Skip to main content

Stomach

  • Chapter
Oncology

Abstract

Neoplasms of the stomach encompass both benign and malignant tumors, with more than 95% of the latter consisting of adenocarcinomas. Until approximately 1980, gastric cancer was the most common solid organ tumor in the world, and today it is eclipsed only by lung cancer in incidence and mortality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Parkin DM, Bray FI, Devesa SS. Cancer burden in the year 2000. The global picture. Eur J Cancer 2001;37(suppl 8:S4–S66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Borrmann R. Geschweulste des Magens und Duodenums, vol 4. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1926.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Jarvi O, Lauren P. On the role of heterotopias of the intestinal epithelium in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1951;29(1):26–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lauren T. The two histologic main types of gastric carcinoma. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1965;64:31–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Stemmermann G, Fenoglio-Preiser C. Gastric cancer: epidemiology. In: Kelsen D, Daly J, Kern S, Levin B, Tepper J (eds). Gastrointestinal Oncology: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002:311–324.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Fenoglio-Preiser CM, Noffsinger AE, Belli J, Stemmermann GN. Pathologic and phenotypic features of gastric cancer. Semin Oncol 1996;23(3):292–306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Stemmermann GN, Fenoglio-Preiser C. Gastric carcinoma distal to the cardia: a review of the epidemiological pathology of the precursors to a preventable cancer. Pathology 2002;34(6):494–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Stemmermann GN, Hayashi T. Intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa: a gross and microscopic study of its distribution in various disease states. J Natl Cancer Inst 1968;41(3):627–634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Matsukura N, Suzuki K, Kawachi T, et al. Distribution of marker enzymes and mucin in intestinal metaplasia in human stomach and relation to complete and incomplete types of intestinal metaplasia to minute gastric carcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980;65(2):231–240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Watanabe H, Jass J, Sobin L. Histological typing of gastric and oesophageal tumors. In: Organization WH (ed). International Histologic Classification of Tumors, 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Mulligan RM, Rember RR. Histogenesis and biologic behavior of gastric carcinoma: study of one hundred thirty-eight cases. AMA Arch Pathol 1954;58(1):1–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Broders A. Carcinoma and other malignant lesions of the stomach: pathologic considerations. In: Waltman W, Gray H, Priestley J (eds). Carcinoma and Other Malignant Lesions of the Stomach. Philadelphia: Sanders, 1942:127.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Nagayo T, Komagome T. Histological studies of gastric mucosal cancer with special reference to relationship of histological pictures between the mucosal cancer and the cancer-bearing gastric mucosa. Gann Monogr 1961;56:101.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ming SC. Gastric carcinoma. A pathobiological classification. Cancer. Jun 1977;39(6):2475–2485.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Goseki N, Takizawa T, Koike M. Differences in the mode of the extension of gastric cancer classified by histological type: new histological classification of gastric carcinoma. Gut 1992;33(5):606–612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Songun I, van de Velde CJ, Arends JW, et al. Classification of gastric carcinoma using the Goseki system provides prognostic information additional to TNM staging. Cancer (Phila) 1999;85(10):2114–2118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Parkin DM. Global cancer statistics in the year 2000. Lancet Oncol 2001;2(9):533–543.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 1999;49(1):33–64, 31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, vol VIII. Lyon: IARCPress, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Correa P. A human model of gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1988;48(13):3554–3560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C, Tannenbaum S, Archer M. A model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet 1975;2(7924):58–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Correa P. Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process: First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res 1992;52(24):6735–6740.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Parsonnet J, Friedman GD, Vandersteen DP, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1991;325(16):1127–1131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Parsonnet J, Vandersteen D, Goates J, Sibley RK, Pritikin J, Chang Y. Helicobacter pylori infection in intestinal-and diffusetype gastric adenocarcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991;83(9):640–643.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Nomura A, Stemmermann GN, Chyou PH, Kato I, Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii. N Engl J Med 1991;325(16):1132–1136.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kono S, Ikeda M, Ogata M. Salt and geographical mortality of gastric cancer and stroke in Japan. J Epidemiol Community Health 1983;37(1):43–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Leach SD, Cook A, Challis B. Bacterially Mediated N-Nitrosation Reactions and Endogenous Formation of N-Nitroso Compounds, vol 84. Lyon: IARC, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Tannenbaum SR, Moran D, Rand W, Cuello C, Correa P. Gastric cancer in Colombia. IV. Nitrite and other ions in gastric contents of residents from a high-risk region. J Natl Cancer Inst 1979;62(1):9–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. De Bernardinis G, Guadagni S, Pistoia MA, et al. Gastric juice nitrite and bacteria in gastroduodenal disease and resected stomach. Tumori 1983;69(3):231–237.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Wogan GN. Diet and nutrition as risk factors for cancer. Princess Takamatsu Symp 1985;16:3–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Tannenbaum SR. Diet and exposure to N-nitroso compounds. Princess Takamatsu Symp 1985;16:67–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Choi NW, Miller AB, Fodor JG, et al. Consumption of precursors of N-nitroso compounds and human gastric cancer. IARC Sci Publ 1987(84):492–496.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Leach SA, Thompson M, Hill M. Bacterially catalysed Nnitrosation reactions and their relative importance in the human stomach. Carcinogenesis (Oxf) 1987;8(12):1907–1912.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Tsubono Y, et al. The effect of 5-year vitamin C supplementation on serum pepsinogen level and Helicobacter pylori infection. Cancer Sci 2003;94(4):378–382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bartsch H, Ohshima H, Pignatelli B. Inhibitors of endogenous nitrosation. Mechanisms and implications in human cancer prevention. Mutat Res 1988;202(2):307–324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Bartsch H, Pignatelli B, Calmels S, Ohshima H. Inhibition of nitrosation. Basic Life Sci 1993;61:27–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Webb PM, Bates CJ, Palli D, Forman D. Gastric cancer, gastritis and plasma vitamin C: results from an international correlation and cross-sectional study. The Eurogast Study Group. Int J Cancer 1997;73(5):684–689.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kono S, Ikeda M, Tokudome S, Kuratsune M. A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in northern Kyushu, Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res 1988;79(10):1067–1074.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. McConnell R. The Genetics of Gastro-intestinal disorders. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Nagayo T. Microscopical cancer of the stomach: a study on histogenesis of gastric carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1975;16(1):52–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Brown WM, Doll R. Mortality from cancer and other causes after radiotherapy for ankylosing spondylitis. Br Med J 1965;5474:1327–1332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Tarbell NJ, Gelber RD, Weinstein HJ, Mauch P. Sex differences in risk of second malignant tumours after Hodgkin’s disease in childhood. Lancet 1993;341(8858):1428–1432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lynch HT, Smyrk T, Lynch J. An update of HNPCC (Lynch syndrome). Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1997;93(1):84–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lehtola J. Family study of gastric carcinoma, with special reference to histological types. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1978;50:3–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lehtola J. Family behaviour of gastric carcinoma. Ann Clin Res 1981;13(3):144–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ihamaki T, Sipponen P. Family characteristics of gastric carcinoma. Ann Clin Res 1981;13(3):149–150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Bonney GE, Elston RC, Correa P, et al. Genetic etiology of gastric carcinoma: I. Chronic atrophic gastritis. Genet Epidemiol 1986;3(4):213–224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Mecklin JP, Jarvinen HJ. Tumor spectrum in cancer family syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer). Cancer (Phila) 1991;68(5):1109–1112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Keller G, Rotter M, Vogelsang H, et al. Microsatellite instability in adenocarcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Relation to clinicopathological data and family history. Am J Pathol 1995;147(3):593–600.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Varley JM, McGown G, Thorncroft M, et al. An extended Li-Fraumeni kindred with gastric carcinoma and a codon 175 mutation in TP53. J Med Genet 1995;32(12):942–945.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Aarnio M, Mecklin JP, Aaltonen LA, Nystrom-Lahti M, Jarvinen HJ. Life-time risk of different cancers in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndrome. Int J Cancer 1995;64(6):430–433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Guilford PJ, Hopkins JB, Grady WM, et al. E-cadherin germline mutations define an inherited cancer syndrome dominated by diffuse gastric cancer. Hum Mutat 1999;14(3):249–255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Tersmette AC, Offerhaus GJ, Tersmette KW, et al. Metaanalysis of the risk of gastric stump cancer: detection of high risk patient subsets for stomach cancer after remote partial gastrectomy for benign conditions. Cancer Res 1990;50(20):6486–6489.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Schistosomes, Liver Flukes, and Helicobacter pylori, vol 61. Lyon: IARC, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Huang JQ, Zheng GF, Sumanac K, Irvine EJ, Hunt RH. Metaanalysis of the relationship between cagA seropositivity and gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 2003;125(6):1636–1644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Queiroz DM, Mendes EN, Rocha GA, et al. cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori and risk for developing gastric carcinoma in Brazil. Int J Cancer 1998;78(2):135–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Grimley CE, Holder RL, Loft DE, Morris A, Nwokolo CU. Helicobacter pylori-associated antibodies in patients with duodenal ulcer, gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;11(5):503–509.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Pisani P, Parkin DM, Munoz N, Ferlay J. Cancer and infection: estimates of the attributable fraction in 1990. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997;6(6):387–400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Zhou L, Sung JJ, Lin S, et al. A five-year follow-up study on the pathological changes of gastric mucosa after H. pylori eradication. Chin Med J (Engl) 2003;116(1):11–14.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Walker MM. Is intestinal metaplasia of the stomach reversible? Gut 2003;52(1):1–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Ito M, Haruma K, Kamada T, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy improves atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia: a 5-year prospective study of patients with atrophic gastritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16(8):1449–1456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. van Grieken NC, Meijer GA, Kale I, et al. Quantitative assessment of gastric antrum atrophy shows restitution to normal histology after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Digestion 2004;69(1):27–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Yamada T, Miwa H, Fujino T, Hirai S, Yokoyama T, Sato N. Improvement of gastric atrophy after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003;36(5):405–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Munoz N, Kato I, Peraza S, et al. Prevalence of precancerous lesions of the stomach in Venezuela. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996;5(1):41–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Gammon MD, Terry MB, Arber N, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use associated with reduced incidence of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia that overexpress cyclin D1: a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;13(1):34–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Wong BC, Lam SK, Wong WM, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291(2):187–194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Takahashi S. Long-term Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer in Japan. J Gastroenterol 2002;37(suppl 13:24–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Gentile A. Family history and the risk of stomach and colorectal cancer. Cancer (Phila) 1992;70(1):50–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Palli D, Galli M, Caporaso NE, et al. Family history and risk of stomach cancer in Italy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994;3(1):15–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Goldgar DE, Easton DF, Cannon-Albright LA, Skolnick MH. Systematic population-based assessment of cancer risk in first-degree relatives of cancer probands. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86(21):1600–1608.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Videback A, Mosbeck J. The etiology of gastric carcinoma elucidated by a study of 302 pedigrees. Acta Med Scand 1954;149:159–173.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Powell SM, Smith MF. Gastric cancer: molecular biology and genetics. In: Kelsen DP, Daly JM, Kern SE, Levin B, Tepper JE (eds). Gastrointestinal Oncology: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002:325–340.

    Google Scholar 

  73. El-Rifai W, Powell SM. Molecular biology of gastric cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 2002;12(2):128–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Guilford P, Hopkins J, Harraway J, et al. E-cadherin germline mutations in familial gastric cancer. Nature (Lond) 1998;392(6674):402–405.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Gayther SA, Gorringe KL, Ramus SJ, et al. Identification of germ-line E-cadherin mutations in gastric cancer families of European origin. Cancer Res 1998;58(18):4086–4089.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Lynch HT, Smyrk TC, Lanspa SJ, et al. Upper gastrointestinal manifestations in families with hereditary flat adenoma syndrome. Cancer (Phila) 1993;71(9):2709–2714.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Sugano K, Taniguchi T, Saeki M, Tsunematsu Y, Tomaru U, Shimoda T. Germline p53 mutation in a case of Li-Fraumeni syndrome presenting gastric cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1999;29(10):513–516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Utsunomiya J. The concept of hereditary colorectal cancer adn the implications of its study. In: Utsunomiya J, Lynch HT (eds). Hereditary Colorectal Cancer: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium of Colorectal Cancer (ISCC-4), November 9–11, 1989, Kobe, Japan. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990:3–16.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Offerhaus GJ, Giardiello FM, Krush AJ, et al. The risk of upper gastrointestinal cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology 1992;102(6):1980–1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Tahara E. Molecular biology of gastric cancer. World J Surg 1995;19(4):484–488; discussion 489–490.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hiyama E, Yokoyama T, Tatsumoto N, et al. Telomerase activity in gastric cancer. Cancer Res 1995;55(15):3258–3262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Hollstein M, Shomer B, Greenblatt M, et al. Somatic point mutations in the p53 gene of human tumors and cell lines: updated compilation. Nucleic Acids Res 1996;24(1):141–146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Mayer B, Johnson JP, Leitl F, et al. E-cadherin expression in primary and metastatic gastric cancer: down-regulation correlates with cellular dedifferentiation and glandular disintegration. Cancer Res 1993;53(7):1690–1695.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Gofuku J, Shiozaki H, Tsujinaka T, et al. Expression of Ecadherin and alpha-catenin in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Correlation with cancer invasion and metastasis. Am J Clin Pathol 1999;111(1):29–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Nakajima M, Sawada H, Yamada Y, et al. The prognostic significance of amplification and overexpression of c-met and c-erb B-2 in human gastric carcinomas. Cancer (Phila) 1999;85(9):1894–1902.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Taniguchi K, Yonemura Y, Nojima N, et al. The relation between the growth patterns of gastric carcinoma and the expression of hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-met), autocrine motility factor receptor, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor. Cancer (Phila) 1998;82(11):2112–2122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Yokozaki H, Kuniyasu H, Yasui W, Tahara E. [Genetic characteristics of scirrhous gastric carcinomas.] Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1994;21(14):2371–2377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Marchbank T, Westley BR, May FE, Calnan DP, Playford RJ. Dimerization of human pS2 (TFF1) plays a key role in its protective/healing effects. J Pathol 1998;185(2):153–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Luqmani Y, Bennett C, Paterson I, et al. Expression of the pS2 gene in normal, benign and neoplastic human stomach. Int J Cancer 1989;44(5):806–812.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Muller W, Borchard F. pS2 protein in gastric carcinoma and normal gastric mucosa: association with clinicopathological parameters and patient survival. J Pathol 1993;171(4):263–269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Machado JC, Carneiro F, Ribeiro P, Blin N, Sobrinho-Simoes M. pS2 protein expression in gastric carcinoma. An immunohistochemical and immunoradiometric study. Eur J Cancer 1996;32A(9):1585–1590.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Wu MS, Shun CT, Wang HP, Lee WJ, Wang TH, Lin JT. Loss of pS2 protein expression is an early event of intestinal-type gastric cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998;89(3):278–282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Calnan DP, Westley BR, May FE, Floyd DN, Marchbank T, Playford RJ. The trefoil peptide TFF1 inhibits the growth of the human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS. J Pathol 1999;188(3):312–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Fujimoto J, Yasui W, Tahara H, Tahara E, Kudo Y, Yokozaki H. DNA hypermethylation at the pS2 promoter region is associated with early stage of stomach carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2000;149(1–2):125–134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Katoh M. Trefoil factors and human gastric cancer (review). Int J Mol Med 2003;12(1):3–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Onda M, Tokunaga A, Nishi K, et al. The correlation of epidermal growth factor with invasion and metastasis in human gastric cancer. Jpn J Surg 1990;20(3):269–274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Yasui W, Sumiyoshi H, Hata J, et al. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in human gastric and colonic carcinomas. Cancer Res 1988;48(1):137–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Yoshiyuki T, Shimizu Y, Onda M, et al. Immunohistochemical demonstration of epidermal growth factor in human gastric cancer xenografts of nude mice. Cancer (Phila) 1990;65(4):953–957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Gamboa-Dominguez A, Dominguez-Fonseca C, Quintanilla-Martinez L, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression correlates with poor survival in gastric adenocarcinoma from Mexican patients: a multivariate analysis using a standardized immunohistochemical detection system. Mod Pathol 2004;17(5):579–587.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Pinto-de-Sousa J, David L, Almeida R, et al. c-erb B-2 expression is associated with tumor location and venous invasion and influences survival of patients with gastric carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2002;10(4):247–256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Aoyagi K, Kohfuji K, Yano S, et al. Evaluation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and c-erbB-2 in superspreading-type and penetrating-type gastric carcinoma. Kurume Med J 2001;48(3):197–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Ghaderi A, Vasei M, Maleck-Hosseini SA, et al. The expression of c-erbB-1 and c-erbB-2 in Iranian patients with gastric carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2002;8(4):252–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. el-Hariry I, Pignatelli M, Lemoine N. Fibroblast growth factor 1 and fibroblast growth factor 2 immunoreactivity in gastrointestinal tumours. J Pathol 1997;181(1):39–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Ueki T, Koji T, Tamiya S, Nakane PK, Tsuneyoshi M. Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor in advanced gastric carcinoma. J Pathol 1995;177(4):353–361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Yu J, Leung WK, Ebert MP, et al. Absence of cyclin D2 expression is associated with promoter hypermethylation in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2003;88(10):1560–1565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Oshimo Y, Nakayama H, Ito R, et al. Promoter methylation of cyclin D2 gene in gastric carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2003;23(6):1663–1670.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Takano Y, Kato Y, Masuda M, Ohshima Y, Okayasu I. Cyclin D2, but not cyclin D1, overexpression closely correlates with gastric cancer progression and prognosis. J Pathol 1999;189(2):194–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Muller W, Noguchi T, Wirtz HC, Hommel G, Gabbert HE. Expression of cell-cycle regulatory proteins cyclin D1, cyclin E, and their inhibitor p21 WAF1/CIP1 in gastric cancer. J Pathol 1999;189(2):186–193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Yu J, Miehlke S, Ebert MP, et al. Expression of cyclin genes in human gastric cancer and in first degree relatives. Chin Med J (Engl) 2002;115(5):710–715.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Uefuji K, Ichikura T, Mochizuki H, Shinomiya N. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 protein in gastric adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol 1998;69(3):168–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Ristimaki A, Honkanen N, Jankala H, Sipponen P, Harkonen M. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human gastric carcinoma. Cancer Res 1997;57(7):1276–1280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Sheu BS, Yang HB, Sheu SM, Huang AH, Wu JJ. Higher gastric cycloxygenase-2 expression and precancerous change in Helicobacter pylori-infected relatives of gastric cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9(14):5245–5251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Buskens CJ, Ristimaki A, Offerhaus GJ, Richel DJ, van Lanschot JJ. Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in the development and treatment of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 2003(239):87–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Sakamoto C. Roles of COX-1 and COX-2 in gastrointestinal pathophysiology. J Gastroenterol 1998;33(5):618–624.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Yu LZ, Gao HJ, Bai JF, et al. Expression of COX-2 proteins in gastric mucosal lesions. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10(2):292–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Xue YW, Zhang QF, Zhu ZB, Wang Q, Fu SB. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and clinicopathologic features in human gastric adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2003;9(2):250–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Tatsuguchi A, Matsui K, Shinji Y, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with angiogenesis and apoptosis in gastric cancer tissue. Hum Pathol 2004;35(4):488–495.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Jolly K, Cheng KK, Langman MJ. NSAIDs and gastrointestinal cancer prevention. Drugs 2002;62(6):945–956.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Gonzalez-Perez A, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Lopez-Ridaura R. Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cancer sites other than the colon and rectum: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2003;3(1):28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Zaridze D, Borisova E, Maximovitch D, Chkhikvadze V. Aspirin protects against gastric cancer: results of a case-control study from Moscow, Russia. Int J Cancer 1999;82(4):473–476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Wong BC, Zhu GH, Lam SK. Aspirin induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 1999;53(7):315–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Jiang XH, Wong BC. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and gastric cancer. Curr Pharm Res 2003;9(27):2281–2288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Koshiba M, Ogawa O, Habuchi T, et al. Infrequent ras mutation in human stomach cancers. Jpn J Cancer Res 1993;84(2):163–167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Inoue T, Chung YS, Yashiro M, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta and hepatocyte growth factor produced by gastric fibroblasts stimulate the invasiveness of scirrhous gastric cancer cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997;88(2):152–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. La Rosa S, Uccella S, Erba S, Capella C, Sessa F. Immunohistochemical detection of fibroblast growth factor receptors in normal endocrine cells and related tumors of the digestive system. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2001;9(4):319–328.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Wanebo HJ, Kennedy BJ, Chmiel J, Steele G Jr, Winchester D, Osteen R. Cancer of the stomach. A patient care study by the American College of Surgeons. Ann Surg 1993;218(5):583–592.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Hundahl SA, Phillips JL, Menck HR. The National Cancer Data Base Report on poor survival of U.S. gastric carcinoma patients treated with gastrectomy: fifth edition American Joint Committee on Cancer staging, proximal disease, and the “different disease” hypothesis. Cancer (Phila) 2000;88(4):921–932

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Fujii M. [Results of mass gastric examination in Fukuoka prefecture, with special reference to the comparison with detection of stomach diseases among out-patients.] Igaku Kenkyu 1970;40(5):459–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Okui K, Tejima H. Evaluation of gastric mass survey. Acta Chir Scand 1980;146(3):185–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Takagi K. [Japanese cancer: retrospective and prospective views, gastric cancer.] Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1984;11(3 pt 2):716–726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Fukutomi H, Sakita T. Analysis of early gastric cancer cases collected from major hospitals and institutes in Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1984;14(2):169–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Hisamichi S, Sugawara N. Mass screening for gastric cancer by X-ray examination. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1984;14(2):211–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Kampschoer GH, Fujii A, Masuda Y. Gastric cancer detected by mass survey. Comparison between mass survey and outpatient detection. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989;24(7):813–817.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Yoshihara M, Sumii K, Haruma K, et al. The usefulness of gastric mass screening using serum pepsinogen levels compared with photofluorography. Hiroshima J Med Sci 1997;46(2):81–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Sasamori N, Hinohara S, Tamura M, et al. Results of screening for cancer in Japanese in the prime of life: an analysis of nationwide MHTS and human dry dock statistics. Preventive Medicine Committee of the Japan Hospital Association. Jpn Hosp 1999 (18):71–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Rozen P. Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract: early detection or early prevention? Eur J Cancer Prev 2004;13(1):71–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Habermann CR, Weiss F, Riecken R, et al. Preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma: comparison of helical CT and endoscopic US. Radiology 2004;230(2):465–471.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Botet JF, Lightdale C. Endoscopic sonography of the upper gastrointestinal tract. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1991;156(1):63–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Botet JF, Lightdale CJ, Zauber AG, et al. Preoperative staging of gastric cancer: comparison of endoscopic US and dynamic CT. Radiology 1991;181(2):426–432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Smith JW, Brennan MF, Botet JF, Gerdes H, Lightdale CJ. Preoperative endoscopic ultrasound can predict the risk of recurrence after operation for gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1993;11(12):2380–2385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Kienle P, Buhl K, Kuntz C, et al. Prospective comparison of endoscopy, endosonography and computed tomography for staging of tumours of the oesophagus and gastric cardia. Digestion 2002;66(4):230–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Takao M, Fukuda T, Iwanaga S, Hayashi K, Kusano H, Okudaira S. Gastric cancer: evaluation of triphasic spiral CT and radiologic-pathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998;22(2):288–294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Ho CL. Clinical PET imaging: an Asian perspective. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2004;33(2):155–165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Mochiki E, Kuwano H, Katoh H, Asao T, Oriuchi N, Endo K. Evaluation of 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography for gastric cancer. World J Surg 2004;28(3):247–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Stahl A, Ott K, Weber WA, et al. FDG PET imaging of locally advanced gastric carcinomas: correlation with endoscopic and histopathological findings. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30(2):288–295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Koga H, Sasaki M, Kuwabara Y, et al. An analysis of the physiological FDG uptake pattern in the stomach. Ann Nucl Med 2003;17(8):733–738.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Yeung HW, Macapinlac H, Karpeh M, Finn RD, Larson SM. Accuracy of FDG-PET in gastric cancer. Preliminary experience. Clin Positron Imaging 1998;1(4):213–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Yoshioka T, Yamaguchi K, Kubota K, et al. Evaluation of 18F-FDG PET in patients with a metastatic or recurrent gastric cancer. J Nucl Med 2003;44(5):690–699.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Giger U, Schafer M, Krahenbuhl L. Technique and value of staging laparoscopy. Dig Surg 2002;19(6):473–478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Ozmen MM, Zulfikaroglu B, Ozalp N, Ziraman I, Hengirmen S, Sahin B. Staging laparoscopy for gastric cancer. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2003;13(4):241–244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Lavonius MI, Gullichsen R, Salo S, Sonninen P, Ovaska J. Staging of gastric cancer: a study with spiral computed tomography, ultrasonography, laparoscopy, and laparoscopic ultrasonography. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2002;12(2):77–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Clements DM, Bowrey DJ, Havard TJ. The role of staging investigations for oesophago-gastric carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2004;30(3):309–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Blackshaw GR, Barry JD, Edwards P, Allison MC, Thomas GV, Lewis WG. Laparoscopy significantly improves the perceived preoperative stage of gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2003;6(4):225–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Wilkiemeyer MB, Bieligk SC, Ashfaq R, Jones DB, Rege RV, Fleming JB. Laparoscopy alone is superior to peritoneal cytology in staging gastric and esophageal carcinoma. Surg Endosc 2004;18(5):852–856.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Rau B, Hunerbein M. Diagnostic laparoscopy: indications and benefits. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2005;390:187–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Sobin LH, Hermanek P, Hutter RV. TNM classification of malignant tumors. A comparison between the new (1987) and the old editions. Cancer (Phila) 1988;61(11):2310–2314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Fleming ID, Cooper JS, Henson DE, et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Hayes N, Ng EK, Raimes SA, et al. Total gastrectomy with extended lymphadenectomy for “curable” stomach cancer: experience in a non-Japanese Asian center. J Am Coll Surg 1999;188(1):27–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Japanese Gastric Cancer A. Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma, 2nd English ed. Gastric Cancer 1998;1(1):10–24.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma, 1st English ed. Tokyo: Kanehara, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Ichikura T, Fujino K, Ikawa H, Tomimatsu S, Uefuji K, Tamakuma S. Proposal of a risk score for recurrence in patients with curatively resected gastric cancer. Surg Today 1993;23(9):759–764.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Shiu MH, Perrotti M, Brennan MF. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach: a multivariate analysis of clinical, pathologic and treatment factors. Hepatogastroenterology 1989;36(1):7–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Okusa T, Nakane Y, Boku T, et al. Quantitative analysis of nodal involvement with respect to survival rate after curative gastrectomy for carcinoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990;170(6):488–494.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. de Manzoni G, Verlato G, Guglielmi A, Laterza E, Genna M, Cordiano C. Prognostic significance of lymph node dissection in gastric cancer. Br J Surg 1996;83(11):1604–1607.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Jatzko GR, Lisborg PH, Denk H, Klimpfinger M, Stettner HM. A 10-year experience with Japanese-type radical lymph node dissection for gastric cancer outside of Japan. Cancer (Phila) 1995;76(8):1302–1312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Bottcher K, Becker K, Busch R, Roder JD, Siewert JR. [Prognostic factors in stomach cancer. Results of a uni-and multivariate analysis.] Chirurg 1992;63(8):656–661.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Makino M, Moriwaki S, Yonekawa M, Oota M, Kimura O, Kaibara N. Prognostic significance of the number of metastatic lymph nodes in patients with gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 1991;47(1):12–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Adachi Y, Kamakura T, Mori M, Baba H, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K. Prognostic significance of the number of positive lymph nodes in gastric carcinoma. Br J Surg 1994;81(3):414–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Ichikura T, Tomimatsu S, Okusa Y, Uefuji K, Tamakuma S. Comparison of the prognostic significance between the number of metastatic lymph nodes and nodal stage based on their location in patients with gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993;11(10):1894–1900.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Jaehne J, Meyer HJ, Maschek H, Geerlings H, Burns E, Pichlmayr R. Lymphadenectomy in gastric carcinoma. A prospective and prognostic study. Arch Surg 1992;127(3):290–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Roder JD, Bottcher K, Busch R, Wittekind C, Hermanek P, Siewert JR. Classification of regional lymph node metastasis from gastric carcinoma. German Gastric Cancer Study Group. Cancer (Phila) 1998;82(4):621–631.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Karpeh MS, Leon L, Klimstra D, Brennan MF. Lymph node staging in gastric cancer: is location more important than Number? An analysis of 1,038 patients. Ann Surg 2000;232(3):362–371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Ichikura T, Tomimatsu S, Uefuji K, et al. Evaluation of the New American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer classification of lymph node metastasis from gastric carcinoma in comparison with the Japanese classification. Cancer (Phila) 1999;86(4):553–558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Yoo CH, Noh SH, Kim YI, Min JS. Comparison of prognostic significance of nodal staging between old (4th edition) and new (5th edition) UICC TNM classification for gastric carcinoma. International Union Against Cancer. World J Surg 1999;23(5):492–497; discussion 497–498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Kattan MW, Karpeh MS, Mazumdar M, Brennan MF. Postoperative nomogram for disease-specific survival after an R0 resection for gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2003;21(19):3647–3650.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Siewert JR, Bottcher K, Stein HJ, Roder JD. Relevant prognostic factors in gastric cancer: ten-year results of the German Gastric Cancer Study. Ann Surg 1998;228(4):449–461.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. McNeer G, Sunderland D, McInnes G. A more thorough operation for gastric cancer: anatomical basis and description of technique. Cancer (Phila) 1951;4:957–967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Lewis F, Wangensteen O. Exploration following resection of the colon, rectum, or stomach for carcinoma with lymph node metastases. Surg Forum 1950;1950:535–540.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Remine W, Priestley L. Late results after total gastrectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1952;94:519–525.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. McNeer G, Pack G. Neoplasms of the Stomach. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Gilbertson V. Results of treatment of stomach cancer: an appraisal of efforts for more extensive surgery and a report of 1,983 cases. Cancer (Phila) 1969;23:1305–1308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  182. Kajitani T. The general rules for the gastric cancer study in surgery and pathology. Part I. Clinical classification. Jpn J Surg 1981;11(2):127–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Kajitani T, Hoshino T. Studies on five-year survivals after surgery for gastric carcinoma. Rev Surg 1965;22(6):398–399.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Kajitani T, Nishi M. [Surgical treatment of gastric cancer: pyloric gastrectomy.] Gan No Rinsho 1972;Suppl:269–274.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Nakajima T, Kajitani T. Surgical treatment of gastric cancer with special reference to lymph node dissection. In: Friedman M, Ogawa M, Kisner D (eds). Diagnosis and Treatment of Upper Gastrointestinal Tumors. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1981:207–223.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Takagi K, Nishi M, Kajitani T. Surgical treatment of gastric cancer today. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1987;99(12):410–415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Nakajima T, Fukami A, Ohashi I, Kajitani T. Long-term followup study of gastric cancer patients treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy with mitomycin C. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 1978;16(5):209–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Ohta K, Nishi M, Nakajima T, Kajitani T. [Indications for total gastrectomy combined with pancreaticosplenectomy in the treatment of middle gastric cancer.] Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1989;90(9):1326–1330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Maruyama K, Okabayashi K, Kinoshita T. Progress in gastric cancer surgery in Japan and its limits of radicality. World J Surg 1987;11(4):418–425.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Watanabe S, Arimoto H. Standardized mortality rates of cancer by prefecture in 1979–1981 and 1984–1986 in Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1990;20(3):316–337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Davis DL, Hoel D, Fox J, Lopez A. International trends in cancer mortality in France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, England and Wales, and the USA. Lancet 1990;336(8713):474–481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. The Third Japan-US Conference on Biostatistics in the Study of Human Cancer. November 11–13, 1988, Hiroshima, Japan. Proceedings. Environ Health Perspect 1990;87:1–178.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Nagata T, Ikeda M, Nakayama F. Changing state of gastric cancer in Japan. Histologic perspective of the past 76 years. Am J Surg 1983;145(2):226–233.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Maruyama K, Gunven P, Okabayashi K, Sasako M, Kinoshita T. Lymph node metastases of gastric cancer. General pattern in 1931 patients. Ann Surg 1989;210(5):596–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Maruyama K, Sasako M, Kinoshita T. Wert der systematischen erweiterten Lymphknotendissektion: Ergebnisse in Japan. [Value of systematic extended lymph node dissection: results in Japan.] Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl Kongressbd 1992:130–135.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Sakakibara N, Asakura A. [Evaluation of 5-year survival after extensive radical surgery for gastric carcinoma.] Geka Chiryo 1966;15(2):156–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Kodama Y, Kano T, Tamada R, Kumashiro R, Okamura T, Inokuchi K. Combined effect of prophylactic lymphadenectomy and long term combination chemotherapy for curatively resected carcinoma of the stomach. Jpn J Surg 1982;12(4):244–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Kaibara N, Okamoto T, Kimura O, et al. Possible role of lymph node dissection in the surgical treatment of gastric cancer with disseminating peritoneal metastasis. Jpn J Surg 1983;13(5):404–408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Manual for Staging of Cancer, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Hutter RV. At last: worldwide agreement on the staging of cancer. Arch Surg 1987;122(11):1235–1239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Bollschweiler E, Boettcher K, Hoelscher AH, et al. Is the prognosis for Japanese and German patients with gastric cancer really different? Cancer (Phila) 1993;71(10):2918–2925.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Fielding JW. Gastric cancer: different diseases. Br J Surg 1989;76(12):1227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Kodama Y, Sugimachi K, Soejima K, Matsusaka T, Inokuchi K. Evaluation of extensive lymph node dissection for carcinoma of the stomach. World J Surg 1981;5(2):241–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. de Aretxabala X, Konishi K, Yonemura Y, et al. Node dissection in gastric cancer. Br J Surg 1987;74(9):770–773.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Csendes A, Caracci M, Parr G, Pavez J, Venturelli A. [Clinical and therapeutic aspects of gastric cancer (1973–1979). A cooperative interhospital study.] Rev Med Chil 1983;111(3):262–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Shiu MH, Moore E, Sanders M, et al. Influence of the extent of resection on survival after curative treatment of gastric carcinoma. A retrospective multivariate analysis. Arch Surg 1987;122(11):1347–1351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Hundahl SA, Stemmermann GN, Oishi A. Racial factors cannot explain superior Japanese outcomes in stomach cancer. Arch Surg 1996;131(2):170–175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Miwa K. Evolution of the TNM classification of stomach cancer and proposal for its rational stage grouping. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1984;14(3):385–410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Dent DM. Radical surgery for curable gastric carcinoma. S Afr Med J 1994;84(2):56–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Dent DM, Madden MV, Price SK. Randomized comparison of R1 and R2 gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma. Br J Surg 1988;75(2):110–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Gouzi JL, Huguier M, Fagniez PL, et al. Total versus subtotal gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of the gastric antrum. A French prospective controlled study. Ann Surg 1989;209(2):162–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. McNeer G, Bowden L, Booner RJ, McPeak CJ. Elective total gastrectomy for cancer of the stomach: end results. Ann Surg 1974;180(2):252–256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Bozzetti F, Marubini E, Bonfanti G, et al. Total versus subtotal gastrectomy: surgical morbidity and mortality rates in a multicenter Italian randomized trial. The Italian Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Ann Surg 1997;226(5):613–620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Bozzetti F, Marubini E, Bonfanti G, Miceli R, Piano C, Gennari L. Subtotal versus total gastrectomy for gastric cancer: five-year survival rates in a multicenter randomized Italian trial. Italian Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Ann Surg 1999;230(2):170–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Robertson CS, Chung SC, Woods SD, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing R1 subtotal gastrectomy with R3 total gastrectomy for antral cancer. Ann Surg 1994;220(2):176–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Cunha P, Cunha JF, Burnay MO, Galhordas A, Fernandes R, Calinas F. [Gastric adenocarcinoma and carcinoid.] Acta Med Port 1998;11(6):577–580.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Cuschieri A, Fayers P, Fielding J, et al. Postoperative morbidity and mortality after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: preliminary results of the MRC randomised controlled surgical trial. The Surgical Cooperative Group. Lancet 1996;347(9007):995–999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Cuschieri A, Weeden S, Fielding J, et al. Patient survival after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: long-term results of the MRC randomized surgical trial. Surgical Co-operative Group. Br J Cancer 1999;79(9–10):1522–1530.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Bonenkamp JJ, Hermans J, Sasako M, van de Velde CJ. Extended lymph-node dissection for gastric cancer. Dutch Gastric Cancer Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340(12):908–914.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Bonenkamp JJ, Songun I, Hermans J, et al. Randomised comparison of morbidity after D1 and D2 dissection for gastric cancer in 996 Dutch patients. Lancet 1995;345(8952):745–748.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. The general rules for gastric cancer study in surgery. Jpn J Surg 1973;3(1):61–71.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Hartgrink HH, van de Velde CJ, Putter H, et al. Extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer: who may benefit? Final results of the randomized Dutch gastric cancer group trial. J Clin Oncol 2004;22(11):2069–2077.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Maruyama K, Sasako M, Kinoshita T, Sano T, Katai H, Okajima K. Pancreas-preserving total gastrectomy for proximal gastric cancer. World J Surg 1995;19(4):532–536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Uyama I, Ogiwara H, Takahara T, et al. Spleen-and pancreas-preserving total gastrectomy with superextended lymphadenectomy including dissection of the para-aortic lymph nodes for gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 1996;63(4):268–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Kaminishi M, Shimoyama S, Yamaguchi H, et al. Results of subtotal gastrectomy with complete dissection of the N2 lymph nodes preserving the spleen and pancreas in surgery for gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 1994;41(4):384–387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Sano T. Update on D2 versus D4 trial. Presented at: 4th International Gastric Cancer Congress, 2001; New York.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Baba M, Hokita S, Natsugoe S, et al. Paraaortic lymphadenectomy in patients with advanced carcinoma of the upper-third of the stomach. Hepatogastroenterology 2000;47(33):893–896.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. De Manzoni G, Di Leo A, Guglielmi A, et al. [Abdominal metastasis of cardiac adenocarcinoma.] Minerva Chir 2000;55(3):105–111.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Kunisaki C, Shimada H, Yamaoka H, et al. Indications for paraaortic lymph node dissection in gastric cancer patients with paraaortic lymph node involvement. Hepatogastroenterology 2000;47(32):586–589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Kunisaki C, Shimada H, Yamaoka H, et al. Significance of para-aortic lymph node dissection in advanced gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 1999;46(28):2635–2642.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. De Manzoni G, Di Leo A, Borzellino G, et al. [Para-aortic lymph node involvement in gastric adenocarcinoma.] Ann Chir 2001;126(4):302–306; discussion 306–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Hartgrink HH, Van De Velde CJ, Putter H, et al. Extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer: who may benefit? Final results of the Randomized Dutch Gastric Cancer Group Trial. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2069–2077.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Sasako M, Katai H, Sano T, Maruyama K. Management of complications after gastrectomy with extended lymphadenectomy. Surg Oncol 2000;9(1):31–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Maerki SC, Luft HS, Hunt SS. Selecting categories of patients for regionalization. Implications of the relationship between volume and outcome. Med Care 1986;24(2):148–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Romano PS, Roos LL, Jollis JG. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative data: differing perspectives. J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46(10):1075–1079; discussion 1081–1090.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Hannan EL, Radzyner M, Rubin D, Dougherty J, Brennan MF. The influence of hospital and surgeon volume on in-hospital mortality for colectomy, gastrectomy, and lung lobectomy in patients with cancer. Surgery (St. Louis) 2002;131(1):6–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Kizer KW. The volume-outcome conundrum. N Engl J Med 2003;349(22):2159–2161.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Birkmeyer JD, Stukel TA, Siewers AE, Goodney PP, Wennberg DE, Lucas FL. Surgeon volume and operative mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med 2003;349(22):2117–2127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Irvin TT, Bridger JE. Gastric cancer: an audit of 122 consecutive cases and the results of R1 gastrectomy. Br J Surg 1988;75(2):106–109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Luft HS. Hospital Volume, Physician Volume, and Patient Outcomes: Assessing the Evidence. Ann Arbor: Health Administration Press Perspectives, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Parikh D, Johnson M, Chagla L, Lowe D, McCulloch P. D2 gastrectomy: lessons from a prospective audit of the learning curve. Br J Surg 1996;83(11):1595–1599.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Kampschoer GH, Maruyama K, van de Velde CJ, Sasako M, Kinoshita T, Okabayashi K. Computer analysis in making preoperative decisions: a rational approach to lymph node dissection in gastric cancer patients. Br J Surg 1989;76(9):905–908.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Bollschweiler E, Boettcher K, Hoelscher AH, et al. Preoperative assessment of lymph node metastases in patients with gastric cancer: evaluation of the Maruyama computer program. Br J Surg 1992;79(2):156–160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Guadagni S, de Manzoni G, Catarci M, et al. Evaluation of the Maruyama computer program accuracy for preoperative estimation of lymph node metastases from gastric cancer. World J Surg 2000;24(12):1550–1558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Siewert JR, Kelsen D, Maruyama K, et al. Gastric cancer diagnosis and treatment: an interactive training program. Spinger Electronic Media [CD-ROM]. New York: Springer, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Hundahl SA, Macdonald JS, Benedetti J, Fitzsimmons T. Surgical treatment variation in a prospective, randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy in gastric cancer: the effect of undertreatment. Ann Surg Oncol 2002;9(3):278–286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Hundahl SA, Macdonald JS, Benedetti J. Durable survival impact of “Low Maruyama Index Surgery” in a trial of adjuvant chemoradiation for gastric cancer. 2004 ASCO GI Symposium, San Francisco, January 22, 2004, p 48.

    Google Scholar 

  248. Hundahl SA, Macdonald JS, Benedetti J. Durable survival impact of “Low Maruyama Index Surgery” in a trial of adjuvant chemoradiation for gastric cancer. San Francisco: 2004 ASCO GI Symposium; January 22, 2004 (abstract #48).

    Google Scholar 

  249. Peeters KCMJ, Hundahl SA, Kranenbarg EK, Hartgrink H, vandeVelde CJH. “Low-Maruyama-Index” surgery for gastric cancer—a blinded re-analysis of the Dutch D1-D2 Trial. World Journal of Surgery. 2005; in press.

    Google Scholar 

  250. Ono H, Kondo H, Gotoda T, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection for treatment of early gastric cancer. Gut 2001;48(2):225–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Pathirana A, Poston GJ. Lessons from Japan: endoscopic management of early gastric and oesophageal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2001;27(1):9–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Sano T, Katai H, Sasako M, Maruyama K. The management of early gastric cancer. Surg Oncol 2000;9(1):17–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Sasako M. Treatment of early gastric cancer. Chir Ital 1997;49(3):9–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Hiki Y. [Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for early gastric cancer.] Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1996;97(4):273–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Kobayashi T, Kazui T, Kimura T. Surgical local resection for early gastric cancer. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2003;13(5):299–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Yamamoto H, Sekine Y, Higashizawa T, et al. Successful en bloc resection of a large superficial gastric cancer by using sodium hyaluronate and electrocautery incision forceps. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54(5):629–632.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Yoshikane H, Sakakibara A, Hidano H, Niwa Y, Goto H, Yokoi T. Piecemeal endoscopic aspiration mucosectomy for large superficial intramucosal tumors of the stomach. Endoscopy 2001;33(9):795–799.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Kobayashi T, Gotohda T, Tamakawa K, Ueda H, Kakizoe T. Magnetic anchor for more effective endoscopic mucosal resection. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2004;34(3):118–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Kuwano H, Mochiki E, Asao T, Kato H, Shimura T, Tsutsumi S. Double endoscopic intraluminal operation for upper digestive tract diseases: proposal of a novel procedure. Ann Surg 2004;239(1):22–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Kondo H, Gotoda T, Ono H, et al. Percutaneous traction-assisted EMR by using an insulation-tipped electrosurgical knife for early stage gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;59(2):284–288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Gotoda T, Yanagisawa A, Sasako M, et al. Incidence of lymph node metastasis from early gastric cancer: estimation with a large number of cases at two large centers. Gastric Cancer 2000;3(4):219–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Smalley SR, Gunderson L, Tepper J, et al. Gastric surgical adjuvant radiotherapy consensus report: rationale and treatment implementation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;52(2):283–293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Moertel CG, Childs DS Jr, Reitemeier RJ, Colby MY Jr, Holbrook MA. Combined 5-fluorouracil and supervoltage radiation therapy of locally unresectable gastrointestinal cancer. Lancet 1969;2(7626):865–867.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Holbrook MA. Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Radiation therapy. JaAMA 1974;228(10):1289–1290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Schein PS, Smith FP, Woolley PV, Ahlgren JD. Current management of advanced and locally unresectable gastric carcinoma. Cancer (Phila) 1982;50(suppl 11):2590–2596.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Smalley S, Gunderson LL. Stomach. In: Perez C, Brady LW (eds). Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  267. Gunderson LL, Sosin H. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach: areas of failure in a re-operation series (second or symptomatic look) clinicopathologic correlation and implications for adjuvant therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1982;8(1):1–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Landry J, Tepper JE, Wood WC, Moulton EO, Koerner F, Sullinger J. Patterns of failure following curative resection of gastric carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990;19(6):1357–1362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. McNeer G, Vandenberg H Jr, Donn FY, Bowden L. A critical evaluation of subtotal gastrectomy for the cure of cancer of the stomach. Ann Surg 1951;134(1):2–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Thompson FB, Robbins RE. Local recurrence following subtotal resection for gastric carcinoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1952;95:341–344.

    Google Scholar 

  271. Gunderson LL, Sosin H. Areas of failure found at reoperation (second or symptomatic look) following “curative surgery” for adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Clinicopathologic correlation and implications for adjuvant therapy. Cancer (Phila) 1974;34(4):1278–1292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Macdonald JS, Smalley SR, Benedetti J, Hundahl SA et al. Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N Engl J Med 2001;345(10):725–730.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Macdonald JS. Postoperative combined radiation and chemotherapy improves disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in resected adenocarcinoma of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction: update of the results of Intergroup Study INT-0116 (SWOG 9008). Presented at: 2004 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium, 2004, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  274. Kelsen DP. Postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation therapy for patients with resected gastric cancer: intergroup 116. J Clin Oncol 2000;18(suppl 21):32S–34S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Takahashi T, Sawai K, Hagiwara A, Takahashi S, Seiki K, Tokuda H. Type-oriented therapy for gastric cancer effective for lymph node metastasis: management of lymph node metastasis using activated carbon particles adsorbing an anticancer agent. Semin Surg Oncol 1991;7(6):378–383.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Rosen HR, Jatzko G, Repse S, et al. Adjuvant intraperitoneal chemotherapy with carbon-adsorbed mitomycin in patients with gastric cancer: results of a randomized multicenter trial of the Austrian Working Group for Surgical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 1998;16(8):2733–2738.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Schiessel R, Funovics J, Schick B, et al. Adjuvant intraperitoneal cisplatin therapy in patients with operated gastric carcinoma: results of a randomized trial. Acta Med Aust 1989;16(3–4):68–69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Sugimachi K, Maehara Y, Akazawa K, et al. Postoperative chemotherapy including intraperitoneal and intradermal administration of the streptococcal preparation OK-432 for patients with gastric cancer and peritoneal dissemination: a prospective randomized study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994;33(5):366–370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Leichman L, Silberman H, Leichman CG, et al. Preoperative systemic chemotherapy followed by adjuvant postoperative intraperitoneal therapy for gastric cancer: a University of Southern California pilot program. J Clin Oncol 1992;10(12):1933–1942.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Glehen O, Mohamed F, Gilly FN. Peritoneal carcinomatosis from digestive tract cancer: new management by cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia. Lancet Oncol 2004;5(4):219–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Sugarbaker PH, Yu W, Yonemura Y. Gastrectomy, peritonectomy, and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy: the evolution of treatment strategies for advanced gastric cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 2003;21(4):233–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Hall JJ, Loggie BW, Shen P, et al. Cytoreductive surgery with intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2004;8(4):454–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Yu W, Whang I, Chung HY, Averbach A, Sugarbaker PH. Indications for early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy of advanced gastric cancer: results of a prospective randomized trial. World J Surg 2001;25(8):985–990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Yu W, Whang I, Suh I, Averbach A, Chang D, Sugarbaker PH. Prospective randomized trial of early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy as an adjuvant to resectable gastric cancer. Ann Surg 1998;228(3):347–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Hermans J, Bonenkamp JJ, Boon MC, et al. Adjuvant therapy after curative resection for gastric cancer: meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Clin Oncol 1993;11(8):1441–1447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Pignon JP, Ducreux M, Rougier P. Meta-analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy in gastric cancer: a critical reappraisal. J Clin Oncol 1994;12(4):877–878.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Hermans S, Benekamp K. In reply. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:879–880.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Earle CC, Maroun JA. Adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection for gastric cancer in non-Asian patients: revisiting a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Eur J Cancer 1999;35(7):1059–1064.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Mari E, Floriani I, Tinazzi A, et al. Efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection for gastric cancer: a metaanalysis of published randomised trials. A study of the GISCAD (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dei Carcinomi dell’Apparato Digerente). Ann Oncol 2000;11(7):837–843.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Estape J, Grau JJ, Lcobendas F, et al. Mitomycin C as an adjuvant treatment to resected gastric cancer. A 10-year follow-up. Ann Surg 1991;213(3):219–221.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Grau JJ, Estape J, Alcobendas F, Pera C, Daniels M, Teres J. Positive results of adjuvant mitomycin-C in resected gastric cancer: a randomised trial on 134 patients. Eur J Cancer 1993;3:340–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  292. Chou FF, Sheen-Chen SM, Liu PP, Chen FC. Adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable gastric cancer: a preliminary report. J Surg Oncol 1994;57(4):239–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Douglas HO, Stablein DM. A comparison of combination chemotherapy and combined modality therapy for locally advanced gastric carcinoma. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Cancer (Phila) 1982;49(9):1771–1777.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  294. Cirera L, Balil A, Batiste-Alentorn E, et al. Randomized clinical trial of adjuvant mitomycin plus tegafur in patients with resected stage III gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17(12):3810–3815.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Neri B, de Leonardis V, Romano S, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy after gastric resection in node-positive cancer patients: a multicentre randomised study. Br J Cancer 1996;73(4):549–552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Panzini I, Gianni L, Fattori PP, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy in gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials and a comparison with previous meta-analyses. Tumori 2002;88(1):21–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Janunger KG, Hafstrom L, Nygren P, Glimelius B. A systematic overview of chemotherapy effects in gastric cancer. Acta Oncol 2001;40(2–3):309–326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Nakajima T, Ota K, Ishihara S, Oyama S, Nishi M, Hamashima N. [Meta-analysis of 10 postoperative adjuvant chemotherapies for gastric cancer in CIH.] Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1994;21(11):1800–1805.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Nakajima T, Takahashi T, Takagi K, Kuno K, Kajitani T. Comparison of 5-fluorouracil with ftorafur in adjuvant chemotherapies with combined inductive and maintenance therapies for gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1984;2(12):1366–1371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Engstrom PF, Lavin PT, Douglass HO Jr, Brunner KW. Postoperative adjuvant 5-fluorouracil plus methyl-CCNU therapy for gastric cancer patients. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study (EST 3275). Cancer (Phila) 1985;55(9):1868–1873.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Coombes RC, Schein PS, Chilvers CE, et al. A randomized trial comparing adjuvant fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and mitomycin with no treatment in operable gastric cancer. International Collaborative Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 1990;8(8):1362–1369.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Krook JE, O’Connell MJ, Wieand HS, et al. A prospective, randomized evaluation of intensive-course 5-fluorouracil plus doxorubicin as surgical adjuvant chemotherapy for resected gastric cancer. Cancer (Phila) 1991;67(10):2454–2458.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Hallissey MT, Dunn JA, Ward LC, Allum WH. The second British Stomach Cancer Group trial of adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy in resectable gastric cancer: five-year follow-up. Lancet 1994;343(8909):1309–1312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Macdonald JS, Fleming TR, Peterson RF, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU, adriamycin, and mitomycin-C (FAM) versus surgery alone for patients with locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma: A Southwest Oncology Group study. Ann Surg Oncol 1995;2(6):488–494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Tsavaris N, Tentas K, Kosmidis P, et al. A randomized trial comparing adjuvant fluorouracil, epirubicin, and mitomycin with no treatment in operable gastric cancer. Chemotherapy 1996;42(3):220–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Nakajima T, Nashimoto A, Kitamura M, et al. Adjuvant mitomycin and fluorouracil followed by oral uracil plus tegafur in serosa-negative gastric cancer: a randomised trial. Gastric Cancer Surgical Study Group. Lancet 1999;354(9175):273–277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Langman MJ, Dunn JA, Whiting JL, et al. Prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of cimetidine in gastric cancer. British Stomach Cancer Group. Br J Cancer 1999;81(8):1356–1362.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Nashimoto A, Nakajima T, Furukawa H, et al. Randomized trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with mitomycin, fluorouracil, and cytosine arabinoside followed by oral fluorouracil in serosanegative gastric cancer: Japan Clinical Oncology Group 9206-1. J Clin Oncol 2003;21(12):2282–2287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Chipponi J, Huguier M, Pezet D, et al. Randomized trial of adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection for gastric cancer. Am J Surg 2004;187(3):440–445.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Sato Y, Kondo M, Kohashi S, et al. A randomized controlled study of immunochemotherapy with OK-432 after curative surgery for gastric cancer. J Immunother 2004;27(5):394–397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Hartgrink HH, van de Velde CJ, Putter H, et al. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for operable gastric cancer: long term results of the Dutch randomised FAMTX trial. Eur J Surg Oncol 2004;30(6):643–649.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. VanCutsem E. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment of gastric cancer. Presented at 2004 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium, Jan. 22–24, 2004, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  313. Cascinu S, Labianca R, Alessandroni P, et al. Intensive weekly chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer using fluorouracil, cisplatin, epi-doxorubicin, 6S-leucovorin, glutathione, and filgrastim: a report from the Italian Group for the Study of Digestive Tract Cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997;15(11):3313–3319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Crookes P, Leichman CG, Leichman L, et al. Systemic chemotherapy for gastric carcinoma followed by postoperative intraperitoneal therapy: a final report. Cancer (Phila) 1997;79(9):1767–1775.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Ilson DH, Saltz L, Enzinger P, et al. Phase II trial of weekly irinotecan plus cisplatin in advanced esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17(10):3270–3275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Ridwelski K, Gebauer T, Fahlke J, et al. Combination chemotherapy with docetaxel and cisplatin for locally advanced and metastatic gastric cancer. Ann Oncol 2001;12(1):47–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Preusser P, Wilke H, Achterrath W, et al. Phase II study with the combination etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced measurable gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1989;7(9):1310–1317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Wils J, Bleiberg H, Dalesio O, et al. An EORTC Gastrointestinal Group evaluation of the combination of sequential methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil, combined with adriamycin in advanced measurable gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1986;4(12):1799–1803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Wils JA, Klein HO, Wagener DJ, et al. Sequential high-dose methotrexate and fluorouracil combined with doxorubicin: a step ahead in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. A trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 1991;9(5):827–831.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Macdonald JS. Chemotherapy in the management of gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003;21(suppl 23):276s–279s.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Kelsen D, Atiq OT, Saltz L, et al. FAMTX versus etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin: a random assignment trial in gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1992;10(4):541–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Webb A, Cunningham D, Scarffe JH, et al. Randomized trial comparing epirubicin, cisplatin, and fluorouracil versus fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and methotrexate in advanced esophagogastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997;15(1):261–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Ajani JA. Irinotecan and other agents in upper gastrointestinal and colorectal carcinomas. The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Investigators’ Workshop, vol 3. Introduction. Oncology (Huntingt) 2003;17(9 suppl 8):10–12.

    Google Scholar 

  324. Ross P, Nicolson M, Cunningham D, et al. Prospective randomized trial comparing mitomycin, cisplatin, and protracted venous-infusion fluorouracil (PVI 5-FU) with epirubicin, cisplatin, and PVI 5-FU in advanced esophagogastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002;20(8):1996–2004.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Fink U, Stein HJ, Schuhmacher C, Wilke HJ. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer: update. World J Surg 1995;19(4):509–516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Fink U, Schuhmacher C, Stein HJ, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy for stage III–IV gastric carcinoma: feasibility, response and outcome after complete resection. Br J Surg 1995;82(9):1248–1252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. Ajani JA, Mansfield PF, Ota DM. Potentially resectable gastric carcinoma: current approaches to staging and preoperative therapy. World J Surg 1995;19(2):216–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. Ochiai T, Sasako M, Mizuno S, et al. Hepatic resection for metastatic tumours from gastric cancer: analysis of prognostic factors. Br J Surg 1994;81(8):1175–1178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Grau JJ, Estape J, Fuster J, et al. Randomized trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with mitomycin plus ftorafur versus mitomycin alone in resected locally advanced gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1998;16(3):1036–1039.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hundahl, S.A., Macdonald, J.S., Smalley, S.R. (2006). Stomach. In: Chang, A.E., et al. Oncology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31056-8_41

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31056-8_41

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-24291-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-31056-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics