–192.
Muyssen, B.T. and Janssen, C.R. (2001) Zinc acclimation and its effect on the zinc tolerance of Raphidocelis subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris in laboratory experiments, Chemosphere 45(4-5), 507–514.
Muyssen, B.T. and Janssen, C.R. (2002) Tolerance and acclimation to zinc of Ceriodaphnia dubia, Environmental Pollution 117(2), 301–306.
Naddy, R.B. and Klaine, S.J. (2001) Effect of pulse frequency and interval on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to Daphnia magna, Chemosphere 45(4-5), 497–506.
Naddy, R.B., Stern, G.R. and Gensemer, R.W. (2003) Effect of culture water hardness on the sensitivity of Ceriodaphnia dubia to copper toxicity, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(6), 1269–1271.
Naimo, T.J., Cope, W.G. and Bartsch, M.R. (2000) Sediment-contact and survival of fingernail clams: implications for conducting short-term laboratory tests, Environmental Toxicology 15(1), 23–27.
Nalecz-Jawecki, G. (2004) Spirotox — Spirostomum ambiguum acute toxicity test — 10 years of experience, Environmental Toxicology 19, 359–364.
Nalecz-Jawecki, G. and Sawicki, J. (2002) A comparison of sensitivity of spirotox biotest with standard toxicity tests, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42(4), 389–395.
Naudin, S., Pardos, M. and Quiniou, F. (1995) Toxicité des sédiments du bassin versant du Stang Alar (Brest) déterminée par une batterie de bio-essais, Cemagref, France, La revue Ingé nieries-EAT no spécial Rade de Brest, 67–74.
Naylor, C. and Howcroft, J. (1997) Sediment bioassays with Chironomus riparius: understanding the influence of experimental design on test sensitivity, Chemosphere 35(8), 1831–1845.
Nebeker, A.V., Cairns, M.A., Gakstatter, J.H., Malueg, K.W., Schuytema, G.S. and Krawczyk, D.F. (1984) Biological methods for determining toxicity of contaminated freshwater sediments to invertebrates, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 3(4), 617–630.
Nebeker, A.V., Onjukka, S.T. and Cairns, M.A. (1988) Chronic effects of contaminated sediment on Daphnia magna and Chironomus tentans, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41, 574–581.
Newton, T.J., Allran, J.W., O’Donnell, J.A., Bartsch, M.R. and Richardson, W.B. (2003) Effects of ammonia on juvenile unionid mussels (Lampsilis cardium) in laboratory sediment toxicity tests, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(11), 2554–2560.
Nicolau, A., Dias, N., Mota, M. and Lima, N. (2001) Trends in the use of protozoa in the assessment of wastewater treatment, Research in Microbiology 152(7), 621–630.
Nipper, M.G. (1998) The development and application of sediment toxicity tests for regulatory purposes, in P.G. Wells, K. Lee and C. Blaise (eds.), Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology: Advances, Techniques, and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 631–643.
Nyström, B. and Blanck, H. (1998) Effects of the sulfonylurea herbicide metsulfuron methyl on growth and macromolecular synthesis in the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum, Aquatic Toxicology 43(1), 25–39.
Oanh, N.T.K. (1996) A comparative study of effluent toxicity for three chlorine-bleached pulp and paper mills in Southeast Asia, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 18(1-4), 87–105.
Oanh, N.T.K. and Bengtsson, B.-E. (1995) Toxicity to Microtox, micro-algae and duckweed of effluents from the Bai Bang paper company (BAPACO), a Vietnamese bleached kraft pulp and paper mill, Environmental Pollution 90(3), 391–399.
OECD (1987) The use of biological tests for water pollution assessment and control, Environment Monograph No. 11, 70 pp.
OECD (2001a) Proposal for a new guideline 218: Sediment-water Chironomid toxicity test using spiked sediment, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Washington, DC (2003-12-23); http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/40/3/2739721.pdf.
OECD (2001b) Proposal for a new guideline 219: Sediment-water Chironomid toxicity test using spiked water, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Washington, DC (2004-02-25); http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/40/45/2739742.pdf.
OECD (2002a) Proposal for updating guideline 201: Freshwater alga and cyanobacteria, growth inhibition test, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Washington, DC (2004-02-25); http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/58/60/1946914.pdf.
OECD (2002b) Revised proposal for a new guideline 221: Lemna sp. growth inhibition test, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Washington, DC (2004-02-25); http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/51/1948054.pdf.
O’Farrell, I., Lombardo, R.J., de Tezanos Pinto, P. and Loez, C. (2002) The assessment of water quality in the Lower Lujan River (Buenos Aires, Argentina): phytoplankton and algal bioassays, Environmental Pollution 120(2), 207–218.
Okamura, H., Luo, R., Aoyama, I. and Liu, D. (1996) Ecotoxicity assessment of the aquatic environment around Lake Kojima, Japan, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 11(3), 213–221.
Okamura, H., Piao, M., Aoyama, I., Sudo, M., Okubo, T. and Nakamura, M. (2002) Algal growth inhibition by river water pollutants in the agricultural area around Lake Biwa, Japan, Environmental Pollution 117(3), 411–419.
Oladimeji, A.A. and Offem, B.O. (1989) Toxicity of lead to Clarias lazera, Oreochromis niloticus, Chironomus tentans and Benacus sp., Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 44(3-4), 191–201.
Onorati, F., Pellegrini, D. and Ausili, A. (1998) Sediment toxicity assessment with Photobacterium phosphoreum: a preliminary evaluation of natural matrix effect, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 7 (Special), 596–604.
Oris, J.T., Winner, R.W. and Moore, M.V. (1991) A four day survival and reproduction toxicity test for Ceriodaphnia dubia, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10(2), 217–224.
Ortego, L.S. and Benson, W.H. (1992) Effects of dissolved humic material on the toxicity of selected pyrethroid insecticides, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11(2), 261–265.
OSPAR (2000) Briefing document on the work of DYNAMEC and the DYNAMEC mechanism for the selection and prioritisation of hazardous substances. OSPAR Commission PRAM 2000. Summary Record (PRAM 00/12/1, Annex 5).
Pablos, V., Fernández, C., Valdovinos, C., Castaño, A., Muñoz, M.J. and Tarazona, J.V. (1996) Use of ecotoxicity tests as biological detectors of toxic chemicals in the environmental analysis of complex sewages, Toxicology Letters 88(Supplement 1), 82–82.
Painter, H.A. (1993) A review of tests for inhibition of bacteria (especially those agreed internationally), in M. Richardson (ed.), Ecotoxicology Monitoring, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 17–36.
Paixão, S.M. and Anselmo, A.M. (2002) Effect of olive mill wastewaters on the oxygen consumption by activated sludge microorganisms: an acute toxicity test method, Journal of Applied Toxicology 22(3), 173–176.
Paixão, S.M., Mendonça, E., Picado, A. and Anselmo, A.M. (1999) Acute toxicity evaluation of olive oil mill wastewaters: A comparative study of three aquatic organisms, Environmental Toxicology 14(2), 263–269.
Pape-Lindstrom, P.A. and Lydy, M.J. (1997) Synergistic toxicity of atrazine and organophosphate insecticides contravenes the response addition mixture model, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(11), 2415–2420.
Pardos, M., Benninghoff, C., Guéguen, C., Thomas, R., Dobrowolski, J. and Dominik, J. (1999a) Acute toxicity assessment of Polish (waste)water with a microplate-based Hydra attenuata assay: a comparison with the Microtox® test, The Science of The Total Environment 243-244, 141–148.
Pardos, M., Benninghoff, C., Thomas, R.L. and Khim-Heang, S. (1999b) Confirmation of elemental sulfur toxicity in the Microtox® assay during organic extracts assessment of freshwater sediments, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(2), 188–193.
Parrott, J.L. and Sprague, J.B. (1993) Patterns in toxicity of sublethal mixtures of metals and organic chemicals determined by Microtox® and by DNA, RNA, and protein content of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50(10), 2245–2253.
Parrott, J.L., Wood, C.S., Boutot, P. and Dunn, S. (2003) Changes in growth and secondary sex characteristics of fathead minnows exposed to bleached sulfite mill effluent, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(12), 2908–2915.
Pascoe, D., Wenzel, A., Janssen, C.R., Girling, A.E., Jüttner, I., Fliedner, A., Blockwell, S.J., Maund, S.J., Taylor, E.J., Diedrich, M., Persoone, G., Verhelst, P., Stephenson, R.R., Crossland, N.O., Mitchell, G.C., Pearson, N., Tattersfield, L., Lay, J.P., Peither, A., Neumeier, B. and Velletti, A.R. (2000) The development of toxicity tests for freshwater pollutants and their validation in stream and pond mesocosms, Water Research 34(8), 2323–2329.
Pasteris, A., Vecchi, M., Reynoldson, T.B. and Bonomi, G. (2003) Toxicity of copper-spiked sediments to Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae): a comparison of the 28-day reproductive bioassay with a 6-month cohort experiment, Aquatic Toxicology 65(3), 253–265.
Pastorok, R.A., Peek, D.C., Sampson, J.R. and Jacobson, M.A. (1994) Ecological risk assessment for river sediments contaminated by creosote, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(12), 1929–1941.
Pauli, W. and Berger, S. (1997) Toxicological comparisons of Tetrahymena species, end points and growth media: supplementary investigations to the pilot ring test, Chemosphere 35(5), 1043–1052.
Peck, M.R., Klessa, D.A. and Baird, D.J. (2002) A tropical sediment toxicity test using the dipteran Chironomus crassiforceps to test metal bioavailability with sediment pH change in tropical acidsulfate sediments, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21(4), 720–728.
Peeters, E.T.H.M., Dewitte, A., Koelmans, A.A., van der Velden, J.A. and den Besten, P.J. (2001) Evaluation of bioassays versus contaminant concentrations in explaining the macroinvertebrate community structure in the Rhine-Meuse delta, the Netherlands, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20(12), 2883–2891.
Pereira, A.M.M., Soares, A.M.V.M., Gonçalves, F. and Ribeiro, R. (1999) Test chambers and test procedures for in situ toxicity testing with zooplankton, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(9), y1956–1964.
Pereira, A.M.M., Soares, A.M.V.M., Gonçalves, F. and Ribeiro, R. (2000) Water-column, sediment, and in situ chronic bioassays with cladocerans, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 47(1), 27–38.
Pérez, S., Farré, M., García, M.J. and Barceló, D. (2001) Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge and their contribution to its toxicity in the toxalert 100 bioassay, Chemosphere 45(6-7), 705–712.
Perkins Jr, E.J. and Schlenk, D. (2000) In vivo acetylcholinesterase inhibition, metabolism, and toxicokinetics of aldicarb in channel catfish: role of biotransformation in acute toxicity, Toxicological Sciences 53(2), 308–315.
Persoone, G. (1998) Development and first validation of a “stock-culture free” algal microbiotest: the Algaltoxkit, in P.G. Wells, K. Lee and C. Blaise (eds.), Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology: Advances, Techniques, and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 311–320.
Persoone, G. and Vangheluwe, M.L. (2000) Toxicity determination of the sediments of the river Seine in France by application of a battery of microbiotests, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 427–439.
Persoone, G., Van de Vel, A., Van Steertegem, M. and De Nayer, B. (1989) Predictive value of laboratory tests with aquatic invertebrates: influence of experimental conditions, Aquatic Toxicology 14(2), 149–167.
Persoone, G., Blaise, C., Snell, T., Janssen, C. and Van Steertegem, M. (1993) Cyst-based toxicity tests: II.-Report on an international intercalibration exercise with three cost-effective Toxkits, Zeitschrift für Angewandte Zoologie 79(1), 17–36.
Persoone, G. Janssen, C. and De Coen, W. (2000) New microbiotests for routine toxicity screening and biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, 550 pp.
Persoone, G., Marsalek, B., Blinova, I., Törökné, A., Zarina, D., Manusadžianas, L., Nalecz-Jawecki, G., Tofan, L., Stepanova, N., Tothova, L. and Kolar, B. (2003) A practical and user-friendly toxicity classification system with microbiotests for natural waters and wastewaters, Environmental Toxicology 18(6), 395–402.
Péry, A.R.R., Ducrot, V., Mons, R. and Garric, J. (2003) Modelling toxicity and mode of action of chemicals to analyse growth and emergence tests with the midge Chironomus riparius, Aquatic Toxicology 65(3), 281–292.
Pesonen, M. and Andersson, T.B. (1997) Fish primary hepatocyte culture; an important model for xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity studies, Aquatic Toxicology 37(2-3), 253–267.
Petänen, T., Lyytikäinen, M., Lappalainen, J., Romantschuk, M. and Kukkonen, J.V. K. (2003) Assessing sediment toxicity and arsenite concentration with bacterial and traditional methods, Environmental Pollution 122(3), 407–415.
Peter, S., Siersdorfer, C., Kaltwasser, H. and Geiger, M. (1995) Toxicity estimation of treated coke plant wastewater using the luminescent bacteria assay and the algal growth inhibition test, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 10, 179–184.
Pettersson, A., Adamsson, M. and Dave, G. (2000) Toxicity and detoxification of Swedish detergents and softener products, Chemosphere 41(10), 1611–1620.
Phipps, J.L., Mattson, V.R. and Ankley, G.T. (1995) Relative sensitivity of three freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates to ten contaminants, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28(3), 281–286.
Pica-Granados, Y., Trujillo, G.D. and Hernández, H.S. (2000) Bioassay standardization for water quality monitoring in Mexico, Environmental Toxicology 15(4), 322–330.
Pintar, A., Besson, M., Gallezot, P., Gibert, J.J. and Martin, D. (2004) Toxicity to Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri of Kraft bleach plant effluents treated by catalytic wet-air oxidation, Water Research 38(2), 289–300.
Preston, B.L., Snell, T.W., Fields, D.M. and Weissburg, M.J. (2001) The effects of fluid motion on toxicant sensitivity of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, Aquatic Toxicology 52(2), 117–131.
Priha, M.H. (1996) Ecotoxicological impacts of pulp mill effluents in Finland, in M.R. Servos, K.R. Munkittrick, J.H. Carey and G.J. Van Der Kraak (eds.), Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents, St-Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL, pp. 637–650.
Radetski, C.M, Férard, J.F. and Blaise, C. (1995) A semi-static microplate-based phytotoxicity test, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14, 299–302.
Ramirez, N.E., Vargas, M.C. and Sanchez, F.N. (1996) Use of the sediment Chromotest for monitoring simulated hydrocarbon biodegradation processes, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 11, 223–230.
Ramos, E.U., Vermeer, C., Vaes, W.H.J. and Hermens, J.L.M. (1998) Acute toxicity of polar narcotics to three aquatic species (Daphnia magna, Poecilia reticulata and Lymnaea stagnalis) and its relation to hydrophobicity, Chemosphere 37(4), 633–650.
Rao, S.S., Burnison, B.K., Rokosh, D.A. and Taylor, C.M. (1994) Mutagenicity and toxicity assessment of pulp mill effluent, Chemosphere 28(10), 1859–1870.
Rediske, R., Thompson, C., Schelske, C., Gabrosek, J., Nalepa, T. and Peaslee, G. (2002) Preliminary investigation of the extent of sediment contamination in Muskegon Lake, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, IL, #GL-97520701, (2003-12-30), 112 pp.; http: //www.epa.gov/glnpo/sediment/muskegon/MuskRpt8.pdf.
Redondo, M.J., López-Jaramillo, L., Ruiz, M.J. and Font, G. (1996) Toxicity assessment using the microtox test and determination of pesticides in soil and water samples by chromatographic techniques, Toxicology Letters 88(Supplement 1), 30–30.
Reinhold-Dudok van Heel, H.C. and den Besten, P.J. (1999) The relation between macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Rhine-Meuse delta (The Netherlands) and sediment quality, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 2(1), 19–38.
Ren, S. and Frymier, P.D. (2003) Use of multidimensional scaling in the selection of wastewater toxicity test battery components, Water Research 37(7), 1655–1661.
Repetto, G., del Peso, A. and Repetto, M. (2000) Alternative ecotoxicological methods for the evaluation, control and monitoring of environmental pollutants, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Restoration 3(1), 47–51.
Repetto, G., Jos, A., Hazen, M.J., Molero, M.L., del Peso, A., Salguero, M., del Castillo, P.D., Rodríguez-Vicente, M.C. and Repetto, M. (2001) A test battery for the ecotoxicological evaluation of pentachlorophenol, Toxicology In Vitro 15(4-5), 503–509.
Reynoldson, T.B., Day, K.E., Clarke, C. and Milani, D. (1994) Effect of indigenous animals on chronic end points in freshwater sediment toxicity tests, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(6), 973–977.
Ribeiro, I.C., Veríssimo, I., Moniz, L., Cardoso, H., Sousa, M.J., Soares, A.M. and Leão, C. (2000) Yeasts as a model for assessing the toxicity of the fungicides penconazol, cymoxanil and dichlofluanid, Chemosphere 41(10), 1637–1642.
Ribo, J.M. (1997) Interlaboratory comparison studies of the luminescent bacteria toxicity bioassay, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 12(4), 283–294.
Ribo, J.M., Yang, J.E. and Huang, P.M. (1989) Luminescent bacteria toxicity assay in the study of mercury speciation, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldsonand M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11-14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 155–162.
Richardson, J.S., Hall, K.J., Kiffney, P.M., Smith, J.A. and Keen, P. (1998) Ecological impacts of contaminants in an urban watershed, DOE FRAP 1998-25, Environment Canada, Environmental Conservation Branch, Aquatic and Atmospheric Sciences Division, Vancouver, BC, 22 pp.
Riisberg, M., Bratlie, E. and Stenersen, J. (1996) Comparison of the response of bacterial luminescence and mitochondrial respiration to the effluent of an oil refinery, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(4), 501–502.
Rippon, G.D. and Riley, S.J. (19960 Environmental impact assessment of tailings dispersal from a uranium mine using toxicity testing protocols, Water Resources Bulletin 32(6), 1167–1175.
Rissanen, E., Krumschnabel, G. and Nikinmaa, M. (2003) Dehydroabietic acid, a major component of wood industry effluents, interferes with cellular energetics in rainbow trout hepatocytes, Aquatic Toxicology 62(1), 45–53.
Ristola, T., Pellinen, J., Leppänen, M. and Kukkonen, J. (1996) Characterization of Lake Ladoga sediments. I. Toxicity to Chironomus riparius and Daphnia magna, Chemosphere 32(8), 1165–1178.
Ristola, T., Parker, D. and Kukkonen, J.V.K. (2001) Life-cycle effects of sediment-associated 2,4,5-trichlorophenol on two groups of the midge Chironomus riparius with different exposure histories, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20(8), 1772 1777.
Roberts, R.O. and Berk, S.G. (1993) Effect of copper, herbicides, and a mixed effluent on chemoattraction of Tetrahymena pyriformis, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 8(1), 73–85.
Robinson, P.W. and Scott, R.R. (1995) The toxicity of cyromazine to Chironomus zealandicus (Chironomidae) and Deleatidium sp. (Leptophlebiidae), Pesticide Science 44(3), 283–292.
Rodgers, D.W., Schröder, J. and Sheehan, L.V. (1996) Comparison of Daphnia magna, rainbow trout and bacterial-based toxicity tests of Ontario Hydro aquatic effluents, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 90(1-2), 105–112.
Roghair, C.J., Buijze, A. and Schoon, H.N.P. (1992) Ecotoxicological risk evaluation of the cationic fabric softener DTDMAC. I. Ecotoxicological effects, Chemosphere 24(5), 599–609.
Ronco, A.E., Castillo, G. and Díaz-Baez, M.C. (2000) Development and application of microbioassays for routine testing and biomonitoring in Argentina, Chile and Colombia, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 49–61.
Ronco, A., Gagnon, P., Díaz-Baez, M.C., Arkhipchuk, V., Castillo, G., Castillo, L.E., Dutka, B.J., Pica-Granados, Y., Ridal, J., Srivastava, R.C. and Sanchez, A. (2002) Overview of results from the WaterTox intercalibration and environmental testing phase II program: Part 1, statistical analysis of blind sample testing, Environmental Toxicology 17(3), 232–240.
Roseth, S., Edvardsson, T., Botten, T.M., Fuglestad, J., Fonnum, F. and Stenersen, J. (1996) Comparison of acute toxicity of process chemicals used in the oil refinery industry, tested with the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis, the flagellate Isochrysis galbana, and the zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(7), 1211–1217.
Ross, P. (1993) The use of bacterial luminescence systems in aquatic toxicity testing, in M. Richardson (ed.), Ecotoxicology Monitoring, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 185–195.
Ross, P. (1998) Role of microbiotests in contaminated sediment assessment batteries, in P.G. Wells, K. Lee and C. Blaise (eds.), Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology: Advances, Techniques, and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 549–556.
Ross, P. and Leitman, P.A. (1995) Solid phase testing of aquatic sediments using Vibrio fischeri: test design and data interpretation, in M. Richardson (ed.), Environmental Toxicology Assessment, Taylor & Francis Ltd., London, England, pp. 65–76.
Ross, P.E., Burton Jr, G.A., Crecelius, E.A., Filkins, J.C., Giesy, J.P., Ingersoll, C.G., Landrum, P.F., Mac, M.J., Murphy, T.J., Rathbun, J.E., Smith, V.E., Tatem, H.E. and Taylor, R.W. (1992) Assessment of sediment contamination at Great Lakes areas of concern: the ARCS Program Toxicity-Chemistry Work Group strategy, Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 1(3), 193–200.
Ross, P., Burton Jr, G.A., Greene, M., Ho, K., Meier, P.G., Sweet, L.I., Auwarter, A., Bispo, A., Doe, K., Erstfeld, K., Goudey, S., Goyvaerts, M., Henderson, D.G., Jourdain, M., Lenon, M., Pandard, P., Qureshi, A., Rowland, C., Schipper, C., Schreurs, W., Trottier, S. and Van Aggelen, G. (1999) Interlaboratory precision study of a whole sediment toxicity test with the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri, Environmental Toxicology 14(3), 339–345.
Rossi, D. and Beltrami, M. (1998) Sediment ecological risk assessment: in situ and laboratory toxicity testing of Lake Orta sediments, Chemosphere 37(14-15), 2885–2894.
Rousch, J.M., Simmons, T.W., Kerans, B.L. and Smith, B.P. (1997) Relative acute effects of low pH and high iron on the hatching and survival of the water mite (Arrenurus manubriator) and the aquatic insect (Chironomus riparius), Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(10), 2144–2150.
Ruck, J.G., Martin, M. and Mabon, M. (2000) Evaluation of Toxkits as methods for monitoring water quality in New Zealand, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 103–119.
Rue, W.J., Fava, J.A. and Grothe, D.R. (1988) A review of inter-and intralaboratory effluent toxicity test method variablility, in M.S. Adams, G.A. Chapman and W.G. Landis (eds.), Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: 10th Volume, ASTM STP 971, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 190–20.
Rutherford, L.A., Matthews, S.L., Doe, K.G. and Julien, G.R.J. (2000) Aquatic toxicity and environmental impact of leachate discharges from a municipal landfill, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 35(1), 39–57.
Sabaliunas, D., Lazutka, J. and Sabaliuniené, I. (2000) Acute toxicity and genotoxicity of aquatic hydrophobic pollutants sampled with semipermeable membrane devices, Environmental Pollution 109(2), 251–265.
Sae-Ma, B., Meier, P.G. and Landrum, P.F. (1998) Effect of extended storage time on the toxicity of sediment-associated cadmium on midge larvae (Chironomus tentans), Ecotoxicology 7(3), 133–139.
Sakai, M. (2001) Chronic toxicity tests with Daphnia magna for examination of river water quality, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 36(1), 67–74.
Sakai, M. (2002a) Use of chronic tests with Daphnia magna for examination of diluted river water, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 53(3), 376–381.
Sakai, M. (2002b) Determination of pesticides and chronic test with Daphnia magna for rainwater samples, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 37(3), 247–254.
Salizzato, M., Pavoni, B., Ghirardini, A.V. and Ghetti, P.F. (1998) Sediment toxicity measured using Vibrio fischeri as related to the concentrations of organic (PCBs, PAHs) and inorganic (metals, sulfur) pollutants, Chemosphere 36(14), 2949–2968.
Samaras, P., Sakellaropoulos, G.P., Kungolos, A. and Dermissi, S. (1998) Toxicity assessment assays in Greece, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 7(7-8, Special), 623–630.
Samel, A., Ziegenfuss, M., Goulden, C.E., Banks, S. and Baer, K.N. (1999) Culturing and bioassay testing of Daphnia magna using Elendt M4, Elendt M7, and COMBO media, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 43(1), 103–110.
Sánchez-Mata, J.D., Fernández, V., Chordi, A. and Tejedor, C. (2001) Toxicity and mutagenecity of urban wastewater treated with different purifying processes, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 4(1), 61–72.
Sandbacka, M., Pärt, P. and Isomaa, B. (1999) Gill epithelial cells as tools for toxicity screening — comparison between primary cultures, cells in suspension and epithelia on filters, Aquatic Toxicology 46(1), 23–32.
Santiago, S., Thomas, R.L., Larbaigt, G., Rossel, D., Echeverria, M.A., Tarradellas, J., Loizeau, J.L., McCarthy, L., Mayfield, C.I. and Corvi, C. (1993) Comparative ecotoxicity of suspended sediment in the lower Rhone River using algal fractionation, Microtox and Daphia magna bioassays, Hydrobiologia 252(3), 231–244.
Santiago, S., van Slooten, K.B., Chèvre, N., Pardos, M., Benninghoff, C., Dumas, M., Thybaud, E. and Garrivier, F. (2002) Guide pour l’Utilisation des Tests Ecotoxicologiques avec les Daphnies, les Bactéries Luminescentes et les Algues Vertes, Appliqués aux Echantillons de l’Environnement, Soluval Institut Forel, Genève, 56 pp.
Sarma, S.S.S., Nandini, S. and Flores, J.L.G. (2001) Effect of methyl parathion on the population growth of the rotifer Brachionus patulus (O.F. Muller) under different algal food (Chlorella vulgaris) densities, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 48(2), 190–195.
Sauvant, M.P., Pépin, D. and Piccinni, E. (1999) Tetrahymena pyriformis: a tool for toxicological studies. A review, Chemosphere 38(7), 1631–1669.
Sauvant, M.P., Pépin, D., Bohatier, J., Grolière, C.A. and Veyre, A. (1994) Comparative study of two in vitro models (L-929 fibroblasts and Tetrahymena pyriformis GL) for the cytotoxicological evaluation of packaged water, The Science of The Total Environment 156(2), 159–167.
Schramm, K.-W., Kaune, A., Beck, B., Thumm, W., Behechti A., Kettrup, A. and Nickolova, P. (1996) Acute toxicities of five nitromusk compounds in Daphnia, algae and photoluminescent bacteria, Water Research 30(10), 2247–2250.
Schultz, T.W., Sinks, G.D. and Bearden, A.P. (1998) QSAR in aquatic toxicology: a mechanism of action approach comparing toxic potency to Pimephales promelas, Tetrahymena pyriformis, and Vibrio fischeri, in J. Devillers (ed.), Comparative QSAR, Taylor & Francis, New York, pp. 51–109.
Schulz, R., Peall, S.K., Dabrowski, J.M. and Reinecke, A.J. (2001) Spray deposition of two insecticides into surface waters in a South African orchard area, Journal of Environmental Quality 30(3), 814–822.
Schultz, T.W., Seward-Nagel, J., Foster, K.A. and Tucker, V.A. (2004) Population growth impairment of aliphatic alcohols to Tetrahymena, Environmental Toxicology 19, 1–10.
Schweigert, N., Eggen, R.I., Escher, B.I., Burkhardt-Holm, P. and Behra, R. (2002) Ecotoxicological assessment of surface waters: a modular approach integrating in vitro methods, ALTEX (Alternatives to Animal Experiments) 19(Suppl 1, 30–37.
Scroggins, R., van Aggelen, G. and Schroeder, J. (2002a, Monitoring sublethal toxicity in effluent under the metal mining EEM Program, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 37(1), 279–294.
Scroggins, R.P., Miller, J.A., Borgmann, A.I. and Sprague, J.B. (2002b) Sublethal toxicity findings by the pulp and paper industry for cycles 1 and 2 of the environmental effects monitoring program, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 37(1), 21–48.
Seco, J.I., Fernández-Pereira, C. and Vale, J. (2003) A study of the leachate toxicity of metal-containing solid wastes using Daphnia magna, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 56(3), 339–350.
Sekkat, N., Guerbet, M. and Jouany, J.-M. (2001) Étude comparative de huit bioessais à court terme pour l’évaluation de la toxicité de lixiviats de déchets urbains et industriels, Revue des Sciences de l’Eau 14(1), 63–72.
Sepúlveda, M.S., Quinn, B.P., Denslow, N.D., Holm, S.E. and Gross, T.S. (2003) Effects of pulp and paper mill effluent on reproductive success of largemouth bass, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(1), 205–213.
Sergy, G. (1987) Recommendations on aquatic biological tests and procedures for environmental protection, Conservation and Protection, Department of Environment Manuscript Report, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 102 pp.
Seymour, D.T., Verbeek, A.G., Hrudey, S.E. and Fedorak, P.M. (1997) Acute toxicity and aqueous solubility of some condensed thiophenes and their microbial metabolites, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(4), 658–665.
Sherrard, R.M., Murray-Gulde, C.L., Rodgers Jr, J.H. and Shah, Y.T. (2003) Comparative toxicity of chlorothalonil: Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 56(3), 327–333.
Sherry, J.P., Scott, B.F., Nagy, V. and Dutka, B.J. (1994) Investigation of the sublethal effects of some petroleum refinery effluents, Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 3(2), 129–137.
Sherry, J.P, Scott, B.F and Dutka, B. (1997) Use of various acute, sublethal and early life-stage tests to evaluate the toxicity of refinery effluents, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(11), 2249–2257.
Sibley, P.K., Ankley, G.T., Cotter, A.M. and Leonard, E.N. (1996) Predicting chronic toxicity of sediments spiked with zinc: an evaluation of the acid-volatile sulfide model using a life-cycle test with the midge Chironomus tentans, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(12), 2102–2112.
Sibley, P.K., Benoit, D.A. and Ankley, G.T. (1997a) The significance of growth in Chironomus tentans sediment toxicity tests: relationship to reproduction and demographic endpoints, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(2), 336–345.
Sibley, P.K., Legler, J., Dixon, D.G. and Barton, D.R. (1997b) Environmental health assessment of the benthic habitat adjacent to a pulp mill discharge. I. Acute and chronic toxicity of sediments to benthic macroinvertebrates, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 32(3), 274–284.
Sibley, P.K., Monson, P.D. and Ankley, G.T. (1997c) The effect of gut contents on dry weight estimates of Chironomus tentans larvae: implications for interpreting toxicity in freshwater sediment toxicity tests, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(8), 1721–1726.
Sildanchandra, W. and Crane, M. (2000) Influence of sexual dimorphism in Chironomus riparius Meigen on toxic effects of cadmium, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(9), 2309–2313.
Sloterdijk, H., Champoux, L., Jarry, V., Couillard, Y. and Ross, P. (1989) Bioassay responses of microorganisms to sediment elutriates from the St. Lawrence River (Lake St. Louis), in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11-14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 317–335.
Snell, T.W. (2000) The distribution of endpoint chronic value, for freshwater rotifer, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 185–190.
Snell, T. W. and Persoone, G. (1989) Acute toxicity bioassays using rotifers. II. A freshwater test with Brachionus rubens, Aquatic Toxicology 14(1), 81–91.
Snell, T.W. and Janssen, C.R. (1995) Rotifers in ecotoxicology: a review, Hydrobiologia 313/314, 231–247.
Snell, T.W. and Janssen, C.R. (1998) Microscale toxicity testing with rotifers, in P.G. Wells, K. Lee and C. Blaise (eds.), Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology: Advances, Techniques, and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 409–422.
