Skip to main content

Meta-Analysis of the Radioactive Pollution of the Ocean

  • Conference paper
Strategic Management of Marine Ecosystems

Part of the book series: NATO Science Series IV: Earth and Environmental Series ((NAIV,volume 50))

Abstract

Humans have been altering the marine environment for millennia. Up till now, five critical environmental issues have affected the oceans: over-fishing, chemical pollution and eutrophication, habitat destruction, invasion of exotic species and global climate change. However, one of the major threats the oceans may face in the twenty-first century is radioactive pollution over the second half of the twentieth century.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

11. References

  1. IAEA-TECDOC-481 (1988) Inventory of Selected Radionuclides in the Oceans, IAEA Technical documents Series # 481, Vienna (http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/ResultsPage.asp).

    Google Scholar 

  2. IAEA-TECDOC-1105 (1999) Inventory of Radioactive Waste Disposal at Sea, IAEA Technical document # 1105, Vienna (http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/ResultsPage.asp).

    Google Scholar 

  3. IAEA-TECDOC-1330 (2003) Modeling of the Radiological Impact of Radioactive Waste Dumping in the Arctic Seas, IAEA Technical document # 1330, Vienna (http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/ResultsPage.asp)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Matishov, D.G. (2001) Anthropogenic Radionuclides in Marine Ecosystems, Doctor thesis, Institute of Limnology, Sank-Petersburg (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Makhijany, A., Hu, H., Yih, K. (1995) Nuclear Wasteland. A global Guide to Nuclear Weapons Production and its Health and Environmental Effects, The MIT Press, Cambridge — London, XXV.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Yablokov, A.V., Karasev, V.K., Rumyantsev, B.M. et al. (1993) Facts and Problems Related to Radioactive Waste disposal in the Seas Adjacent to the Territory of the Russian Federation, Office of the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Yablokov, A.V. (2001) Radioactive Waste Disposal in Seas Adjacent to the Territory of the Russian Federation, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 43, # 1–6, 8–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lutins, A. (2003) U.S. Nuclear Accidents (http://www.lutins.org/nukes.html).

    Google Scholar 

  9. IAEA-TECDOC-938 (1997) Predicted radionuclides release from marine reactors dumped in the Kara Sea, IAEA Technical documents Series # 938, Vienna, 69

    Google Scholar 

  10. Sivintsev, Yu.V., Kiknadze, O.E. (1998) Proc. Intern. Seminar Afterword to the “White Book”, Nizny Novgorod, 19–21 January, 1998, “Lazurit” Intern. Center, 169–175.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Vasiliev, F., Sivinsev, Yu. (2002) White Book — 2000, or radiological consequences of disposition of radioactive wastes into Arctic and Far Eastern seas, Bull. Nucl. Energy, #5, 37–41.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Vasiliev, A. (2003). White Book — 2000. Barrier of Safety, 8, 28–29 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Strand, P., Tsuturov, Y., Howard, B., McClelland, V., Bewers, M., Dahlgaard, H., Joensen, H.P., Nikitin, A., Palsson, S., Rissanen, K. (2002) Radioactive contamination in the Arctic, 5th Int. Conf. on Environmetal Radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic, St. Petersburg, Russia 16–20 June 2002, 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Povinec, P., Osvath, I., Baxter, M. (1995) Marine scientists on the Arctic Seas Documenting the radiological record, IAEA Bulletin, 37, # 2 (http://www.iaea.org/worldatom/Periodicals/Bulletin/Bull372/povoinec.html).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Russia … (2003) Russia checking on Nuclear Waste Dumped in Sea of Japan, Agence France Presse, August 12 (Russian Environmental Digest, 11–17 August 2003, # 5).

    Google Scholar 

  16. IASAP (1997) Assessment of the Impact of Radioactive Waste Dumping in the Arctic Seas, Report of the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Fry, R. M., Control of the dumping of radioactive wastes in the oceans (http://f40.iaea.org/search97cgi/s97cgi?QueryZip=ocean).

    Google Scholar 

  18. RADNET, Information about source points of anthropogenic radioactivity (2003) (http://www.davistownmuseum.org/cbm/rad&e.html).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ahmed Khan, A. (2001) Disposal of Radioactive Nuclear Waste Media Monitors Net (http://www.mediamonitors.net/ayazahmedkhan2.html).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Marine Radioactive Waste Dump Sites (2003) Antrophogenic radioactivity: Major Plume Source Points (http://www.davistownmuseum.org/cbm/rad&de.html).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Solholm, R. (2002) Nuclear Pollution in North Sea by oil industry, The Norway Post, 31 January.

    Google Scholar 

  22. IAEA (2001) Inventory of accidents and losses at sea involving radioactive material, IAEA Technical Document # 1242, Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Radioactive America (2003) Center for Defense Information, America Defense Monitor (http://www.cdi.org/adm/1341).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Nuclearfiles …(2003) http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitikeline/nwa/short-list.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ikaheimonen, T.K. (2003) Determinantion of transuranic elements, their behaviour and sources in the aquatic environment, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Autority, Helsinki (http://www/stuk.fi/julkaisut/stuk-a/stuk-a194.pdf).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Sarkisov, A.A. (1999) Radioecological consequences of the Radiation Accident on Nuclear Submarine in Chazma Bay, The 4th International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic. Edinburgh, Scotland 20–23 September 1999, Extended Abstracts, 78.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Arkin, W., Hundler, J. (1989) Naval Nuclear Accidents: The Secret History, Greenpeace, 14, # 4, July/August 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Tiwari, J., Gray, C.J. (2000) U.S. Nuclear Weapon Accidents (http://www.cdi.org/issues/nukeaccidents/accidents.htm).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Mackenzie, A.B. (2000) Environmental Radioactivity: Experience from the 20th century–trends and issues for the 21st century, The Science of the Total Environment, 249, 313–329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Lisovsky, I.A., Blekher, A., Rubanov, S. et al. (1998) Description of the basic scripts of development of failures, resulting to excharge radionuclides in an environment, Part.1, INTAS Project 96-1802, Technical report B5 (direction 5), St.-Petersburg State Technical University, Saint-Petersburg.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Smith, J., Ellis, K., Polyak, L., Ivanov, G., Forman, S., Morgan, S. (2000) 239,240Pu transport into the Arctic Ocean from underwater nuclear tests in Chernaya Bay, Novaya Zemlya, Continental Shelf Res,, 20, 255–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Matishov, G.G., Matishov, D.G., Pavlova, L.G., Rissanen, K., Szezpa, J. (1996) Radionuclides in Seas of the Western Arctic, Polar Geography, 20, # 1, 65–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Arctic… 1997. (1997) Arctic Pollution Issue: A State of the Arctic Environment Report, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program XII, Oslo.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ivanov, G.I. (1999) Assessment of Radioactive contamination in the Pechora Region, The 4th Intern. Conf. Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic, Edinburgh, Scotland 20–23 September 1999, 259–262.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Badiaev, V.V. et al. (1990) Protection of Environment under exploitation of Nuclear Power Plants, Energoatomizdat, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Povinec, P., Fowler, S., Baxter, M. (1996) Chernobyl and the marine environment: The radiological impact in context, IAEA Bulletin, 38, # 1 (http://www.iaea.org/worlatom/Periodicals/Bulletin/Bull381/chernoby.html).

    Google Scholar 

  37. McCarthy, W., Nicholls, T.M. (1990) Mass-spectrometric analysis of plutonium in soils near Sellafield, J. Environ. Radioactivity, 12,1, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Aston S.R., Stanners D.A. (1981) Plutonium transport to and deposition and immobility in Irish Sea intertidal sediments. Nature, 289, 581–582.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Oldfield, F., Richardson, N., Appleby, P.J. (1993) 241Am and 137Cs activity on fine grained saltmarsh sediments from parts of the N.E. Irish Sea Shoreline, J. Environ. Radioactivity, 19,1, 1–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Sellafield (2001) Bellona working paper, 5. (http://www.bellona.no/energy/nuclear/sellafield/wp_5-2001/21895.html).

    Google Scholar 

  41. (www.greenpeace.org/~nuclear/ospar2000/html).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Nies, H., Harms, I.H., Bahe, C. et al (1998) Anthropogenic Radioactivity in the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean — Results of a Joint Project, German Journal of Hydro graphy, 50,4, 313–343

    Google Scholar 

  43. Masson, M., VanWeers, A.W., Groothuis, R.E.J., Dahlgaard, H., Ibbert, R.D., Leonard, K.S. (1995) Time series for sea water and seaweed of 99Tc and 125Sb originating from releases at La Hague, Journal of Marine Systems, vol. 6, 397–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Brown, J.E., Iospije, M., Kolstad, K.E., Lind B., Rudjord A.I., Strand, P. (1999) Temporal trends for 99Tc in Norwegian Coastal Environments and Validation of a Marine Box Model, The 4th Intern. Conf. Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic, Edinburgh, Scotland 20–23 September 1999, 104–107.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Raisbeck, G.M., Yiou, F., Christensen, G.C. (1999) 129I/127I in the Norwegian Coastal Current from 1980–1998, The 4th Int. Conf. On Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic, Edinbburgh, Scotland 20–23 September 1999, 3–32.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Clover, Ch. (2003) Radioactive waste found in supermarket salmon (http://porta.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/06/23/nsalm23&s).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Tanney, P. (2001) Northern Assembly calls for closure of Sellafield, The Irish Times, December 5.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Chugoku Newspaper (1992) Exposure Victims of Radiation Speak Out. Kodansha Int. Publ., 327 (http://www/amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detaill/-/4770016239?v=glance).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Staples, J. (2002) Nuclear plant admit illegal water-discharge. Scotsman.com 06.12.02 (http:www.Scotsman.com/).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Nielsen T., Kudrik I., Nikitin, A. (1996) The Russian Northern Fleet — Sourses to Radioactive Contamination, Report 2, April 1996, 168 (http://www.bellona.no/imaker?id=10090@sub=1).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Boehmer, N., Nikitin, A., Kudrik, T., Nielsen, Megovern, M., Zolotkov, A. (2001) The Arceiiic Nuclear Challenge, Bellona Report, 3, Oslo (http://www.bellona.no.imaker?id=21133@sub+1).

    Google Scholar 

  52. ITAR/TASS (2001) Wednesday, March 14, 2001 8:04 AM EST, Murmansk (ITAR-TASS).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Matishov, D., Matishov, G., Namjatov, A. (1996) Radioactive contamination of sediments in the Kola Fiord near RTP “Atomflot”, the base of the nuclear fleet, Proc.the NATO Advanced Reasearch Workshop “Rebucing Wastes from Decomissioned Nuclear Submarines in the Russain Northwest”, 85–101.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Gorbunov, M. (2003) Mstitel' Okhotskogo morya (Avenger of the Okhotsk sea), Rossiiskaya Gazeta, July 30, 6 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kudrik, I., Alimov, R., Digges, Ch. (2003) Two strontium powered lighthouses vandalised on the Kola Peninsula (http://www.nuclearNo.org).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Thief … (2003) Thief discards radioactive parts of Russian lighthouse in Gulf of Finland. No guards at lighthouses of Russian Navy Foreign, Helsinky Sanomaat (Foreign), April 16 ( http://helsinki.hs.net).

    Google Scholar 

  57. http://www.nci.org/seatrans.htm

    Google Scholar 

  58. Bennet, G. (2003) South Africa: $1.3m Uranium Spill Improbable. (http://www.allAfrica.com:August25 http://www.moneyweb.co.za).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Sert, G. (1999) The Recovery Radioactive Sources after a Shipwreck. The Case of the Mont-Louis Cargo and the Implication of the M.S.C, Carla. (http://f40.iaea.org/search97cgi/s97-cgi?QueryZip=ocean).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Radiological assessment: Waste disposal in the Arctic Seas. Summary of results from an IAEA-supported study, IAEA Bulletin (1997) 39, # 1 (http://www.iaea.org/worlatom/Periodicals/Bulletin/Bull391/povoinec.html).

    Google Scholar 

  61. IAEA (1988) Assessing the impact of deep sea disposal of low level radioactive waste on living marine resources, Tech. Rep. Ser. 288, Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  62. IAEA-TECDOC-725 (1993) Risk comparisons relevant to sea disposal of low level radioactive waste, IAEA Technical documents Series # 481, Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Yablokov, A. V. (2002) Myth on safety of the low radiation' doses, Center for Russian Environmental Policy, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Valles, C. (2002) Radioactive waste leak hit sanctuary at Farallons, ContraCosta Times (San Francisco), January 27

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer

About this paper

Cite this paper

Yablokov, A.V. (2005). Meta-Analysis of the Radioactive Pollution of the Ocean. In: Levner, E., Linkov, I., Proth, JM. (eds) Strategic Management of Marine Ecosystems. NATO Science Series IV: Earth and Environmental Series, vol 50. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3198-X_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics