Abstract
Social insects (honey- and bumblebees, wasps, hornets, ants and termites) are interesting in many aspects, among them the energetic advantages of social life and conquering of unfavourable territories. Own investigations and data from literature deal with the energy metabolism of these insects (except termites because of experimental difficulties), with locomotor activities, energy balances of foraging, energy saving by insulation of wasp nests com pared with the afford to construct the wooden envelope, bee cluster strategy for surviving at low temperatures, and rearing of brood.
The energy and heat flow data were obtained by in direct and isoperibol direct calorimetry, bomb calorimetry, experiments with a customer constructed carousel flight calorimeter, thermometry, and false colour thermography.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Hölldobler, B. Wilson, E. O.: A Journey to the Ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1994.
Gullan, P. J. Cranston, P. S.: The In sects. An Outline of Entomology. Chapman and Hall, London 1994.
Moritz, R. F. A. Southwick, E. E.: Bees as Superorganisms. Springer, Berlin 1992.
Sweeney, B. W. Vannote, R. L.: Population synchrony in mayflies: a predator satiation hypothesis. Evolution, 36 (1982) 810–821.
Ax, P.: Das System der Metazoa II. G. Fischer Verlag, Mainz 1999.
Schmolz, E. Drutschmann, S, Schricker, B. Lamprecht, I.: Calorimetric measurements of energy content and heat production rates during development of the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Thermochim. Acta, 337 (1999) 83–88.
Buchmann, S. L. Spangler, H. G.: Thermoregulation of the Greater Wax Moth Galleria mellonella. Am. Bee J., 131 (1991) 772.
Mosebach-Pukovski, E.: Über die Larvengesellschaften von Vanessa io und Vanessa urticae. Z. Morphol. Ökol. Tiere, 33 (1937) 358.
Schmolz, E. Schulz, O.: Calorimetric investigations on thermoregulation and growth of wax moth larvae Galleria mellonella. Thermochim. Acta, 251 (1995) 241–245.
Kleiber, M.: The Fire of Life. Wiley, New York 1961.
Bachman, E. S. Dhillon, H. Zhang, C. Cinti, S. Bianco, A. C., Kobilka, B. K. Lowell, B. B.: AR signaling required for diet-induced thermogenesis and obesity resistance. Science 297 (2003) 843–845.
Trier, T. M. Mattson, W. J.: Diet-induced thermogenesis in insects: a developing concept in nutritional ecology. Enivron. Entomol., 32 (2003) 1–8.
Jindra, M. Sehnal, F.: Larval growth, food consumption, and utilization of dietary protein and energy in Galleria mellonella. J. Insect Physiol., 35 (1989) 719–724.
Jindra, M. Sehnal, F.: Linkage between diet humidity, metabolic water production and heat dissipation in the larvae of Galleria mellonella. Insect Biochem., 20 (1990) 389–395.
Winston, M. L.: The Biology of the Honey Bee. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1987.
Tautz, J. Maier, S. Groh, C. Rössler, W. Brockmann, A.: Behavioral performance in adult honey bees is influenced by the temperature experienced during their pupal development. PNAS, 100 (2003) 7343–7347.
Bell, J.: The heat production and oxygen consumption of pupae of Galleria mellonella at different constant temperatures. Physiol. Zool., 13 (1940) 73–81.
Kuusik, A. Tartes, U. Harak, M. Hiiesar, K. Metspalu, L.: Developmental changes during metamorphosis in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) studied by calorimetric thermography, Eur. J. Entomol., 91 (1994) 297–305.
Schmolz, E. Lamprecht, I.: Calorimetric investigations on activity states and development of holometabolous in sects. Thermochim. Acta, 349 (2000) 61–68.
Prat, H.: Calorimetry of higher organisms. In: Brown, H. D.: Biochemical Microcalorimetry, Academic Press, New York and London 1969, pp. 181–198.
Schmolz, E., Kösece, F., Lamprecht I.: The energetics of honeybee development. In prep.
Schmolz, E.: Kalorimetrische Untersuchungen zu Wärmeproduktion und Thermoregulation der Hornisse Vespa crabro. Ph.D. — the sis, Free University of Berlin, 1997.
Harrison, J. F., Hall, H. G.: African-European honeybee hybrids have low nonintermediate metabolic capacities. Nature, 363 (1993) 258–260.
Dyer, F. C. Seeley, T. D.: Interspecific comparison of endothermy in honeybees (Apis): Deviations from the expected size-related pattern. J. Exp. Biol., 127 (1987) 1–26.
Stavenga, D. G. Schwering, P. B. W. Tinbergen, J.: A three-compartment model describing temperature changes in tethered flying bowflies. J. Exp. Biol., 185 (1993) 325–333.
Ludwig, H. G.: Der Sauerstoffverbrauch fliegender Coleopteren. Verh. Dt. Zool. Ges., 1960 (1961) 96–99.
Gmeinbauer, R. Crailsheim, K.: Glucose utilitization during flight of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) workers, drones and queens. J. Insect Physiol., 39 (1993) 959–967.
Nachtigall, W. Rothe, U. Feller, P. Jungmann, R.: Flight of the honeybee III. Flight metabolic power calculated from gas analysis, thermoregulation and fuel consumption. J. Comp. Physiol., 158B (1989) 729–737.
Schmolz, E. Schricker, B. Lamprecht, I.: Direct carousel flight calorimeter for metabolic investigations of small insects. J. Therm. Anal., 52 (1998) 33–44.
Ellington, C. Machin, K. E. Casey, T. M.: Oxygen consumption of bumbleebees in forward flight. Nature, 347 (1990) 472–473.
Nachtigall, W., Hanauer-Thieser, U., Mörz, M.: Flight of the honeybee VII. Metabolic power versus flight speed relation. J. Comp. Physiol., 165B (1995) 484–489.
Schmolz, E. Brüders, N. Schricker, B. Lamprecht, I.: Direct calorimetric measurement of heat production rates in flying hornets (Vespa crabro; Hymenoptera). Thermochim. Acta, 328 (1999) 3–8.
Spiewok, S. Schmolz, E.: Changes in temperature and light alter the flight velocity of hornets. Proc. R. Soc. Biol. Sci., submitted, 2003.
Harrison, J. F. Fewell, J. H. Roberts, S. P. Hall, H. G.: Achievement of thermal stability by varying metabolic heat production in flying honeybees. Science, 274 (1996) 88–90.
Schmolz, E. Geisenheyner, S. Schricker, B. Lamprecht, I.: Heat dissipation of flying wax moths (Galleria mellonella) measured by means of direct calorimetry. J. Therm. Anal., 56 (1999) 1185–1190.
Tobler, I. Neuner-Jehle, M.: 24-h variation of vigilance in the cockroach Blaberus giganteus. J. Sleep Res., 1 (1992) 231–239.
Shaw, P. J. Cirelli, C. Greenspan, R. J. Tononi, G.: Correlates of sleep and waking in Drosophila melanogaster. Science, 287 (2000) 1834–1837.
Kaiser W.: Busy bees need rest, too. Behavioural and electromyographical sleep signs in honey bees. J. Comp. Physiol., A 163 (1988) 565–584.
Drucker-Colin, R.: The function of sleep is to regulate brain excitability in order to satisfy the requirements imposed by waking. Behav. Brain Res., 69 (1995) 117–124.
Brown, R.: Muramyl peptides and the functions of sleep. Behav. Brain Res., 69 (1995) 85–90.
Everson, C. A.: Functional consequences of sustained sleep deprivation in the rat. Behav. Brain Res., 69 (1995) 43–54.
Smith, C.: Sleep states and memory processes. Behav. Brain Res., 69 (1995) 137–145.
Berger, R. J. Phillips, N. H.: Energy conservation and sleep. Behav. Brain Res., 69 (1995) 65–73.
Heinrich, B.: The Hot-blooded Insects. Springer, Berlin 1993.
Schmolz, E. Hoffmeister, D. Lamprecht, I.: Calorimetric investigations on metabolic rates and thermoregulation of sleeping honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica). Thermochim. Acta, 382 (2002) 221–227.
Gross, J. Schmolz, E. Hilker, M.: Thermal adaptations of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to different climes of Central and Northern Europe. Environ. Entomol., submitted, 2003
Kittel, A.: Körpergröße, Körperzeiten und Energiebilanz II. Der Sauerstoffverbrauch der Insekten in Abhängigkeit von der Körpergröße. Z. vergl. Physiol. 28 (1941) 533–562.
Coelho, J. R. Moore, A. J.: Allometry of resting metabolic rate in cockroaches. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 94A (1998) 587–590.
Lehmann, F. O. Dickinson, M. H. Staunton, J.: The scaling of carbon dioxide release and respiratory water loss in flying fruit flies (Drosophila ssp.). J. Exp. Biol. 203 (2000) 1613–1624.
Gibo, D. L. Temporale, A. Lamarre T. P. Soutar, B. M. Dew, H. E.: Thermoregulation in colonies of Vespula arenaria and Vespula maculata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) III. Heat production in queen nests. Can. Ent. 109 (1977) 615–620.
Makino, S. Yamane, S.: Heat production by the foundress of Vespa simillima, with description of its embryo nest. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Insecta Matsumurana, 19 (1980) 89–101.
Van Nerum, K. Buelens, H.: Hypoxia-controlled winter metabolism in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 117A (1997) 445–455.
Lemke, M. Lamprecht, I.: A model for heat production and thermoregulation in winter clusters of honey bees using differential heat conduction equations. J. theor. Biol., 142 (1990) 261–273.
Worswick, P. V. J. Comparative study of colony thermoregulation in the African honeybee, Apis mellifera adansonii Latreille, and the Cape honey bee, Apis mellifera capensis Escholtz. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 86A (1987) 95–102.
Newport, G.: On the temperature of in sects, and its connexion with the functions of respiration and circulation in this class of invertebrated animals. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London (1837) 259–338.
Gibo, D. L. Yarascavitch, R. H. Dew, H. E.: Thermoregulation in colonies of Vespula arenaria and Vespula maculata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) under normal conditions and under cold stress. Can. Entmol., 106 (1974) 503–507.
Martin S. J.: Nest thermoregulation in Vespa simillima, V. tropica and V. analis. Ecol. Entomol., 15 (1990) 301–310.
Gibo, D. L. Dew, H. E. Hajduk, A. S.: Thermoregulation in colonies of Vespula arenaria and Vespula maculata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). II. The relation between colony biomass and calorie production. Can. Entomol., 106 (1974) 873–879.
Schmolz, E. Lamprecht, I. Schricker, B.: Calorimetric investigations on social thermogenesis in the hornet Vespa crabro L. (Hymenoptera: Vespinae). Thermochim. Acta, 229 (1993)173–180.
Schmolz, E. Lamprecht, I. Schricker, B.: A method for continuous direct calorimetric measurements of energy metabolism in intact hornet (Vespa crabro) and honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Thermochim. Acta, 251 (1995) 293–301.
Wesolowski, T. Schaarschmidt, B. Lamprecht, I.: A poor man’s calorimeter (PMC) for small animals. J. Ther mal. Anal. 30 (1985) 1403–1413.
Schutze-Motel, P.: Heat loss and thermoregulation in a nest of the bumblebee Bombus lapidarius (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Thermochim. Acta, 193 (1991) 57–66.
Matsuura, M. Yamane, S.: Biology of the Vespine Wasps. Springer, Berlin 1990
Nagy, K. A.: Field metabolic rate and food require ment scaling in mammals and birds. Ecol. Monogr. 57 (1987) 111–128.
Janda, V. Kocián, V.: Über den Sauerstoffverbrauch der Puppen von Tenebrio molitor L. Zool. Jb. 52, Abt. f. allg. Zool. u. Physiol., 519–533, 1933.
Howe R. W.: Temperature effects on the embryonic development. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 12 (1967) 15–42.
Bursell E.: Environmental Aspects — Temperature. In: Rockstein M. (ed.): The Physiology of Insecta Vol.II (2nd ed.), Academic Press, New York and London, pp 1–41, 1974
Bujok, B. Kleinhenz, M. Fuchs, S, Tautz, J.: Hot spots in the bee hive. Naturwissenschaften 89 (2002) 299–301.
Ishay J.: Thermoregulation by social wasps: behavior and pheromones. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 35 (1973) 447–462.
Veith, H. J. Koeniger N.: Identifizierung von cis 9-Pentacosen als Auslöser für das Wärmen der Brut bei der Hornisse. Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978) 263.
MacLean, C. Schmolz, E.: Calorimetric in vestigations on theaction of alarm pheromones in the hornet Vespa crabro. Thermochim. Acta, 414 (2004) 71–77.
Schmolz E. Brüders, N. Daum, R. Lamprecht, I.: Thermoanalytical investigations on paper covers of social wasps. Thermochim. Acta, 361 (2000) 121–129.
Coenen-Staß, D. Schaarschmidt, B. Lamprecht, I.: Temperature distribution and calorimetric determination of heat production in the nest of the wood ant, Formica polyctena (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Ecology, 61 (1980) 238–244.
Horstmann K.: Zur Entstehung des Wärmezentrums in Waldameisennestern (Formica polyctena Förster; Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zool. Beiträge, 33 (1990) 105–124.
Frouz J.: The effect of nest moisture on daily temperature regime in the nests of Formica polyctena wood ants. Ins. Soc. 47 (2000) 229–235.
Ruttner, F.: Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honeybees. Springer, Berlin 1988.
