Abstract
In her book, The Mismeasure of Woman, Carol Tavris tells a story about how men and women express love:
A friend of mine, who I will call Roberta, has been mildly unhappy for years about one flaw in her otherwise excellent husband, Henry. The flaw rises and falls in importance to her, depending on Roberta’s state of mind and general stresses, but it has long been a chronic irritant. Henry’s problem is that he doesn’t like to “chitchat,” as he puts it. This means, Roberta explains, that he doesn’t like to gossip about friends and family, he doesn’t like to analyze his marriage on a weekly or even a yearly basis, he doesn’t like to analyze his feelings.... Once, pressed to reveal his passion, Henry said, “I vote with my feet. If I didn’t love you, I wouldn’t be here.” Instead of killing Henry at that moment, which was her inclination, Roberta did what she usually does: She called a woman friend, and they met for lunch to discuss Henry. Several hours later, Roberta emerged refreshed, invigorated, and prepared to cope with Henry for another few months (Tavris, 1994, p. 246).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 4th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author.
Aneshensel, C. (1992). Social stress: Theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 15–38.
Aneschensel, C., Pearlin, L. (1987). Structural contexts of sex differences in stress. In R. C. Barnett, L. Biener, G. Baruch. (Eds.), Gender and stress. New York: Free Press.
Aneshensel, C., Rutter, C. M., Lachenbruch, P. A. (1991). Social structure, stress, and mental health: Cornpeting conceptual and analytic models. American Sociological Review, 56, 166–178.
Avison, W. R., McAlpine, D. D. (1992). Gender differences in symptoms and depression among adolescents. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33, 77–96.
Barnett, P., Gotlib, I. (1988). Dysfunctional attitudes and social stress: The differential prediction of future psychological symptomatology. Motivation and Emotion, 12, 251–270.
Becker, A. (1997). Body, self and society: The view from Fiji. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Becker, G. (1981). A treatise on the family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Best, D., Williams, J. (1995). A cross-cultural viewpoint. In A. Beale, R. Sternberg (Eds.), The psychology of gender (pp. 215–250 ). New York: Guilford.
Bordo, S. (1993). Unbearable weight: Feminism, Western culture, and the body. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Brody, E. M. (1981). Women in the middle and family help to older people. Gerontologist, 21, 471–480.
Brown, G., Harris, T. (1978). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. New York: Free Press.
Brown, G. W., Harris T. O., Hepworth, C. (1995). Loss, humiliation and entrapment among women developing depression: A patient and non-patient comparison. Psychological Medicine, 25, 7–21.
Brown, L., Gilligan, C. (1992). Meeting at the crossroads. Boston: Harvard University Press.
Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Craighead, L., Green, B. (1989). Relationships between depressed mood and sex-typed personality characteristics in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18, 467–474.
Dohrenwend, B. P., Dohrenwend, B. (1976). Sex differences in psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Sociology, 81, 1447–1454.
Douglas, A. (1986). The feminization of American culture. New York: Avon.
Edwards, C. P., Whiting, B. B. (1974). Women and dependency. Politics and Society, 4, 343–355.
Edwards, C. P., Whiting, B. B. (1980). Differential socialization of girls and boys in light of cross-cultural research. New Directions for Child Development, 8, 45–57.
Fagot, B. L., Hagen, R. (1985). Aggression in toddlers: Responses to the aggressive acts of boys and girls. Developmental Psychology, 22, 440–443.
Flax, J. (1993). Disputed subjects: Essays on psychoanalysis, politics, and philosophy. New York: Routledge.
Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality. New York: Vintage Books.
Geis, F. (1993). Self-fulfilling prophesies: A social psychological view of gender. In A. Beale, R. Sternberg (Eds.), The psychology of gender (pp. 9–54 ). New York: Guilford.
Geistel, N., Riessman, C., Rosenfield, S. (1985). Explaining the symptomatology of separated and divorced men and women: The role of material conditions and social networks. Social Forces, 64, 84–101.
Goffman, (1966). Stigma. New York: Vintage.
Gove, W., Herb, T. (1974). Stress and mental illness among the young: A comparison of the sexes. Social Forces, 53, 256–265.
Hagan, J., Gillis, A. R., Simpson, J. (1985). The class structure of gender and delinquency: Toward a powercontrol theory of common delinquent behavior. American Journal of Sociology, 90, 1151–1178.
Hagan, J., Simpson, J., Gillis, A. R. (1987). Class in the household: A power-control theory of gender and delinquency. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 788–816.
Hagan, J., Simpson, J., Gillis, A. R. (1988). Feminist scholarship, relational and instrumental control, and a power-control theory of gender and delinquency. British Journal of Sociology, 39, 301–336.
Harris, T., Brown, G., Bifulco (1990). Depression and situational helplessness/mastery in a sample selected to study childhood parental loss. Journal of Affective Disorders, 20, 27–41.
Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Klerman, G. L., Chodoff, P., Korchin, S., Barrett, J. (1976). Dependency-self-esteemclinical depression. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 4, 373–388.
Horwitz, A., White, H. R., Howell-White, S. (1996). The use of multiple outcomes in stress research: A case study of gender differences in responses to marital dissolution. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37, 278–291.
Hughes, M., Demo, D. (1989). Self-perceptions of black Americans: Self-esteem and personal efficacy. American Journal of Sociology, 95, 132–159.
James, W. (1958). Varieties of religious experience. New York: New American Library. (Original published 1890 )
Josephs, R. A., Markus, H. R., Tafarodi, R. W. (1992). Gender and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 391–402
Karasek, R., Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books.
Kessler, R. C., McLeod, J. (1984). Sex differences in vulnerability to life events. American Sociological Review, 49, 620–631.
Kessler, R. C., McRae, J. E. (1982). The effects of wives’ employment on the mental health of married men and women. American Sociological Review, 47, 216–227.
Kilbourne, B., England, P., Farkas, G., Brown, K., Weir, D. (1994) Returns to skill, compensating differentials, and gender bias: Effects of white women and men. American Journal of Sociology, 100, 689–719.
Kohn, M. (1972). Class, family, and schizophrenia. Social Forces, 50, 295–302.
Krause, N., Markides, K. A. (1985). Employment and well-being in Mexican American women. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 26, 15–26.
Lennon, M. C. (1994). Women, work, and well-being: The importance of work conditions. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 235–247.
Lennon, M. C., Rosenfield, S. (1995). Relative fairness and the division of household work. American Journal of Sociology, 100, 506–531.
Lennon, M. C., Rosenfield, S. (1992). Women and mental health: The interaction of work and family conditions. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33, 316–327.
Link, B. (1987). Understanding labeling effects in the area of mental disorders: An assessment of the effects of expectations of rejection. American Sociological Review, 52, 96–112.
Lytton, H., Romney, D. M. (1991). Parents’ differential socialization of boys and girls: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 267–296.
Martin, E. (1996). Puberty, sexuality, and the self. London: Routledge.
Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Meyer, S. L., Murphy, C. M., Cascardi, M., Birns, B. (1991). Gender and relationships: Beyond the peer group. American Psychologist, 46, 537–549.
Miller, P., Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relationship of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324–344.
Mirowsky, J. (1985). Depression and marital power: An equity model. American Journal of Sociology, 91, 557–592.
Mirowsky, J., Ross, C. (1990). Control of defense? Depression and the sense of control over good and bad outcomes. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 31, 71–86.
Mirowsky, J., Ross, C. (1996). Economic and interpersonal work rewards: Subjective utilities of men’s and women’s compensation. Social Forces, 75, 223–245.
Munroe, R., Shimmin, H., Munroe, R. (1984). Gender understanding and sex role performance in four cultures. Developmental Psychology, 20, 673–682.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Sex differences in depression. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Girgus, J. S., Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Sex differences in depression and explanatory style in children. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 233–245.
