This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
7. References
E. Miyamoto, Y. Kakimoto and I. Sano, Identification of N-acetylaspartylglutamic acid in the bovine brain. J. Neurochem., 13, 999–1003 (1966).
M. Miyake, Y. Kakimoto and M. Sorimachi, A gas chromatographic method for the determination of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid, N-acetyl-aspartylglutamic acid and beta-citryl-L-glutamic acid and their distributions in the brain and other organs of various species of animals. J. Neurochem., 36, 804–810 (1981).
A. K. Urazaev, R. M. Grossfeld, P. L. Fletcher, H. Speno, B. S. Gafurov, J. G. Buttram and E. M. Lieberman, Synthesis and release of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) by crayfish nerve fibers: implications for axon-glia signaling. Neurosci., 106(1), 237–247 (2001).
L. M. Gehl, O. H. Saab, T. Bzdega, B. Wroblewska and J. H. Neale, Biosynthesis of NAAG by an enzyme-mediated process in rat central nervous system neurons and glia. J. Neurochem., 90(4), 989–997 (2004).
C. B. Cangro, M. A. Namboodiri, L. A. Sklar, A. Corigliano-Murphy and J. H. Neale, Immunohistochemistry and biosynthesis of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in spinal sensory ganglia. J. Neurochem., 49, 1579–1588 (1987).
K. J. Anderson, M. A. Borja, C. W. Cotman, J. R. Moffett, M. A. Namboodiri and J. H. Neale, N-acetylaspartylglutamate identified in the rat retinal ganglion cells and their projections in the brain. Brain Res., 411, 172–177 (1987).
S. B. Tieman, K. Butler and J. H. Neale, N-acetylaspartylglutamate. A neuropeptide in the human visual system. JAMA, 259, 2020 (1988).
J. R. Moffett, M. A. Namboodiri, C. B. Cangro and J. H. Neale, Immunohistochemical localization of N-acetylaspartate in rat brain. Neuroreport, 2, 131–134 (1991).
S. B. Tieman, J. H. Neale and D. G. Tieman, N-acetylaspartylglutamate immunoreactivity in neurons of the monkey’s visual pathway. J. Comp. Neurol., 313, 45–64 (1991).
J. R. Moffett, M. A. Namboodiri and J. H. Neale, Enhanced carbodiimide fixation for immunohistochemistry: Application to the comparative distributions of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate immunoreactivities in rat brain. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 41, 559–570 (1993).
J. R. Moffett, M. A. Namboodiri, Differential distribution of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate immunoreactivities in rat forebrain. J. Neurocytol., 24, 409–433 (1995).
L. Passani, S. Elkabes and J. T. Coyle, Evidence for the presence of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in cultured oligodendrocytes and LPS activated microglia. Brain Res., 794(1), 143–145 (1998).
A. K. Urazaev, J. G. Buttram, Jr., J. P. Deen, B. S. Gafurov, B. S. Slusher, R. M. Grossfeld and E. M. Lieberman, Mechanisms for clearance of released N-acetylaspartylglutamate in crayfish nerve fibers: implications for axon-glia signaling. Neurosci., 107(4), 697–703 (2001).
R. Burri, P. Bigler, P. Straehl, S. Posse, J. P. Colombo and N. Herschkowitz, Brain development: 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of rat brain extracts compared with chromatographic methods. Neurochem. Res., 15, 1009–1016 (1990).
S. H. Graham, D. J. Meyerhoff, L. Bayne, F. R. Sharp and M. W. Weiner, Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of N-acetylaspartate in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Ann. Neurol., 35, 490–494 (1994).
P. J. Pouwels, J. Frahm, Regional metabolite concentrations in human brain as determined by quantitative localized proton MRS. Magn Reson. Med., 39(1), 53–60 (1998).
S. M. Leary, C. A. Davie, G. J. Parker, V. L. Stevenson, L. Wang, G. J. Barker, D. H. Miller and A. J. Thompson, 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of normal appearing white matter in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol., 246(11), 1023–1026 (1999).
P. A. Kendall, J. M. Polak and A. G. Pearse, Carbodiimide fixation for immunohistochemistry: observations on the fixation of polypeptide hormones. Experientia, 27, 1104–1106 (1971).
J. M. Polak, P. A. Kendall, C. M. Heath and A. G. Pearse, Carbodiimide fixation for electron microscopy and immunoelectron cytochemistry. Experientia, 28, 368–370 (1972).
J. R. Moffett, M. Palkovits, M. A. Namboodiri and J. H. Neale, Comparative distribution of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and GAD67 immunoreactivities in the cerebellum and precerebellar nuclei of the rat utilizing enhanced carbodiimide fixation and immunohistochemistry. J. Comp. Neurol., 347(4), 598–618 (1994).
Tsukada Y, Uemura K, Hirano S and Nagata Y. Distribution of amino acids in different species. In: Richter D, ed. Comparative Neurochemistry. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1964), 79–183.
J. R. Moffett, Reductions in N-acetylaspartylglutamate and the 67 kDa form of glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivities in the visual system of albino and pigmented rats after optic nerve transections. J. Comp Neurol., 458(3), 221–239 (2003).
B. Gafurov, A. K. Urazaev, R. M. Grossfeld and E. M. Lieberman, N-Acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is the probable mediator of axon-to-glia signaling in the crayfish medial giant nerve fiber. Neurosci., 106(1), 227–235 (2001).
L. C. Williamson, D. A. Eagles, M. J. Brady, J. R. Moffett, M. A. Namboodiri and J. H. Neale, Localization and synaptic release of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in the chick retina and optic tectum. Eur. J. Neurosci., 3, 441–451 (1991).
M. M. Kowalski, M. Cassidy, M. A. Namboodiri and J. H. Neale, Cellular localization of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in amphibian retina and spinal sensory ganglia. Brain Res., 406, 397–401 (1987).
S. B. Tieman, C. B. Cangro and J. H. Neale, N-acetylaspartylglutamate immunoreactivity in neurons of the cat’s visual system. Brain Res., 420, 188–193 (1987).
S. B. Tieman, J. R. Moffett and S. M. Irtenkauf, Effect of eye removal on N-acetylaspartylglutamate immunoreactivity in retinal targets of the cat. Brain Res., 562, 318–322 (1991).
Cooper JR, Bloom FE and Roth RH. Metabolism in the central nervous system. The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology. (Oxford University Press, New York, 1991), 75–87,.
M. H. Baslow, Evidence supporting a role for N-acetyl-L-aspartate as a molecular water pump in myelinated neurons in the central nervous system. An analytical review. Neurochem. Int., 40(4), 295–300 (2002).
M. H. Baslow, Brain N-acetylaspartate as a molecular water pump and its role in the etiology of canavan disease: a mechanistic explanation. J. Mol. Neurosci., 21(3), 185–190 (2003).
C. N. Madhavarao, P. Arun, J. R. Moffett, S. Suczs, S. Surendran, R. Matalon, J. Garbern, D. Hristova, A. Johnson, W. Jiang and M. A. Namboodiri, Defective N-acetylaspartate catabolism reduces brain acetate levels and myelin lipid synthesis in Canavan’s disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 102(14), 5221–5226 (2005).
B. Tavazzi, S. Signoretti, G. Lazzarino, A. M. Amorini, R. Delfini, M. Cimatti, A. Marmarou and R. Vagnozzi, Cerebral oxidative stress and depression of energy metabolism correlate with severity of diffuse brain injury in rats. Neurosurgery, 56(3), 582–589 (2005).
H. E. Jones, A. M. Sillito, The action of the putative neurotransmitters N-acetylaspartylglutamate and L-homocysteate in cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Neurophysiol., 68, 663–672 (1992).
E. R. Whittemore, J. F. Koerner, An explanation for the purported excitation of piriform cortical neurons by N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamic acid (NAAG). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 9602–9605 (1989).
B. Wroblewska, J. T. Wroblewski, O. H. Saab and J. H. Neale, N-acetylaspartylglutamate inhibits forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP levels via a metabotropic glutamate receptor in cultured cerebellar granule cells. J. Neurochem., 61, 943–948 (1993).
B. Wroblewska, J. T. Wroblewski, S. Pshenichkin, A. Surin, S. E. Sullivan and J. H. Neale, N-Acetylaspartylglutamate selectively activates mGluR3 receptors in transfected cells. J. Neurochem., 69, 174–181 (1997).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Moffett, J.R., Namboodiri, A.M.A. (2006). Expression of N-Acetylaspartate and N-Acetylaspartylglutamate in the Nervous System. In: Moffett, J.R., Tieman, S.B., Weinberger, D.R., Coyle, J.T., Namboodiri, A.M.A. (eds) N-Acetylaspartate. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 576. Springer, Boston, MA . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30172-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30172-0_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-30171-6
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-30172-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)