Sosak-Swiderska, B. and Tyrawska, D. (1996) The role of algae in ecotoxicological tests, in M. Richardson (ed.), Environmental Xenobiotics, Taylor & Francis Books Ltd, London, England, pp. 179–193.
Sponza, D.T. (2001) Toxicity studies of tobacco wastewater, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 4(4), 479–492.
Staples, C.A. and Davis, J.W. (2002) An examination of the physical properties, fate, ecotoxicity and potential environmental risks for a series of propylene glycol ethers, Chemosphere 49(1), 61–73.
Stepanova, N.J., Petrov, A.M., Gabaydullin, A.G. and Shagidullin, R.R. (2000) Toxicity of snow cover for the assessment of air pollution as determined with microbiotests, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 475–478.
Stephenson, G.L., Kaushik, N.K. and Solomon, K.R. (1991) Acute toxicity of pure pentachlorophenol and a technical formulation to three species of Daphnia, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 20(1), 73–80.
Stewart, K.M. and Thompson, R.S. (1995) Fluoranthene as a model toxicant in sediment studies with Chironomus riparius, Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 4(4), 231–238.
St-Laurent, D. and Blaise, C. (1995) Validation of a microplate-based algal lethality test developed with the help of flow cytometry, in M. Richardson (ed.), Environmental Toxicology Assessment, Taylor & Francis Ltd., London, England, pp. 137–155.
Stratton, G.W. (1987) The effects of pesticides and heavy metals towards phototrophic microorganisms. In: E. Hodgson, Editor, Reviews in Environmental Toxicology vol. 3, Elsevier, NY (1987), pp. 71–147.
Stuhlfauth, T. (1995) Ecotoxicological monitoring of industrial effluents, in M. Richardson (ed.), Environmental Toxicology Assessment, Taylor & Francis Ltd., London, England, pp. 187–198.
Stuijfzand, S.C., Drenth, A., Helms, M. and Kraak, M.H. (1998) Bioassays using the midge Chironomus riparius and the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha for evaluation of river water quality, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 34(4), 357–363.
Sturm, A. and Hansen, P. (1999) Altered cholinesterase and monooxygenase levels in Daphnia magna and Chironomus riparius exposed to environmental pollutants, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 42(1), 9–15.
Suedel, B.C. and Rodgers Jr, J.H. (1994) Development of formulated reference sediments for freshwater and estuarine sediment testing, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(7), 1163–1175.
Suedel, B.C. and Rodgers Jr, J.H. (1996) Toxicity of fluoranthene to Daphnia magna, Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans, and Stylaria lacustris in water-only and whole sediment exposures, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 57(1), 132–138.
Suedel, B.C., Deaver, E. and Rodgers Jr, J.H. (1996) Experimental factors that may affect toxicity of aqueous and sediment-bound copper to freshwater organisms, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30(1), 40–46.
Suedel, B.C., Rodgers Jr, J.H. and Deaver, E. (1997) Experimental factors that may affect toxicity of cadmium to freshwater organisms, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 33(2), 188–193.
Suter, G.W. II. (1993) Ecological risk assessment, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fl., U.S.A., 538 pp.
Svenson, A. and Zhang, L. (1995) Acute aquatic toxicity of protolyzing substances studied as the Microtox effect, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 30(3), 283–288.
Svenson, A., Linlin, Z. and Kaj, L. (1992) Primary chemical and physical characterization of acute toxic components in wastewaters, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 24(2), 234–242.
Svenson, A., Edsholt, E., Ricking, M., Remberger, M. and Röttorp, J. (1996) Sediment contaminants and Microtox toxicity tested in a direct contact exposure test, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 11(4), 293–300.
Svenson, A., Sandén, B., Dalhammar, G., Remberger, M. and Kaj, L. (2000) Toxicity identification and evaluation of nitrification inhibitors in wastewaters, Environmental Toxicology 15(5), 527–532.
Sweet, L.I., Travers, D.F. and Meier, P.G. (1997) Short Communication-chronic toxicity evaluation of wastewater treatment plant effluents with bioluminescent bacteria: a comparison with invertebrates and fish, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(10), 2187–2189.
Tarczynska, M., Nalecz-Jawecki, G., Brzychcy, B., Zalewski, M. and Sawicki, J. (2000) The toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms as determined by microbiotests and mouse assays, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 527–532.
Tarkpea, M. and Hansson, M. (1989) Comparison between two Microtox test procedures, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 18(2), 204–210.
Taylor, L.N., Wood, C.M. and McDonald, D.G. (2003) An evaluation of sodium loss and gill metal binding properties in rainbow trout and yellow perch to explain species differences in copper tolerance, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(9), 2159–2166.
Tchounwou, P.B. and Reed, L. (1999) Assessment of lead toxicity to the marine bacterium, Vibrio fischeri, and to a heterogeneous population of microorganisms derived from the Pearl River in Jackson, Mississippi, USA, Review of Environmental Health 14(2), 51–61.
Tellez, M.R., Dayan, F.E., Schrader, K.K., Wedge, D.E. and Duke, S.O. (2000) Composition and some biological activities of the essential oil of Callicarpa americana (L.), Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48(7), 3008–3012.
Tellez, M.R., Khan, I.A., Kobaisy, M., Schrader, K.K., Dayan, F.E. and Osbrink, W. (2002) Composition of the essential oil of Lepidium meyenii (Walp), Phytochemistry 61(2), 149–155.
Terzaghi, C., Buffagni, M., Cantelli, D., Bonfanti, P. and Camatini, M. (1998) Physical-chemical and ecotoxicological evaluation of water based drilling fluids used in Italian off-shore, Chemosphere 37(14-15), 2859–2871.
Tessier, L., Unfer, S., Férard, J.F., Loiseau, C., Richard, E. and Brumas, V. (1999) Potential of acoustic wave microsensors for aquatic ecotoxicity assessment based on microplates. Sensors and Actuators B 59: 177–179.
Tetreault, G.R., McMaster, M.E., Dixon, D.G. and Parrott, J.L. (2003) Physiological and biochemical responses of Ontario slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) to sediment from the Athabasca oil sands area, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 38(2), 361–377.
Thellen, C., Blaise, C., Roy, Y. and Hickey, C. (1989) Round Robin testing with the Selenastrum capricornutum microplate toxicity assay, in M. Munawar, G. Dixon, C.I. Mayfield, T. Reynoldson and M.H. Sadar (eds.), Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application: Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference held in Lancaster, England, 11–14 July 1988, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 259–268.
Thomulka, K.W., Schroeder, J.A. and Lange, J.H. (1997) Use of Vibrio harveyi in an aquatic bioluminescent toxicity test to assess the effects of metal toxicity: Treatment of sand and water-buffer, with and without EDTA, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 12(4), 343–348.
Tietge, J.E., Hockett, J.R. and Evans, J.M. (1997) Major ion toxicity of six produced waters to three freshwater species: application of ion toxicity models and TIE procedures, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(10), 2002–2008.
Tišler, T. and Zagorc-Koncan, J. (1997) Comparative assessment of toxicity of phenol, formalhehyde, and industrial wastewater to aquatic organisms, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 97(3-4), 315–322.
Tišler, T. and Zagorc-Koncan, J. (1999) Toxicity evaluation of wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry to aquatic organisms, Water Science and Technology 39(10-11), 71–76.
Törökné, A.K. (2000) The potential of the Thamnotoxkit microbiotest for routine detection of cyanobacterial toxins, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 533–539.
Törökné, A., Oláh, B., Reskóné, M., Báskay, I. and Bérciné, J. (2000) Utilization of microbiotests to assess the contamination of water-bases, Central European Journal of Public Health 8(8), 97–99.
Tran, D., Ciret, P., Ciutat, A., Durrieu, G. and Massabuau, J.-C. (2003) Estimation of potential and limits of bivalve closure response to detect contaminants: application to cadmium, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(4), 914–920.
Traunspurger, W., Schäfer, H. and Remde, A. (1996) Comparative investigation on the effect of a herbicide on aquatic organisms in single species tests and aquatic microcosms, Chemosphere 33(6), 1129–1141.
Trottier, S., Blaise, C., Kusui, T. and Johnson, E.M. (1997) Acute toxicity assessment of aqueous samples using a microplate-based Hydra attenuata assay, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 12(3), 265–271.
Tsui, M.T.K. and Chu, L.M. (2003) Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations: comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factors, Chemosphere 52(7), 1189–1197.
Twagilimana, L., Bohatier, J., Grolière, C.A., Bonnemoy, F. and Sargos, D. (1998) A new low-cost microbiotest with the Protozoan Spirostomum teres: culture conditions and assessment of sensitivity of the ciliate to 14 pure chemicals, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 41(3), 231–244.
Ulitzur, S., Lahav, T. and Ulitzur, N. (2002) A novel and sensitive test for rapid determination of water toxicity, Environmental Toxicology 17(3), 291–296.
U.S. EPA (2002a) Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms, EPA-821-R-02-012, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, pp. 1–275.
U.S. EPA (2002b) Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms, EPA-821-R-02-013, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, pp. 1–350.
U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) and Environment Canada (1984) Proceedings of the International OECD workshop on biological testing of effluents (and related receiving waters), September 10 through 14, 1984, Duluth, Minnesota, USA, 367 pp.
Vaajasaari, K., Ahtiainen, J., Nakari, T. and Dahlbo, H. (2000) Hazard assessment of industrial waste leachability: chemical characterization and biotesting by routine effluent tests, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W. M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 413–423.
van Dam, R.A., Barry, M.J., Ahokas, J.T. and Holdway, D.A. (1998) Effects of water-borne iron and calcium on the toxicity of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) to Daphnia carinata, Aquatic Toxicology 42(1), 49–66.
van den Heuvel, M.R. and Ellis, R.J. (2002) Timing of exposure to a pulp and paper effluent influences the manifestation of reproductive effects in rainbow trout, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21(11), 2338–2347.
van der Geest, H.G., Greve, G.D., Kroon, A., Kuijl, S., Kraak, M.H.S. and Admiraal, W. (2000) Sensitivity of characteristic riverine insects, the caddisfly Cyrnus trimaculatus and the mayfly Ephoron virgo, to copper and diazinon, Environmental Pollution 109(2), 177–182.
Van der Wielen, C. and Halleux, I. (2000) Toxicity monitoring of the Scheldt and Meuse rivers in Wallonia (Belgium) by conventional tests and microbiotests, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W.M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 295–303.
Van Donk, E., Abdel-Hamid, M.I., Faafeng, B.A. and Källqvist, T. (1992) Effects of Dursban® 4E and its carrier on three algal species during exponential and P-limited growth, Aquatic Toxicology 23(3-4), 181–191.
van Wijngaarden, R.P.A., van den Brink, P.J., Crum, S.J.H., Oude, V.J.H., Brock, T.C.M. and Leeuwangh, P. (1996) Effects of the insecticide Dursban® 4E (active ingredient chlorpyrifos) in outdoor experimental ditches: I. Comparison of short-term toxicity between the laboratory and the field, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(7), 1133–1142.
VanGenderen, E.J., Ryan, A.C., Tomasso, J.R. and Klaine, S.J. (2003) Influence of dissolved organic matter source on silver toxicity to Pimephales promelas, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(11), 2746–2751.
Vanderbroele, M.C., Heijerick, D.G., Vangheluwe, M.L. and Janssen, C.R. (2000) Comparison of the conventional algal assay and the Algaltoxkit F™ microbiotest for toxicity evaluation of sediment pore waters, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W. M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 261–268.
Vasseur, P. and Pandard, P. (1988) Influence of some experimental factors on metal toxicity to Selenastrum capricornutum, Toxicity Assessment 3: 331–343.
Vecchi, M., Reynoldson, T.B., Pasteris, A. and Bonomi, G. (1999) Toxicity of copper-spiked sediments to Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae): comparison of the 28-day reproduction bioassay with an early-life stage bioassay, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(6), 1173 1179.
Veith, G.D., Call, D.J. and Brooke, L.T. (1983) Estimating the acute toxicity of narcotic industrial chemicals to fathead minnows, in W.E. Bishop, R.D. Cardwell and B.B. Heidolph (eds.), Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Sixth Symposium, ASTM STP 802, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 90–97.
Verge, C., Moreno, A., Bravo, J. and Berna, J.L. (2001) Influence of water hardness on the bioavailability and toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), Chemosphere 44(8), 1749–1757.
Vidal, D.E. and Horne, A.J. (2003) Inheritance of mercury tolerance in the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(9), 2130–2135.
Viganò, L., Bassi, A. and Garino, A. (1996) Toxicity evaluation of waters from a tributary of the River Po using the 7-Day Ceriodaphnia dubia test, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 35(3), 199–208.
Villaescusa, I., Martí, S., Matas, C., Martínez, M. and Ribó, J.M. (1997) Chromium(VI) toxicity to luminescent bacteria, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(5), 871–874.
Villarroel, M.J., Sancho, E., Ferrando, M.D. and Andreu-Moliner, E. (1999) Effect of an acaricide on the reproduction and survival of Daphnia magna, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 63(2), 167–173.
Villegas-Navarro, A., González, M.C.R., López, E.R., Aguilar, R.D. and Marçal, W.S. (1999) Evaluation of Daphnia magna as an indicator of toxicity and treatment efficacy of textile wastewaters, Environment International 25(5), 619–624.
Vujevic, M., Vidakovic-Cifrek, Z., Tkalec, M., Tomic, M. and Regula, I. (2000) Calcium chloride and calcium bromide aqueous solutions of technical and analytical grade in Lemna bioassay, Chemosphere 41(10), 1535–1542.
Walker, J.D., Knaebel, D., Mayo, K., Tunkel, J. and Gray, D.A. (2004) Use of QSARs to promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources. 1. Screening industrial chemicals and pesticides, direct food additives, indirect food additives and pharmaceuticals for biodegradation, bioconcentration and aquatic toxicity potential, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 39, 35–39.
Walthall, W.K. and Stark, J.D. (1999) The acute and chronic toxicity of two xanthene dyes, fluorescein sodium salt and phloxine B, to Daphnia pulex, Environmental Pollution 104(2), 207–215.
Wang, C., Wang, Y., Kiefer, F., Yediler, A., Wang, Z. and Kettrup, A. (2003) Ecotoxicological and chemical characterization of selected treatment process effluents of municipal sewage treatment plant, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 56(2), 211–217.
Wang, Y., Zhang, M. and Wang, X. (2000) Population growth responses of Tetrahymena shanghaiensis in exposure to rare earth elements, Biological Trace Element Research 75(1-3), 265–275.
Ward, M.L., Bitton, G., Townsend, T. and Booth, M. (2002a) Determining toxicity of leachates from Florida municipal solid waste landfills using a battery-of-tests approach, Environmental Toxicology 17(3), 258–266.
Ward, T.J., Rausina, G.A., Stonebraker, P.M. and Robinson, W.E. (2002b) Apparent toxicity resulting from the sequestering of nutrient trace metals during standard Selenastrum capricornutum toxicity tests, Aquatic Toxicology 60(1-2), 1–16.
Watts, M.M. and Pascoe, D. (1996) Use of the freshwater macroinvertebrate Chironomus riparius (diptera: chironomidae) in the assessment of sediment toxicity, Water Science and Technology 34(7-8), 101–107.
Watts, M.M. and Pascoe, D. (1998) Selection of an appropriate life-cycle stage of Chironomus riparius Meigen for use in chronic sediment toxicity testing, Chemosphere 36(6), 1405–1413.
Watts, M.M. and Pascoe, D. (2000) Comparison of Chironomus riparius Meigen and Chironomus tentans Fabricius (Diptera: Chironomidae) for assessing the toxicity of sediments, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(7), 1885–1892.
Watzin, M.C., McIntosh, A.W., Brown, E.A., Lacey, R., Lester, D.C., Newbrough, K.L. and Williams, A.R. (1997) Assessing sediment quality in heterogeneous environments: a case study of a small urban harbor in Lake Champlain, Vermont, USA, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(10), 2125–2135.
Wells, P.,K. Lee and C. Blaise (eds.) (1998) Microscale testing in Aquatic Toxicology Advances, Techniques and Practice, CRC Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 679 pp.
Wenning, R.J. and Ingersoll, C.G. (eds.) (2002) Use of sediment quality guidelines and related tools for the assessment of contaminated sediments, Executive Summary Booklet of a SETAC Pellston Workshop, Society of Environmental Toxiclogy and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL, 48 pp.
Wernersson, A.S. (2004) Aquatic ecotoxicity due to oil pollution in the Ecuadorian Amazon, Aquatic ecosystem Health and Management 7, 127–136.
West, C.W., Mattson, V.R., Leonard, E.N., Phipps, G.L. and Ankley, G.T. (1993) Comparison of the relative sensitivity of three benthic invertebrates to copper-contaminated sediments from the Keweenaw Waterway, Hydrobiologia 262, 57–63.
West, C.W., Phipps, G.L., Hoke, R.A., Goldenstein, T.A., Vandermeiden, F.M., Kosian, P.A. and Ankley, G.T. (1994) Sediment core versus grab samples: evaluation of contamination and toxicity at a DDTcontaminated site, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 28(2), 208–220.
Weyers, A. and Vollmer, G. (2000) Algal growth inhibition: effect of the choice of growth rate or biomass as endpoint on the classification and labelling of new substances notified in the EU, Chemosphere 41(7), 1007–1010.
Wilkes, B.D. and Beatty Spence, J.M. (1995) Assessing the toxicity of surface waters downstream from a gold mine using a battery of bioassays, Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2050, 38–44.
Williams, K.A., Green, D.W.J., Pascoe, D. and Gower, D.E. (1986) The acute toxicity of cadmium to different larval stages of Chironomus riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae) and its ecological significance for pollution regulation, Oecologia (Berlin) 70(3), 362–366.
Williams, M.L., Palmer, C.G. and Gordon, A.K. (2003) Riverine macroinvertebrate responses to chlorine and chlorinated sewage effluents — Acute chlorine tolerances of Baetis harrisoni (Ephemeroptera) from two rivers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Water SA 29(4), 483–488.
Williams, T.D., Hutchinson, T.H., Roberts, G.C. and Coleman, C.A. (1993) The assessment of industrial effluent toxicity using aquatic microorganisms, invertebrates and fish, The Science of The Total Environment Supplement, 1129–1141.
Wong, M.-Y., Sauser, K.R., Chung, K.-T., Wong, T.-Y. and Liu, J.-K. (2001) Response of the ascorbateperoxidase of Selenastrum capricornutum to copper and lead in stormwaters, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 67(3), 361–378.
Wong, S.L., Wainwright, J.F. and Pimenta, J. (1995) Quantification of total and metal toxicity in wastewater using algal bioassays, Aquatic Toxicology 31(1), 57–75.
Yang, J.-L. and Chen, H.-C. (2003) Effects of gallium on common carp (Cyprinus carpio): acute test, serum biochemistry, and erythrocyte morphology, Chemosphere 53(8), 877–882.
Ziehl, T.A. and Schmitt, A. (2000) Sediment quality assessment of flowing waters in South-West Germany using acute and chronic bioassays, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 3(3), 347–357.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Blaise, C., Férard, JF. (2005). Overview of contemporary toxicity testing. In: Blaise, C., Férard, JF. (eds) Small-scale Freshwater Toxicity Investigations. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3553-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3553-5_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-3543-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-3553-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)