Fahrenholz, L. Lamprecht, I. Schricker, B.: Thermal investigations of a honey bee colony: Thermoregulation of the hive during summer and winter and heat production of members of different castes. J. Comp. Physiol., B 159 (1989) 551–560.
Fahrenholz, L. Lamprecht, I. Schricker, B.: Calorimetric investigations of the different castes of honey bees, Apis mellifera carnica. J. Comp. Physiol., B 162 (1992) 119–130.
Schmolz, E. Dewitz, R. Schricker, B. Lamprecht, I.: Microcalorimetric investigations of energy metabolism in European (Apis mellifera carnica) and Egyptian (A.m.lamarckii) honeybees. J. Therm. Anal., 65 (2001) 131–140.
Schmidt, J. O.: Mass action in honey bees: Alarm, swarming and the role of releaser pheromones. In: Vander Meer, R. (Ed.): Pheromone Communication in Social Insects: Ants, Wasps, Bees, and Termites. Westview Press, Boulder Colorado, 1998.
Veith, H. J. Koeniger, N. Maschwitz, U.: 2-Methyl-3-butene-2-ol, a major component of the alarm pheromone of the hornet Vespa crabro. Naturwissenschaften, 71 (1984) 328–329.
Moritz, R. F. A. Bürgin, H.: Group response to alarm pheromones in social wasps and the honeybee. Ethology, 76 (1987) 15–26.
Schmolz, E. Scholz, T. Lamprecht, I.: Alarmpheromone bei sozialen Insekten. Nachr. Chem. Techn. Lab., 47 (1999) 1095–1098.
Ono, M. Terabe, H. Hori, H. Sasaki, M.: Components of giant hornet alarm pheromone. Nature, 424 (2003) 637–638.
Ono, M. Igarashi, E. Ohno, E. Sasaki, M.: Unusual thermal defense by a honeybee against mass attack by hornets. Nature, 377 (1995) 334–336.
Boecking, O. Aumeier, P. Ritter, W. Wittmann, D.: Varroatosis-disease complex: is there any interrelation? Apidologie, 33 (2002) 486–487.
Schneider, P. Drescher, W.: Einfluß der Parasitierung durch die Milbe Varroa jacobsoni Oud. auf das Schlupfgewicht, die Gewichtsentwicklung, die Entwicklung der Hypopharynxdrüsen und die Lebensdauer von Apis mellifera L. Apidologie, 18 (1987) 101–110.
Garedew, A. Schmolz, E. Lamprecht, I. The energy and nutritional demand of the parasitic life of the mite Varroa destructor. Apidologie, in press.
Contzen, C. Garedew, A. Lamprecht, I. Schmolz, E.: Calorimetrical and biochemical investigations on the influence of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor on the development of honeybee brood, Thermochim. Acta, in press.
Garedew, A. Schmolz, E. Schricker, B. Polaczek, B. Lamprecht, I.: Energy metabolism of Varroa destructor mites and its implication on host vigour. J. Apicult. Sci. 46 (2002) 73–83.
Garedew, A. Schmolz, E. Schricker, B. Lamprecht, I.: The varroacidal action of propolis: a laboratory assay. Apidologie, 33 (2002) 41–50.
Garedew, A. Schmolz, E. Lamprecht, I.: Effect of bee glue (propolis) on the calorimetrically measured heat production rate and metamorphosis of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella, Thermochim. Acta, 413 (2004) 63–72.
Garedew, A. Schmolz, E. Schricker, B. Lamprecht, I.: Microcalorimetric investigations of the action of propolis on Varroa jacobsoni mites. Thermochim. Acta, 382 (2002) 211–220.
Garedew, A. Schmolz, E. Lamprecht, I.: Microcalorimetric and respirometric investigation of the effect of temperature on the antivarroa action of Propolis. Thermochim. Acta, 399 (2003) 171–180.
Garedew, A. Schmolz, E. Lamprecht, I.: Microbiological and calorimetric studies on the antimicrobial actions of different extracts of propolis: an in vitro investigation. Thermochim. Acta, in press.
Cross, E. A. Mostafa, A. E.-S. Bauman, T. R. Lancaster, I. J.: Some aspects of energy transfer between the organ-pipe mud-dauber Trypoxylon politum and its araneid spider prey. Environ. Entomol. 7 (1978) 64–652.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schmolz, E., Lamprecht, I. (2004). Thermal investigations on social insects. In: Lörinczy, D. (eds) The Nature of Biological Systems as Revealed by Thermal Methods. Hot Topics in Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2219-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2219-0_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-2218-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2219-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)