Abstract
Customary tenure, mingled with state law and occasional private titling, continue predominantly to govern African rural and forest lands. This is in spite of evolutionist theories that predicted its demise and colonial and post-colonial policies that tried actively to accelerate it. The chapter develops an anthropological conceptualization of the institutions of embedded tenure. With examples from Africa and various parts of the world, we highlight the factors that account for the flexibility, adaptability and resilience of this type of system. Embedded tenure has been able to cope with economic stress and hostile policies because of the unique way in which it nests private entitlements into the commons, and both of them into collective property and long-lasting social institutions. Two philosophical principles giving rise to three constitutional rights and four appropriations regimes make up its structure, while dynamic access and transformation rules govern the interlocking and transmutations of appropriation regimes across space and time. This opens three specific paths of agricultural change as well profuse right delegation and land transaction procedures. These have helped the system adapt to changing economic, demographic and social conditions since at least the 19th century. Reductionist economic analyses of non-market systems, including property rights, kinship, common property and non-wage systems, contributed to relegating the most innovative aspects of these systems to the limbo of imperfect markets. More interested in ‘crafted’ institutions, the CPR literature also failed to see or emphasize the theoretical and policy implications of the nesting of appropriation regimes in embedded tenure. Other analyses have tended to overemphasize the controversial role of traditional authority at the expense of a deeper institutional analysis of the embedded system. The chapter highlights the numerous policy mistakes that can derive from these forms of reductionism. We conclude that, to disentangle African forest policies from the social costs and inefficiencies of the past, it is necessary to integrate the complexity and validity of embedded tenure institutions and their demonstrated ability to adapt to legal pluralism and commodity markets.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adesina, A.A., Nkamleu, G., & Mbila, D. (1998). Land and tree property rights and farmers’ investment in alley farming in Cameroon. For review, Land Economics.
Adeyoju, S.K. (1976). Land tenure and tropical forestry development. FAO committee on forest development in the tropics, 4th session. Rome 15–20 Nov, 36 pp.
Agbosu, L.K. (2000) Land law in Ghana: Contradiction between Anglo-American and customary tenure conceptions and practices. Working Paper 33, Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Agondjo-Okawe, P.L. (1970). Les droits fonciers coutumiers au Gabon (Société Nkomi, Groupe Myene). Revue Juridique et Politique, Indépendance et Coopération, XXIV,4, 1135–1152.
Alchian, A.A., & H. Demsetz (1972). Production, information costs and economic organization. American Economic Review, 62, 777–795.
Alexandre, P. (1965). Protohistoire du groupe Béti-Fang. Essai de systématisation. Cahiers d’Études Africaines, 5, 503–560.
Anderson, L.G. (1982). The share system in open-access and optimally regulated fisheries. Land Economics, 58(4), 435–449.
Anderson, T.L., & HILL, P.J. (1984) Privatizing the commons: An improvement? Journal of Southern Economic Review, 51, 438–450.
André, C., & Delville, P.L (1998) Changements fonciers et dynamiques agraires. Le Rwanda, 1900–1990. In P. L. Delville (Ed.), Quelles politiques foncières pour l’Afrique rurale. Réconcilier pratiques, légitimité et légalité (pp 157–182). Paris: Karthala — Coopération française,.
Angelsen, A. (1997). The evolution of private property rights in traditional agriculture: Theories and a study from Indonesia. WP1997:6, Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen.
Anyangwe, C. (1984). Land tenure and interests in land in Cameroonian indigenous law. Cameroon Law Review, 27, 29–41.
Arnold, J.E.M. (1991). Foresterie communautaire. Un examen de dix ans d’activité. Rome: FAO.
Axelrod, R. (1983). The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books.
Baak, B. (1982) Testing the impact of exclusive property rights: The case of enclosing common fields. In R.L. Ransom, R. Sutch, G.M. Walton (Eds.), Exploration in the new economic history (pp. 257–272). New York: Academic Press.
Bahuchet, S. (1996). La mer et la forêt: Ethnoécologie des populations forestières et des pêcheurs du sud-Cameroun. In A. Froment, I. De Garine, C. Binam Bikoi, J.F. Loung (Eds), Anthropologie alimentaire et développement en Afrique intertropicale: Du biologique au social (pp. 145–154). Actes du colloque tenu à Yaoundé (1993). Paris: ORSTOM.
Bardhan, P.K., & Srinivasan, T.N. (1971). Crop sharing tenancy in agriculture. A theoretical and empirical analysis. American Economic Review, 61, 1.
Bell, C., (1977). Alternative theories of sharecropping. Some tests using evidence from Northeast India. Journal of Development. Studies, 13(4), 317–346.
Biesbrouck, K. (2002). New perspectives on forest dynamics and the myth of ‘communities’: Reconsidering co-management in tropical rainforests in Cameroon. IDS bulletin, 33(1), 55–64.
Bigombe Logo, P. (2002). Économie politique de la performance de la fiscalité forestière décentralisée au Cameroun: Logique d’État et gestion locale en question. Washington: WRI, CIFOR.
Borrini-Feyerabend, G., Farvar, M.T., Nguinguiri, J.C., & Ndangang, V.A. (2000). Co-management of natural resources: Organising, negotiating and learning-by-doing. Kasparek Verlag, Heidelberg (Germany): GTZ and IUCN.
Brown, T. (1998). Cadastre, corruption, and the commons: The privatization and persistence of the commons in North-East Nepal. Paper presented at the International Association of Common Property Conference, Vancouver.
Bruce J.W. (Ed.) (1988). A perspective on indigenous land tenure systems and land concentration. In R.E. Downs, S.P. Reyna (Eds), Land and Society t in Contemporary Africa (pp. 23–52). Hanover, London: University Press of New England.
Bruce J.W. (Ed.) (1998). Country profiles of land tenure: Africa, 1996. LTC Research Paper 130, Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Bruce, J.L.F, & Nhira, C. (1993). Tenures in transition, tenures in conflict: Examples from the Zimbabwe social forest. Rural Sociology, 58(4), 626–642.
Bruce, J.W., & Migot-Adhola, S.E. (Eds.) (1994) Searching for land tenure security in Africa. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Bruce, J.W., Migot-Adhola, S.E. & Atherton J. (1994). The findings and their policy implications: Institutional adaptation or replacement. In J.W. Bruce, & S.E. Migot-Adhola (Eds.), Searching for land tenure security in Africa (pp.251–265). Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Bruce, J.W., Subramanian, J., Knox, A., Bohrer, K., & Leisz, S. (1998a). Synthesis of trends and issues raised by land tenure country profiles of greater Horn of Africa countries. In J.W. Bruce (Ed.), Country profiles of land tenure: Africa, 1996 (pp. 137–200). LTC Research Paper 130, Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Bruce, E.J., Cloeck-Jenson, S., Knox, A., Subramanian, J., & Williams, M. (1998b) Land tenure country profiles, southern Africa, 1996. In J.W. Bruce (Ed.), Country profiles of land tenure: Africa, 1996 (pp. 201–282). LTC Research Paper 130, Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Buttoud, G. (1997). The influence of history in African forest policies: A comparison between Anglophone and Francophone countries. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 76(1), 43–46.
Cernea, M. (Ed.) (1991). Putting people first. Sociological variables in rural development (2nd Edition). The World Bank, Oxford University Press.
Cheung, S. (1968). Private property rights and sharecropping. Journal of Political Economy, 76, 1107–1122.
Cheung, S. (1969) The theory of share tenancy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,.
Chilchinsky, G. (2004) Property rights and the efficiency of markets for environmental services. Chapater 7, in this volume.
Ciriacy-Wantrup, S.V., & Bishop, R.C. (1975). ’Common property’ as a concept in natural resource policy. Natural Resources Journal, 15, 713–27.
Coase, R.H. (1960). The problem of social cost. Journal of Law and Economics, 3, 1–44.
Coase, R.H. (1984). The new institutional economics. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 140, 229–231.
Coquery-Vidrovitch, C. (1982). Le régime foncier rural en Afrique Noire. In E. Lebris, E. Le Roy, F. Leimdorfer (Eds.), Enjeux Fonciers en Afrique Noire (pp. 65–84). Paris: Karthala.
Datta, S.K., & Nugent, J.B. (1989). Transaction cost economics and contractual choice: Theory and evidence. In J.B. Nugent, M.K. Nabli (Eds), The new institutional economics and development. Theory and applications to Tunisia (pp. 34–79). Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, Tokyo: North-Holland.
Davis, L.E., & North, D.C (1971). Institutional change and American economic growth. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Demsetz, H. (1967). Toward a theory of property rights. American Economic Review, 57, 347–359.
Diaw, M.C., & Oyono, R.P. (1998). Dynamique et representation des espaces forestiers au sud-Cameroun: Pour une relecture sociale des paysages. Arbres, Forêts et Communautés Rurales, 15–16, 36–43.
Diaw, M.C., & Njomkap, (1998). La Terre et le Droit: Une anthropologie institutionnelle de la tenure foncière et de la jurisprudence chez les peuples bantu et pygmées du Cameroun méridional forestier. Yaounde: Inades-Formation.
Diaw, M.C., 1985-La pêche piroguière dans l’économie politique de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Les formations sociales et les systèmes de production dans l’histoire. 45e congrès des américanistes, Bogota, 1–7 juillet, 38 pages.
Diaw, M.C. (1989). Partage et appropriation: le système de part et la gestion des unités de pêche. Cahiers Sciences Humaines, 25(1–2), 67–87.
Diaw, M.C. (1994). La portée du partage. Les implications théoriques et épistémologiques du système de parts pour l’étude de l’altérité en économie. Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, Laval University, Québec.
Diaw, M.C. (1997). Si, Nda bot and Ayong: Shifting cultivation, land use and property rights in southern Cameroon. Rural Development Forestry Network Paper 21e.
Diaw, M.C. (2002). L’altérité des tenures forestières: les théories scientifiques et la gestion des biens communs. Informations et Commentaires, 121, 9–20.
Doolittle, A.A. (2001). From village land to “Native Reserve”: Changes in property rights in Sabah, Malaysia, 1950—1996. Human Ecology, 29(1), 69–97.
Egbe, S. (1997). Forest tenure and access to forest resources in Cameroon. An overview. Forest Participation Series 6, International Institute for Environment and Development, IIED, London.
Elbow, K., Bohrer, K., Furth, R., Hobbs, M., Knox, A., Leisz, S., & Williams, M. (1998). Land tenure country profiles, West Africa 1996. In J.W. Bruce (Ed.), Country profiles of land tenure: Africa, 1996 (pp. 1–136). LTC Research Paper 130, Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Fay, C.C., de Foresta, H., Sirait, M.T., & Tomich, T.P. n.d. A Policy breakthrough for Indonesian farmers in the Krui damar agroforests. Agroforestry today, in press (2000).
Fisher, R.J. (1989). Indigenous systems of common property forest management in Nepal. Working Paper No. 18, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai.
Fisiy, C. (1990). Peasant resistance to land law reform. XIV Congress of the European Society for Rural Sociology, July, Giessen.
Fitzpatrick, P. (1983). Law, plurality and underdevelopment. In D. Sugarman (Ed.), Legality, ideology and the state (pp. 159–181). London, New York: Academic Press.
Flaaten, O. (1981). Resource allocation and share-systems in fish harvesting firms. Resources paper 72, PRNE Resources Discussion Series. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Fortman, L., & Bruce, J. (1988). Whose tress? Proprietary dimensions of forestry. Boulder: Westwiew Press.
Giddens, A. (1987). Social theory and modern society. Oxford: Blackwell.
Goodland, R. (1991). Tropical deforestation. Solutions, ethics and religion. Environment Working Paper 43, The World Bank.
Gordon, H.S. (1953). An economic approach to the optimum utilization of fisheries resources. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 10, 442–447.
Guigou, B., Lericolais, A., & Pontié, G. (1998). La gestion foncière en pays sereer siin (Sénégal). In L. Delville (Ed.), Quelles politiques foncières pour l’Afrique rurale? Réconcilier pratiques, légitimité et légalité (pp. 183–196). Paris: Karthala — Coopération française.
Guijt, I., & Meera, K.S. (Eds.) (1999). The myth of community. Gender issues in participatory development. London: Intermediate Technologies Publications.
Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162, 1243–1248.
Harrison, P. (1987). The greening of Africa. London: Paladin Grafton Books.
Holmstrom, B. (1979). Moral hasard and observability. Bell Journal of Economics, 10, 74–91.
Humphreys, S.C. (1969). History, economics, and anthropology: The work of Karl Polanyi. History and Theory, 8(2), 165–212.
Kant, S. (2000). A dynamic approach to forest regimes in developing economies. Ecological Economics, 32, 287–300.
Kant, S. (2003). Economic theory of emerging forest property rights. Conference Proceedings (the XII World Forest Congress, Quebec City, Canada, September 21–28, 2003): C-People and Forests in Harmony, pp.207.
Kant, S., & Berry, R.A. (2001). A theoretical model of optimal forest resource regimes in developing economies. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 157(2), 331–355.
Karsenty, A. (1996). Marchandisation imparfaite de la terre en Côte d’Ivoire. In E. Le Roy, A. Karsenty, A. Bertrand (Eds.), La sécurisation foncière en Afrique (p. 22). Paris: Karthala.
Lakatos, I. (1978). The methodology of scientific research programs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lavigne Delville, P. (Ed.) (1998). Quelles politiques foncières pour l’Afrique rurale? Réconcilier pratiques, légitimité et légalité. Paris: Karthala — Coopération française.
Lavigne Delville, P., Toulmin, C., Colin, J.P., Chauveau, J.P. (2001). L’accès à la terre par les procédures de lélégation foncière (Afrique de l’Ouest rurale): Modalités, dynamiques et enjeux. Paris: IIED, GRET, IRD RÉFO.
Lawry, S., Stienbarger, D., & Jabbar, D. (1995). Land tenure and the adoption of alley farming in West Africa. pp. 464–471 In B.T. Kang, A.O. Osiname, A. Larbi (Eds.), Alley farming research and development: Proceedings of the international conference on alley farming, 14–18 September 1992, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Leonard, R., & Longbottom, J. (2000). Land tenure lexicon: A glossary of terms from English and French speaking West Africa. London: IIED.
Leplaideur, A. (1985). Les systèmes agricoles en zone forestièere: les paysans du Centre et du Sud Cameroun. Paris: CIRAD-IRAT.
Leroy, E., Karsenty, A., & Bertrand, A. (1996). La sécurisation foncière en Afrique: Pour une gestion viable des ressources renouvelables. Paris: Karthala.
Long, N., & van der Ploeg, J.D. (1994). Heterogeneity, actor and structure: Towards a reconstitution of the concept of structure. In D. Booth (Ed.), Rethinking social development. Theory, research and practice (pp. 62–89). Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman Ltd.
Long, N. (1992). From paradigm lost to paradigm regained? The case for an actor-oriented sociology of development. In N. Long, A. Long, (Eds.), Battlefields of knowledge. The interlocking of theory and practice in social research and development (pp. 17–43). London, New York: Routledge.
Mackenzie, F. (1994). Un-customary laws: Issues for research into land rights, Kenya. Paper prepared for the Conference on Gender and the Politics of Environmental Sustainability, Centre for Africa Studies, university of Edinburgh, 25–26 May.
Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizen and subject. Contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Matlon, P. (1994). Indigenous land use systems and investments in soil fertility in Burkina Faso. In J.W. Bruce, S.E. Migot-Adhola (Eds.), Searching for land tenure security in Africa (pp. 41–69). Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
McCay, B. J. (2002). Emergence of institutions for the commons: Contexts, situations, and events. In E. Ostrom, T. Dietz, N. Dolsak, P.C. Stern, S. Stonich, and E.U. Weber (Eds.), The Drama of the commons (pp.361–402). Wahsington, DC: National Academy Press.
Mehta, L., Leach, M., Newell, P., Soones, I., Sivaramakrishnan, K. & Way, S.A. (1999). Exploring understandings of institutions and uncertainty: New Directions in natural resource management. IDS Discussion Paper 37, Brighton.
Melone, S. (1972). La parenté et la terre dans la stratégie du développement. Yaounde/Paris: Klinksienck.
Merry, S.E. (1988). Legal pluralism. Law and Society Review, 22, 869–896.
Michon, G., de Foresta, H., & Levang, P. (1995). Stratégies agroforestières paysannes et développement durable: Les agroforêts à damar de Sumatra. Nature, Science et Société, 3(3), 207–221.
Migot-Adhola, S.E., Bennet, G., Place, F., & Atsu, S. (1994). Land, security of tenure, and productivity in Ghana. In J.W. Bruce, S.E. Migot-Adhola (Eds.), Searching for land tenure security in Africa (pp. 97–118). Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Mope Simo, J.A. (1998). Systèmes fonciers coutumiers et politiques foncières au Nord-Ouest Cameroun. Pp.81–102 In P. Lavigne, P. Delville, C. Toulmin, S. Traoré (Eds.), Gérer le foncier rural en Afrique de l’Ouest. Dynamiques foncières et interventions publiques. Paris/St. Louis (Sénégal): Karthala URED,.
Morgan, L.H. (1971) (1877). La société archaïque. Paris: Anthropos.
Morisset, M., & Reveret, J.P. (1985). Les quota individuels dans l’agriculture et la pêche: une analyse critique. In agriculture et politiques agricoles: transformations économiques et sociales au Québec et en France. Co-edition L’Harmattan/Boréal Express.
Nabli, M.K., & Nugent J. B. (eds), (1989). The new institutional economics and economic development: An introduction. In J.B. Nugent & M.K. Nabli (Eds.), The new institutional economics and development. Theory and applications to Tunisia (pp 3–33). North-Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Newberry, D.M.G. (1974). Cropsharing tenancy in agriculture: Comment. American Economic Review, 64(6), 1060–1066.
Ngwasiri, N.F. (1984). The impact of the present land tenure reforms in Cameroon on the former West Cameroon. Cameroon Law Review, 27, 73–85.
North, D.C., & Thomas, R. (1973). The rise of the western world. A new economic history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
North, D.C. (1977). Non market forms of economic organization. The challenge of Karl Polanyi. Journal of European Economic History (Fall).
North, D.C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nugent, J., & Platteau, J.P. (1989). Contractual relationships and their rationale in marine fishing. Miméo, University of Southern California/Faculté Notre-Dame-de-la-Paix, Namur.
Olson, M. (1965). The logic of collective action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ostrom, E. (1992). Crafting institutions for self-governing irrigation systems. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary r Studies Press.
Oyono, P.R. (1998). Création et promotion des forêts communautaires au Cameroun. Aperçu général, contraintes socio-anthropologiques et alternatives théoriques. Yaoundé: WWF-CPO.
Pescay, M. (1998). Transformation des systèmes fonciers et « transition foncière » au Sud-Bénin. In Lavigne Delvigne, P. (Ed), Quelles politiques foncières pour l’Afrique rurale? Réconcilier pratiques, légitimité et légalité (pp 131–156). Paris: Karthala-Coopération française.
Place, F., Roth, M., & Hazel, P. (1994). Land tenure security and agricultural performance in Africa: Overview of research methodology. In J.W. Bruce, S.E. Migot-Adholla, Searching for land tenure security in Africa (pp. 15–39). Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Platteau, J.P. (1989). La contribution de la nouvelle économie institutionnelle pour l’analyse des relations contractuelles et des formes organisationnelles dans le secteur de la pêche maritime. In «La Recherche face à la pêche artisanale», Contributions Provisoires, Livre 2: 749–764. Montpellier: ORSTOM-IFREMER,.
Platteau, J.P. (1992a). Small-scale fisheries and the evolutionist theory of institutional development. In I. Tvedten, B. Hersoug, (Eds.), Fishing for development. Small-scale fisheries in Africa (pp. 91–114). Uppsala: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
Platteau, J.P. (1992b).-Formalization and privatization of land rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: A critique of current orthodoxies and structural adjustment programmes. Research Seminars in Rural Development Studies Institute of Social Studies, 50 pp.
Polaniyi, K. (1944). The origins of our time: The great transformation. New York: Rinehart.
Polaniyi, K. (1957). The Economy m as an instituted process. In K. Polaniyi, C.M. Arensberg, H.W. Pearson (Eds.), Trade and markets in the early empires. Glencoe: The Free Press.
Polanyi Levitt, K. (2003). The English experience in the life and work of Karl Polanyi. Paper for Conference Proceedings, Polanyian Perspectives on Instituted Economic Processes, Development and Transformation. ESRC, Center for Research on Innovation and Competition, University of Manchester, October 23–25.
Rasmussen, J.N, Kaosa-Ard, A., Boone, T.E., Diaw, M.C., Edwards, K., Kadyschuk, S., Kaosa-Ard, M., Lang, T., Preechapanya, P., Rerkasem, K., & Rune, F. (2000). For whom and for what? Principles, criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management in Thailand. Study Report, The Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute/Chiang Mai Univ.
Robertson, A.F. (1980). On sharecropping. Man, 15(3), 411–29.
Robertson, A.F. (1987). The dynamics of productive relationships. African share contracts in historical perspective. Cambridge, London: Cambridge University Press.
Robiglio, V., Mala, W.A., & Diaw, M.C. (2003). Mapping landscapes: Integrating GIS and social science methods to model human-nature relationships in Southern Cameroon. Small-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy, 2(2), 171–184.
Rocheleau, D., & Edmunds, D. (1997). Women, men and trees: Gender, power and property in forest and agrarian landscapes. World Development, 25(8), 1351–1371.
Rose, C.M. (1994). Property and persuasion: Essays on the history, theory, and rhetoric of ownership. Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press.
Santoir, C. (1995). Les groupes socio-culturels. In C. Santoir, A. Bopda (Eds.). Atlas regional du sud Camreoun. MINREST/Institut national de cartographie (pp. 15–18). Paris: ORSTOM Edition.
Santos, B.S. (1987). Law: A map of misreading. Toward a postmodern conception of law. Journal of Law and Society, 14(3), 279–302.
Simon, H.A. (1962). The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106, 467–482.
Simon, H.A. (1969). The sciences of the artificial. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Simukonda, H.P. (1992). Land tenure change on customary land as a strategy for agricultural and rural development: A critical analysis of its relevance in a Malawian case. Journal of Rural Developmen Hyderabad, 11(4), 377–391.
Sirait, M.T. (1997). Simplifying natural resources: A descriptive study of village land use planning Initiatives. In W. Kalimantan, M.A. Thesis, Ateneio de Manila University, Philippines.
Srivastava, R. (1989). Tenancy contracts during transition: A study based on fieldwork in Uttar Pradesh (India). Journal. of Peasant Studies, 16(3), 339–95.
Stiglitz, J.E. (1974). Incentives and risk sharing in sharecropping. Review of Economic Studies, 41, 126.
Subramanian, J. (1998). Swaziland country profile. In J.W. Bruce (Ed.), Country profiles of land tenure: Africa, 1996 (pp. 161–165). LTC Research Paper 130, Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Sunderlin, W. (2003). Ideology, social theory and the environment. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Sutinen, J. (1979). Fishermen remuneration systems and implications for fisheries development. Scottish Journal of political economy, 26(2), 147–162.
Tjouen, A.D. (1982). Droits domaniaux et techniques foncières en droit Camerounais (Étude d’une réforme législative). Paris: Economica.
Turvey, R. & Wiseman, J. (Eds.) (1956). Proceeding of a round table organized by the International Economic Association. FAO, Rome.
Vandergeest, P. (1996). Mapping nature: Territorialization of forest rights in Thailand. Society and Natural Resources, 9, 159–175.
Vansina, J. (1982). The peoples of the forest. In D. Birmingham, P.M. Martin (Eds.), History of Central Africa (Vol. 1, pp. 75–117). Longman.
Vansina, J. (1990). Paths in the rainforests. Toward a history of political tradition in Equatorial Africa. Madison: The University of Wisconcin Press.
Verdier, R. (1971). Evolution et réformes foncières de l’Afrique noire francophone. Journal of African Law, 15(1), 85–101.
Weber, J., (1977). Structures agraires et évolution des milieux ruraux: Le cas de la région cacaoyère du Centre-sud Cameroon, Paris: ORSTOM,.
Williamson, O.E. (1975). Markets and hierarchies: Analysis and antitrust implications. New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O.E. (1985). The economic institutions of capitalism. New York: Free Press.
World Bank, (1974). Land Reform. World Bank Development Series. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Zoeteweij, H. (1956). Fishermen’s remuneration. In R Turvey, J. Wiseman (Eds.), The economics of fisheries (pp. 18–41). Proceeding of a Round Table organized by the International Economic Association, FAO, Rome, September.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Diaw, M.C. (2005). Modern Economic Theory and the Challenge of Embedded Tenure Institutions: African Attempts to Reform Local Forest Policies. In: Kant, S., Berry, R.A. (eds) Institutions, Sustainability, and Natural Resources. Sustainability, Economics, and Natural Resources, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3519-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3519-5_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-3479-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-3519-7
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)