Owens, T. J. (1994). Two dimensions of self-esteem: Reciprocal effects of positive self-worth and self-deprecation on adolescent problems. American Sociological Review, 59, 391–407.
Pearlin, L. I. (1989). The sociological study of stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 241–256.
Pearlin, L. I., Lieberman, M. A., Menaghan, E. G., Mullan, J. T. (1981). The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 337–356.
Phelan, J. (1992). The paradox of the contented female worker: An assessment of alternative explanations. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57, 95–107.
Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child. New York: Basic Books.
Pugliesi, K. (1995). Work and well-being: Gender differences in the psychological consequences of employment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 57–71.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). Sex differences in depression: The effects of occupation and marital status. Sex Roles, 1, 243–265.
Reskin, B., Ross, C. (1992). Jobs, authority, and earnings among managers: The continuing significance of sex. Work and Occupations, 19, 342–365.
Rosenberg, M. (1989). Self-concept research: A historical overview. Social Forces, 68, 34–44.
Rosenfield, S. (1989). The effects of women’s employment: Personal control and sex differences in mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 77–91.
Rosenfield, S. (1992). The costs of sharing: Wives’ employment and husbands’ mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33, 213–225.
Rosenfield, S. ( 1997, February). Gender and dimensions of the self: Implications for internalizing and externalizing behavior. Paper presented at the American Psychopathological Association, New York City.
Rosenfield, S., Vertefuille, J., McAlpine, D. ( 1994, August). The emergence of sex differences in depression. Paper presented at the Society for the Study of Social Problems, Los Angeles.
Ross, C. E., Bird, C. (1994). Sex stratification and health lifestyle: Consequences for men’s and women’s perceived health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 161–178.
Ross, C. E., Mirowsky, J. (1989). Explaining the social patterns of depression: Control and problem-solving or support and talking? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 206–219.
Ross, C. E., Mirowsky, J. (1992). Households, employment, and the sense of control. Social Psychology Quarterly, 55, 217–235.
Ross, C. E., Mirowsky, J. (1995). Sex differences in distress: Real or artifact? American Sociological Review, 60, 449–468.
Ross, C. E., Mirowsky, J., Huber, J. (1983). Dividing work, sharing work, and in-between: Marriage patterns and depression. American Journal of Sociology, 48, 809–820.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal vs. external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1–28.
Seidler, V. J. (1989). Rediscovering masculinity: Reason, language, and sexuality. London: Routledge.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness. San Francisco: Freeman.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1990). Learned optimism. New York: Knopf.
Szasz, T. (1961). The myth of mental illness. New York: Hoeber-Harper.
Thoits, R A. (1996). Me’s and we’s: Forms and functions of social identities.“ In R. D, Ashmore, L. Jussim (Eds.), Self and identity: Fundamental issues. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tittle, C. K. (1986). Gender research and education. American Psychologist, 41, 1161–1168.
Turner, H. A. ( 1996, August). Emotional reliance as an explanation of gender differences in depression. Paper presented at the Society for the Study of Social Problems, New York City.
Umberson, D., Chen, M., House, J., Hopkins, K. (1996). The effects of social relationships on psychological well-being: Are men and women really so different? American Sociological Review, 61, 837–857.
Whiting, B. B., Edwards, C. R (1973). A cross-cultural analysis of sex differences in the behavior of children aged three through eleven. Journal of Social Psychology, 91, 171–188.
Whiting, B. B., Edwards, C. P. (1988). Children of different worlds: The formation of social behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Whiting, B. B., Whiting, J. W. (1975). Children of six cultures: A psychocultural analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rosenfield, S. (1999). Splitting the Difference. In: Aneshensel, C.S., Phelan, J.C. (eds) Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36223-1_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36223-1_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-32516-3
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-36223-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive