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References
Adapted from Krooss and Blyn, pp. 93, 122,216.
Oesterle, et al, 1992, “The New York Stock Exchange and Its Out Moded Specialist System: Can the Exchange Innovate to Survive?” p. 238.
Krooss and Blyn, pp. 56–57.
Kroos and Blyn, p. 85.
Oesterle, et al,, p. 279.
Jennings and Marsh, 1987, Securities Regulation, pp. 558–559.
Gordon v. New York Stock Exchange, sec.2, p. 3.
Ibid., sec. 1, p.2
Oesterle, et al., p. 240. Much of the remainder of this section is adapted from this article.
Professor John Jackson, in Anderson (1992) displays how this increased volatility occurs. Oesterle, et al., show that volatility in the U.K. decreased after jobbers were essentially replaced by a computer trading system.
Douglas, 1940, Democracy and Finance, p. 69.
According to Oesterle, et al, specialists gained an estimated return on an equity of approximately 37% annually from 1980 to 1987, a return much greater than that for the average NYSE member, p. 259.
See Stein, “Looking Beyond the NYSE,” (2005), p. 1.
Oesterle, et al., p. 309.
From Wikinews, April 24, 2005.
Krooss and Blyn, p. 34.
Krooss and Blyn, p. 135.
Ibid., p. l63.
Ibid., p. 165.
Ibid., p. 194.
The first three pages of this section are primarily adapted from Anderson and Born, 1992, Closed-End Investment Companies: Issues and Answers, pp.7–12, and from Krooss and Blyn, pp. 199–203.
Financial Analysts Journal, Jan./Feb., 2005, pp. 15–24.
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(2006). The Historical Backdrop for Investment Management. In: Investment Management and Mismanagement. Innovations in Financial Markets and Institutions, vol 17. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-33830-6_3
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