Skip to main content

Class V. Epsilonproteobacteria class. nov.

  • Chapter
Bergey’s Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology

Abstract

Ep.si.lon.pro.te.o.bac.te′ri.a. Gr. n. epsilon name of fifth letter of Greek alphabet; Gr. n. Proteus ocean god able to change shape; Gr. n. bakterion a small rod; M.L. fem. pl. n. Epsilonproteobacteria the class of bacteria having 16S rRNA gene sequences related to those of the members of the order Campylobacterales.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Further Reading

  • Griffiths, P.L. and R.W.A. Park. 1990. Campylobacters associated with human diarrhoeal disease. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 69: 281–301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • On, S.L.W. 1996. Identification methods for campylobacters, helicobacters, and related organisms. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9: 405–422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ursing, J.B., H. Lior and R.J. Owen. 1994. Proposal of minimal standards for describing new species of the family Campylobacteraceae. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44: 842–845.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandamme, P., E. Falsen, R. Rossau, B. Hoste, P. Segers, R. Tytgat and J. De Ley. 1991. Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41: 88–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandamme, P. and H. Goossens. 1992. Taxonomy of Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter: a review. Zentbl. Bakteriol. 276: 447–472.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wassenaar, T.M. 1997. Toxin production by Campylobacter spp. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10: 466–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Further Reading

  • On, S.L. 1996. Identification methods for campylobacters, helicobacters, and related organisms. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9: 405–422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ursing, J.B., H. Lior and R.J. Owen. 1994. Proposal of minimal standards for describing new species of the family Campylobacteraceae. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44: 842–845.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandamme, P., E. Falsen, R. Rossau, B. Hoste, P. Segers, R. Tytgat and J. De Ley. 1991. Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41: 88–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandamme, P., M. Vancanneyt, B. Pot, L. Mels, B. Hoste, D. Dewettinck, L. Vlaes, C. Van Den Borre, R. Higgins, J. Hommez, K. Kersters, J.-P. Butzler and H. Goossens. 1992. Polyphasic taxonomic study of the emended genus Arcobacter with Arcobacter butzleri comb. nov. and Arcobacter skirrowii sp. nov., an aerotolerant bacterium isolated from veterinary specimens. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42: 344–356.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wesley, I.V. 1996. Helicobacter and Arcobacter species: risks for foods and beverages. J. Food Prot. 59: 1127–1132.

    Google Scholar 

Further Reading

  • Finster, K., W. Liesack and B.J. Tindall. 1997. Sulfurospirillum arcachonense sp. nov., a new microaerophilic sulfur-reducing bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47: 1212–1217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laanbroek, H.J., W. Kingma and H. Veldkamp. 1977. Isolation of an aspartate fermenting, free-living Campylobacter species. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1: 99–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oremland, R.S., J.S. Blum, C.W. Culbertson, P.T. Visscher, L.G. Miller, P. Dowdle and F.E. Strohmaier. 1994. Isolation, growth, and metabolism of an obligately anaerobic, selenate-respiring bacterium, strain SES-3. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 3011–3019.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stolz, J.F., D.J. Ellis, J.S. Blum, D. Ahmann, D.R. Lovley and R.S. Oremland. 1999. Sulfurospirillum barnesii sp. nov. and Sulfurospirillum arsenophilum sp. nov., new members of the Sulfurospirillum clade of the Epsilon Proteobacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49: 1177–1180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, R.S. and N. Pfennig. 1977. Reduction of sulfur by spirillum 5175 and syntrophism with Chlorobium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33: 427–433.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Further Reading

  • Dunn, B.E., H. Cohen and M.J. Blaser. 1997. Helicobacter pylori. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10: 720–741.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • On, S.L.W. 1996. Identification methods for campylobacters, helicobacters, and related organisms. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9: 405–422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solnick, J.V. and D.B. Schauer. 2001. Emergence of diverse Helicobacter species in the pathogenesis of gastric and enterohepatic diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14: 59–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Further Reading

  • Smibert, R.M. and L.V. Holdeman. 1976. Clinical isolates of anaerobic Gram-negative rods with a formate-fumarate energy metabolism: Bacteroides corrodens, Vibrio succinogenes, and unidentified strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 3: 432–437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, A.C.R., S. Badger, C.-H. Lai, M.A. Listgarten, R.A. Visconti and S.S. Socransky. 1981. Wolinella gen. nov., Wolinella succinogenes (Vibrio succinogenes Wolin et al.) comb. nov., and description of Bacteroides gracilis sp. nov., Wolinella recta sp. nov., Campylobacter concisus sp. nov., and Eikenella corrodens from humans with periodontal disease. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 31: 432–445.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolin, M.J., E.A. Wolin and N.J. Jacobs. 1961. Cytochrome-producing anaerobic vibrio, Vibrio succinogenes, sp. n. J. Bacteriol. 81: 911–917.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Aarestrup, F.M., E.M. Nielsen, M. Madsen and J. Engberg. 1997. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. from humans, pigs, cattle, and broilers in Denmark. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41: 2244–2250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmann, D., A.L. Roberts, L.R. Krumholz and F.M. Morel. 1994. Microbe grows by reducing arsenic. Nature 371: 750.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akopyanz, N., N.O. Bukanov, T.U. Westblom and D.E. Berg. 1992. PCR-based RFLP analysis of DNA sequence diversity in the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nucleic Acids Res. 20: 6221–6225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albanese, E. and D. Kafkewitz. 1978. Effect of medium composition on the growth and asparaginase production of Vibrio succinogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36: 25–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alderton, M.R., V. Korolik, P.J. Coloe, F.E. Dewhirst and B.J. Paster. 1995. Campylobacter hyoilei sp. nov., associated with porcine proliferative enteritis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45: 61–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alm, R.A., P. Guerry, M.E. Power, H. Lior and T.J. Trust. 1991. Analysis of the role of flagella in the heat-labile Lior serotyping scheme of thermophilic Campylobacters by mutant allele exchange. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 2438–2445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alm, R.A., L.S. Ling, D.T. Moir, B.L. King, E.D. Brown, P.C. Doig, D.R. Smith, B. Noonan, B.C. Guild, B.L. deJonge, G. Carmel, P.J. Tummino, A. Caruso, M. Ruia-Nickelsen, D.M. Mills, C. Ives, R.J. Gibson, D. Merberg, S.D. Mills, Q. Jiang, E.W. Taylor, G.F. vovis and T.J. Trust. 1999. Genomic-sequence comparison of two unrelated isolates of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature (Lond.) 397: 176–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, L.P., A. Norgaard, S. Holck, J. Blom and L. Elsborg. 1996. Isolation of a “Helicobacter heilmanii ”-like organism from the human stomach. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 15: 95–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L.P., O. Andersen, S. Holck, J. Blom and T. Justesen. 1996. Campylobacter mucosalis in faeces from a child with severe haemorrhagic colitis. In Newell, Ketley and Feldman (Editors), Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms, Plenum Press, New York. pp. 503–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrutis, K.A., J.G. Fox, D.B. Schauer, R.P. Marini, J.C. Murphy, L. Yan and J.V. Solnick. 1995. Inability of an isogenic urease-negative mutant strain of Helicobacter mustelae to colonize the ferret stomach. Infect. Immun. 63: 3722–3725.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous 1994. Schistosomes, liver flukes, and Heliocobacter pylori. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 61, IARC Press, Lyon, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appelmelk, B.J., I. Simoons-Smit, R. Negrini, A.P. Moran, G.O. Aspinall, J.G. Forte, T. De Vries, H. Quan, T. Verboom, J.J. Maaskant, P. Ghiara, E.J. Kuipers, E. Bloemena, T.M. Tadema, R.R. Townsend, K. Tyaga-rajan, J.M. Crothers, Jr., M.A. Monteiro, A. Savio and J. De Graaf. 1996. Potential role of molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide and host Lewis blood group antigens in autoim-munity. Infect. Immun. 64: 2031–2040.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Archer, J.R., S. Romero, A.E. Ritchie, M.E. Hamacher, B.M. Steiner, J.H. Bryner and R.F. Schell. 1988. Characterization of an unclassified microaerophilic bacterium associated with gastroenteritis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26: 101–105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arimi, S.M., R.W.A. Park and C.R. Fricker. 1990. Study of haemolytic activity of some Campylobacter spp. on blood agar plates. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 69: 384–389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aspinall, S.T., D.R.A. Wareing, P.G. Hayward and D.N. Hutchinson. 1993. Selective medium for thermophilic campylobacters including Campylobacter upsaliensis. J. Clin. Pathol. 46: 829–831.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aspinall, S.T., D.R.A. Wareing, P.G. Hayward and D.N. Hutchinson. 1996. A comparison of a new campylobacter selective medium (CAT) with membrane filtration for the isolation of thermophilic campylobacters including Campylobacter upsaliensis. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 80: 645–650.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atabay HI. and J.E. Corry. 1997. The prevalence of campylobacters and arcobacters in broiler chickens. J. Appl. Microbiol. 83: 619–626.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atherton, J.C., P. Cao, R.M. Peek, Jr., M.K.R. Tummuru, M.J. Blaser and T.L. Cover. 1995. Mosaicism in Vacuolating Cytotoxin Alleles of Helicobacter pylori: Association of specific vacA types with cytotoxin production and peptic ulceration. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 17771–17777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Austen, R.A. and T.J. Trust. 1980. Detection of plasmids in the related group of the genus Campylobacter. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 8: 201–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bastyns, K., S. Chapelle, P. Vandamme, H. Goossens and R. De Wachter. 1994. Species-specific detection of Campylobacters important in veterinary medicine by PCR amplification of 23S rDNA areas. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 17: 563–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, J., S. Leaper, R.J. Owen and M.B. Skirrow. 1983. Description of Campylobacter laridis, a new speices comprising the nalidixic acid resistant thermophilic Campylobacter (NARTC) group. Curr. Microbiol. 8: 231–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, J., S. Leaper, R.J. Owen and M.B. Skirrow. 1984. In Validation of the publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSB. List No. 14. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 34: 270–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, C. and T. Fenchel. 1995. Mats of colourless sulphur bacteria. II. Structure, composition of biota and successional patterns. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 128: 171–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biel, S., J. Simon, R. Gross, M. Ruitenberg and A. Kroger. 2002. Reconstitution of coupled fumarate respiration in liposomes by incorporating the electron transport enzymes isolated from Wolinella succi-nogenes. Eur. J. Biochem. 269: 1974–1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bizzozero, G. 1893. Uber die schlauchförmigen Drusen des magendarmkanals und die Beziehungen ihres Epithels zu dem Oberflächenepithel der Schleimhaut. Arch. Mikrosk. Anat. 42: 82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blom, K., C.M. Patton, M.A. Nicholson and B. Swaminathan. 1995. Identification of Campylobacter fetus by PCR-DNA probe method. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 1360–1362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bode, G., F. Mauch, H. Ditschuneit and P. Malfertheiner. 1993. Identification of structures containing polyphosphate in Helicobacter pylori. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 3029–3033.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bokranz, M., J. Katz, I. Schröder, A.M. Roberton and A. Kröger. 1983. Energy metabolism and biosynthesis of Vibrio succinogenes growing with nitrate or nitrite as terminal electron acceptor. Arch. Microbiol. 135: 36–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bokranz, M., E. Mörschel and A. Kröger. 1985. Phosphorylation and phosphate-ATP exchange catalyzed by the ATP synthase isolated from Wolinella succinogenes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 810: 332–339.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boosinger, T.R., W.T. Blevins, J.V. Heron and J.L. Sunter. 1990. Plasmid profiles of six species of Campylobacter from human beings, swine, and sheep. Am. J. Vet. Res. 51: 718–722.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boren, T., P. Falk, K.A. Roth, G. Larson and S. Normark. 1993. Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric epithelium mediated by blood group antigens. Science 262: 1892–1895.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourke, B., V.L. Chan and P. Sherman. 1998. Campylobacter upsaliensis: waiting in the wings. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11: 440–449.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourke, B., P. Sherman, H. Louie, E. Hani, P. Islur and V.L. Chan. 1995. Physical and genetic map of the genome of Campylobacter upsaliensis. Microbiology 141: 2417–2424.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bovill, R.A. and B.M. Mackey. 1997. Resuscitation of ‘non-culturable’ cells from aged cultures of Campylobacter jejuni. Microbiology 143: 1575– 1581.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bronder, M., H. Mell, E. Stupperich and A. Kröger. 1982. Biosynthetic pathways of Vibrio succinogenes growing with fumarate as terminal electron acceptor and sole carbon source. Arch. Microbiol. 131: 216–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bronsdon, M.A., C.S. Goodwin, L.I. Sly, T. Chilvers and F.D. Schoenknecht. 1991. Helicobacter nemestrinae, new species, a spiral bacterium found in the stomach of a pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41: 148–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryner, J.H. 1987. Flexispira rappini, gen. nov., sp. nov., a motile, urease-producing rod similar to Campylobacter pyloridis. Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Campylobacter Infections, University of Göteborg, Sweden. pp. 440–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryner, J.H., A.H. Frank and P.A. O’Berry. 1962. Dissociation studies of Vibrio from the bovine genital tract. Am. J. Vet. Res. 23: 32–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryner, J.H., J. Littleton, C. Gates, C.A. Kirkbride, A.E. Richie and J.R. Archer. 1986. Flexispira rappini gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-negative rod from mammalian fetus and feces. XIV International Congress of Microbiology, Manchester, England. p. 307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryner, J.H., P.A. O’Berry and A.H. Frank. 1964. Vibrio infection of the digestive organs of cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 25: 1048–1050.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnens, A.P. and J. Nicolet. 1992. Detection of Campylobacter upsaliensis in diarrheic dogs and cats, using a selective medium with cefopera-zone. Am. J. Vet. Res. 53: 48–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnens, A.P. and J. Nicolet. 1993. Three supplementary diagnostic tests for Campylobacter species and related organisms. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 708–710.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnens, A.P., J. Stanley, U.B. Schaad and J. Nicolet. 1993. Novel Campylobacter-like organism resembling Helicobacter fennelliae isolated from a boy with gastroenteritis and from dogs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 1916– 1917.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butzler, J.P. and M.B. Skirrow. 1979. Campylobacter enteritis. Clinics in Gastroenterology 8: 737–765.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buxton, J.B. 1929. A note on Vibrio foetus ovis in the ram,. Univ. of Cambridge. Report nr First Report of Director, Inst. Anim. Pathol., 1929–1930

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabrita, J., J. Rodrigues, F. Braganca, C. Morgado, I. Pires and A.P. Goncalves. 1992. Prevalence, biotypes, plasmid profile and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolated from wild and domestic animals from northeast Portugal. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 73: 279–285.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, R.J., C.J. Foltz, J.G. Fox, C.A. Dangler, F. Powrie and D.B. Schauer. 1997. Inflammatory bowel disease: an immunity-mediated condition triggered by bacterial infection with Helicobacter hepaticus. Infect. Immun. 65: 3126–3131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardarelli-Leite, P., K Blom, CM. Patton, M.A. Nicholson, A.G. Steiger-walt, S.B. Hunter, D.J. Brenner, T.J. Barrett and B. Swaminathan. 1996. Rapid identification of Campylobacter species by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a PCR-amplified fragment of the gene coding for 16S rRNA. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 62–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Censini, S., C. Lange, Z. Xiang, J.E. Crabtree, P. Ghiara, M. Borodovsky, R. Rappuoli and A. Covacci. 1996. Cag, a pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori, encodes type I-specific and disease-associated virulence factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 14648–14653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chalk, P.A., A.D. Roberts and W.M. Blows. 1994. Metabolism of pyruvate and glucose by intact cells of Helicobacter pylori studied by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Microbiology (Reading) 140: 2085–2092.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chart, H., J.A. Frost, A. Oza, R. Thwaites, S. Gillanders and B. Rowe. 1996. Heat-stable serotyping antigens expressed by strains of Campylobacter jejuni are probably capsular and not long-chain lipopolysaccharide. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 81: 635–640.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chevrier, D., D. Larzul, F. Mégraud and J.L. Guesdon. 1989. Identification and classification of Campylobacter strains by using nonradioactive DNA probes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 321–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, R.A., G. Sutton, P.S. Hinkle, Jr., C.J. Bult and C. Field. 1995. Intraspecific variation in small-subunit rRNA sequences in GenBank: why single sequences may not adequately represent prokaryotic taxa. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45: 595–599.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, M.L., D.B. Hedrick, D.R. Lovley, D.C. White and K. Pye. 1993. Reduction of Fe(III) in sediments by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Nature (Lond.) 361: 436–438.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, M.D. and F. Fernandez. 1984. Menaquinone-6 and thermoplas-maquinone-6 in Wolinella succinogenes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 22: 273–276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, M.D. and F. Widdel. 1986. Respiratory quinones of sulphate-reducing and sulphur-reducing bacteria: a systematic investigation. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 8: 8–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Correa, P., G. Malcom, B. Schmidt, E. Fontham, B. Ruiz, J.C. Bravo, L.E. Bravo, G. Zarama and J.L. Realpe. 1998. Review article: Antioxidant micronutrients and gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 12 (Suppl. 1): 73–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corry, J.E.L., D.E. Post, P. Colin and M.J. Laisney. 1995. Culture media for the isolation of campylobacters. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 26: 43– 76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costas, M., S.L.W. On, R.J. Owen, B. Lopez-Urquijo and A.J. Lastovica. 1993. Differentiation of Helicobacter species by numerical analysis of their one-dimensional electrophoretic protein patterns. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 16: 396–404.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costas, M., R.J. Owen, J. Bickley and D.R. Morgan. 1991. Molecular techniques for studying the epidemiology of infection by Helicobacter pylori. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 26: 20–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costas, M., R.J. Owen and P.J.H. Jackman. 1987. Classification of Campylobacter sputorum and allied campylobacters based on numerical analysis of electrophoretic protein patterns. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 9: 125– 131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cover, T.L. 1996. The vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 20: 241–246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crabtree, J.E. 1998. Role of cytokines in pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-induced mucosal damage. Dig. Dis. Sci. 43: 46S–55S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Da Silva Tatley, F.M., A.J. Lastovica and L.M. Steyn. 1992. Plasmid profiles of “Campylobacter upsaliensis“ isolated from blood cultures and stools of paediatric patients. J. Med. Microbiol. 37: 8–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Day, W.A., Jr., I.L. Pepper and L.A. Joens. 1997. Use of an arbitrarily primed PCR product in the development of a Campylobacter jejuni-specific PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 1019–1023.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Boer, E., J.J. Tilburg, D.L. Woodward, H. Lior and W.M. Johnson. 1996. A selective medium for the isolation of Arcobacter from meats. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 23: 64–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Boer, W.E., J.W.M. La Rivière and A.L. Houwink. 1961. Observations on the morphology of Thiovulum majus Hinze. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 27: 447–456.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dent, J.C. and C.A.M. McNulty. 1988. Evaluation of a new selective medium for Campylobacter pylori. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 7: 555–558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desai, M., D. Linton, R.J. Owen, H. Cameron and J. Stanley. 1993. Genetic diversity of Helicobacter pylori indexed with respect to clinical symptomatology, using a 16S rRNA and a species-specific DNA probe. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 75: 574–582.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dewhirst, F.E., B.J. Paster, G.J. Fraser and I. Olsen. 1992. Phylogeny of 9 major groups of eubacteria based on 16S rRNA sequence comparisons. Conference on Taxonomy and Automated Identification of Bacteria, Prague, Czechoslovakia. p. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewhirst, F.E., C. Seymour, G.J. Fraser, B.J. Paster and J.G. Fox. 1994. Phylogeny of Helicobacter isolates from bird and swine feces and description of Helicobacter pametensis sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44: 553–560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dieterich, C., P. Wiesel, R. Neiger, A. Blum and T.I. Corthesy. 1998. Presence of multiple “Helicobacter heilmannii” strains in an individual suffering from ulcers and in his two cats. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 1366– 1370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich, W. and O. Klimmek. 2002. The function of methyl-menaquin-one-6 and solysulfide reductase membrane anchor (PsrC) in polysulfide respiration of Wolinella succinogenes. Eur. J. Biochem. 269: 1085–1095.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, L.P. 1948. The etiology of swine dysentery. Am. J. Vet. Res. 9: 50–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dross, F., V. Geisler, R. Lenger, F. Theis, T. Krafft, F. Fahrenholz, E. Kojro, A. Duchêne, D. Tripier, K.Juvenal and A. Kröger. 1992. The quinonereactive Ni/Fe-hydrogenase of Wolinella succinogenes. Eur. J. Biochem. 206: 93–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duerden, B.I., A. Eley, L. Goodwin, J.T. Magee, J.M. Hindmarch and K.W. Bennett. 1989. A comparison of Bacteroides ureolyticus isolates from different clinical sources. J. Med. Microbiol. 29: 63–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, B.E., H. Cohen and M.J. Blaser. 1997. Helicobacter pylori. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10: 720–741.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, K.A., F.E. Dewhirst, M.J. Radin,J.G. Fox, B.J. Paster, S. Krakowka and D.R. Morgan. 1993. Helicobacter acinonyx sp. nov. isolated from cheetahs with gastritis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43: 99–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, K.A., D.R. Morgan and S. Krakowka. 1992. Motility as a factor in the colonisation of gnotobiotic piglets by Helicobacter pylori. J. Med. Microbiol. 37: 123–127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eiken, M. 1958. Studies on an anaerobic rod-shaped Gram-negative microorganism: Bacteroides corrodens N. sp. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 43: 404–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Einsle, O., A. Messerschmidt, P. Stach, G.P. Bourenkov, H.D. Bartunik, R. Huber and P.M.H. Kroneck. 1999. Structure of cytochrome c nitrite reductase. Nature 400: 476–480.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Zaatari, F.A.K., J.S. Woo, A. Badr, M.S. Osato, H. Serna, L.M. Lichtenberger, R.M. Genta and D.Y. Graham. 1997. Failure to isolate Helicobacter pylori from stray cats indicates that H. pylori in cats may be an anthroponosis: an animal infection with a human pathogen. J. Med. Microbiol. 46: 372–376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, W.A., S.D. Neill, J.J. O′Brien, H.W. Ferguson and J. Hanna. 1977. Isolation of Spirillum/Vibrio-like organisms from bovine fetuses. Vet. Rec. 100: 451–452.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endtz, H.P., J.S. Vliegenthart, P. Vandamme, H.W. Weverink, N.P. van den Braak, H.A. Verbrugh and A. van Belkum. 1997. Genotypic diversity of Campylobacter lari isolated from mussels and oysters in The Netherlands. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 34: 79–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erdman, S.E., P. Correa, L.A. Coleman, M.D. Schrenzel, X. Li and J.G. Fox. 1997. Helicobacter mustelae-associated gastric MALT lymphoma in ferrets. Am. J. Pathol. 151: 273–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Etoh, Y., F.E. Dewhirst, B.J. Paster, A. Yamamoto and N. Goto. 1993. Campylobacter showae sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43: 631–639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D.G., D.J. Evans, Jr., H.C. Lampert and D.Y. Graham. 1995. Restriction fragment length polymorphism in the adhesin gene hpaA of Helicobacter pylori. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 90: 1282–1288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ezaki, T., N. Takeuchi, S.L. Liu, A. Kai, H. Yamamoto and E. Yabuuchi. 1988. Small-scale DNA preparation for rapid genetic identification of Campylobacter species without radioisotope. Microbiol. Immunol. 32: 141–150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fauque, G.D., O. Klimmek and A. Kröger. 1994. Sulfur reductases from spirilloid mesophilic sulfur-reducing eubacteria. Methods Enzymol. 243: 367–383.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenchel, T. 1994. Motility and chemosensory behaviour of the sulphur bacterium Thiovulum majus. Microbiology (Reading) 140: 3109–3116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenchel, T. and R.N. Glud. 1998. Veil architecture in a sulphide-oxidizing bacterium enhances countercurrent flux. Nature 394: 367–369.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fennell, C.L., P.A. Totten, T.C. Quinn, D.L. Patton, K.K. Holmes and W.E. Stamm. 1984. Characterization of Campylobacter-like organisms isolated from homosexual men. J. Infect. Dis. 149: 58–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Florent, A. 1959. Les deux vibrioses genitales de la bete bovine: La vibriose venerienne, due a Vibrio foetus venerealis, et la vibriose d’origine intestinale due a V. foetus intestinales. Proc. 10th Int. Vet. Cong, Madrid. 2: 953–957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foley, J.E.,J.V. Solnick,J.M. Lapointe, S.S.Jang and N.C. Pedersen. 1998. Identification of a novel enteric Helicobacter species in a kitten with severe diarrhea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 908–912.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, K.J., Z. Fang and T.H. Pennington. 1995. Allelic variation in the Helicobacter pylori flagellin genes flaA and flaB: its consequences for strain typing schemes and population structure. Epidemiol. Infect. 114: 257–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forman, D. 1998. Helicobacter pylori infection and cancer. Br. Med. Bull. 54: 71–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J.G., M. Blanco, J.C. Murphy, N.S. Taylor, A. Lee, Z. Kabok and J. Pappo. 1993. Local and systemic immune responses in murine Helicobacter felis active chronic gastritis. Infect. Immun. 61: 2309–2315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J.G., C.C. Chien, F.E. Dewhirst, B.J. Paster, Z. Shen, P.L. Melito, D.L. Woodward and F.G. Rodgers. 2000. Helicobacter canadensis sp. nov. isolated from humans with diarrhea as an example of an emerging pathogen. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 2546–2549.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J.G., T. Chilvers, C.S. Goodwin, N.S. Taylor, P. Edmonds, L.I. Sly and D.J. Brenner. 1989. Campylobacter mustelae, new species resulting from the elevation of Campylobacter pylori subsp. mustelae to species status. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39: 301–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J.G., P. Correa, N.S. Taylor, A. Lee, G. Otto, J.C. Murphy and R. Rose. 1990. Helicobacter mustelae associated gastritis in ferrets: an animal model of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in humans. Gastroenterology 99: 352–361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J.G., P.L. Gorelick, M.C. Kullberg, Z. Ge, F.E. Dewhirst and J.M. Ward. 1999. A novel urease-negative Helicobacter species associatedwith colitis and typhlitis in IL-10-deficient mice. Infect. Immun. 67: 1757– 1762.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J.G. and A. Lee. 1997. The role of Helicobacter species in newly recognized gastrointestinal tract diseases of animals. Lab. Anim. Sci. 47: 222–255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J.G., A. Lee, G. Otto, N.S. Taylor and J.C. Murphy. 1991. Helicobacter felis gastritis in gnotobiotic rats: an animal model of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Infect. Immun. 59: 785–791.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J.G., N.S. Taylor, P. Edmonds and D.J. Brenner. 1988. Campylobacter pylori subsp. mustelae, new subspecies isolated from the gastric mucosa of ferrets (Mustela putorius furo), and an emended description of Campylobacter pylori. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38: 367–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J.G., L.L. Yan, F.E. Dewhirst, B.J. Paster, B. Shames, J.C. Murphy, A. Hayward, J.C. Belcher and E.N. Mendes. 1995. Helicobacter bilis sp. nov., a novel Helicobacter species isolated from bile, livers, and intestines of aged, inbred mice. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 445–454.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foxall, P.A., L.T. Hu and H.L.T. Mobley. 1992. Use of polymerase chain reaction-amplified Helicobacter pylori urease structural genes for differentiation of isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 739–741.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, C.L., C.S. Beckwith, R.S. Livingston, L.K. Riley, S.V. Gibson, W.C.L. Besch and R.R. Hook, Jr. 1996. Isolation of a novel Helicobacter species, Helicobacter cholecystus sp. nov., from the gallbladders of Syrian hamsters with cholangiofibrosis and centrilobular pancreatitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 2952–2958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, C.L., P.L. Gorelick, L.K. Riley, F.E. Dewhirst, R.S. Livingston, J.M. Ward, C.S. Beckwith and J.G. Fox. 2001. Helicobacter typhlonius sp. nov., a novel urease-negative Helicobacter species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 3920–3926.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, C.L., L.K. Riley, R.S. Livingston, C.S. Beckwith, R.R. Hook Jr., C.L. Besch-Williford, R. Hunziker and P.L. Gorelick. 1999. Enteric lesions in SCID mice infected with “Helicobacter typhlonicus”, a novel urease-negative Helicobacter species. Lab. Anim. Sci. 49: 496–505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Pichel, F. 1989. Rapid bacterial swimming measured in swarming cells of Thiovulum majus. J. Bacteriol. 171: 3560–3563.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ge, Z., Q. Jiang and D.E. Taylor. 1996. Conservation and diversity of the Helicobacter pylori copper-transporting ATPase gene (copA) sequence among Helicobacter species and Campylobacter species detected by PCR and RFLP. Helicobacter 1: 112–117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gebhart, C.J., G.E. Ward and M.P. Murtaugh. 1989. Species-specific cloned DNA probes for the identification of Campylobacter hyointestinalis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 2717–2723.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Germani, Y., C. Dauga, P. Duval, M. Huerre, M. Levy, G. Pialoux, P. Sansonetti and P.A.D. Grimont. 1997. Strategy for the detection of Helicobacter species by amplification of 16S rRNA genes and identification of H. felis in a human gastric biopsy. Res. Microbiol. 148: 315– 326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J.R., E. Slater, J. Xerry, D.S. Tompkins and R.J. Owen. 1998. Use of an amplified-fragment length polymorphism technique to fingerprint and differentiate isolates of Helicobacter pylori. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 2580–2585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Go, M.F., V. Kapur, D.Y. Graham and J.M. Musser. 1996. Population genetic analysis of Helicobacter pylori by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis: extensive allelic diversity and recombinational population structure. J. Bacteriol. 178: 3934–3938.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodhew, C.F., A.B. Elkurdi and G.W. Pettigrew. 1988. The microaerophilic respiration of Campylobacter mucosalis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 933: 114–123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goossens, H., L. Vlaes, I. Galand, C. Van den Borre and J.-P. Butzler. 1989. Semisolid blood-free selective-motility medium for the isolation of campylobacters from stool specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 1077– 1080.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goto, K., H. Ohashi, S. Ebukuro, K. Itoh, Y. Tohma, A. Takakura, S. Wakana, M. Ito and T. Itoh. 1998. Isolation and characterization of Helicobacter species from the stomach of the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) with chronic gastritis. Curr. Microbiol. 37: 44–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, D.Y., P.D. Klein, A.R. Opekun and T.W. Boutton. 1988. Effect of age on the frequency of active Campylobacter pylori infection diagnosed by the 13C urea breath test in normal subjects and patients with peptic ulcer disease. J. Infect. Dis. 157: 777–780.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, P.L. and R.W.A. Park. 1990. Campylobacters associated with human diarrhoeal disease. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 69: 281–301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, R., J. Simon, F. Theis and A. Kröger. 1998. Two membrane anchors of Wolinella succinogenes hydrogenase and their function in fumarate and polysulfide respiration. Arch. Microbiol. 170: 50–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hachem, C.Y., J.E. Clarridge, D.G. Evans and D.Y. Graham. 1995. Comparison of agar based media for primary isolation of Helicobacter pylori. J. Clin. Pathol. 48: 714–716.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haddad, A., F. Camacho, P. Durand and S.C. Cary. 1995. Phylogenetic characterization of the epibiotic bacteria associated with the hydrothermal vent polychaete Alvinella pompejana. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 1679–1687.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haines, D.C., P.L. Gorelick, J.K. Battles, K.M. Pike, R.J. Anderson, J.G. Fox, N.S. Taylor, Z. Shen, F.E. Dewhirst, M.R. Anver and J.M. Ward. 1998. Inflammatory large bowel disease in immunodeficient rats naturally and experimentally infected with Helicobacter bilis. Vet. Pathol. 35: 202–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hampton, J.C. 1967. The effects of nitrogen mustard on the intestinal epithelium of the mouse. Radiat. Res. 30: 576–589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han, S.R., C. Schindel, R. Genitsariotis, E. Märker-Hermann, S. Bhakdi and M.J. Maeurer. 2000. Identification of a unique Helicobacter species by 16S rRNA gene analysis in an abdominal abscess from a patient with X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 2740–2742.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han, Y.-H., R.M. Smibert and N.R. Krieg. 1989. Occurrence of sheathed flagella in Campylobacter cinaedi and Campylobacter fennelliae. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39: 488–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, Y.-H., R.M. Smibert and N.R. Krieg. 1991. Wolinella recta, Wolinella curva, Bacteroides ureolyticus, and Bacteroides gracilisare microaerophiles, not anaerobes. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41: 218–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han, Y-H., R.M. Smibert and N.R. Krieg. 1992. Cytochrome composition and oxygen-dependent respiration-driven proton translocation in Wolinella curva, Wolinella recta, Bacteroides ureolyticus, and Bacteroides gracilis. Can. J. Microbiol. 38: 104–110.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hänninen, M.L., I. Happonen, S. Saari and K. Jalava. 1996. Culture and characteristics of Helicobacter bizzozeronii, a new canine gastric Helicobacter sp. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46: 160–166.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haque, M., Y Hirai, K. Yokota, N. Mori, I. Jahan, H. Ito, H. Hotta, I. Yano, Y Kanemasa and K. Oguma. 1996. Lipid profile of Helicobacter spp.: presence of cholesteryl glucoside as a characteristic feature. J. Bacteriol. 178: 2065–2070.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haque, M., Y Hirai, K. Yokota and K. Oguma. 1995. Steryl glycosides: a characteristic feature of the Helicobacter spp.? J. Bacteriol. 177: 5334– 5337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harmon, K.M. and I.V. Wesley. 1997. Multiplex PCR for the identification of Arcobacter and differentiation of Arcobacter butzleri from other arcobacters. Vet. Microbiol. 58: 215–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, C.M.G., C.A. Dangler, S. Xu, Y. Feng, Z. Shen, B. Sheppard, A. Stamper, F.E. Dewhirst, B.J. Paster and J.G. Fox. 2000. Isolation and characterisation of a Helicobacter sp. from the gastric mucosa of dolphins, Lagenorhynchus acutus and Delphinus delphus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 4751–5757.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, C.M.G., S. Xu, Y. Feng, L. Dunn, N.S. Taylor, F.E. Dewhirst and J.G. Fox. 2002. Isolation of novel Helicobacter spp. from a beluga whale. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 2040–2043.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, C.S. and S.L. On. 1999. Extensive 16S rRNA gene sequence diversity in Campylobacter hyointestinalis strains: taxonomic and applied implications. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49: 1171–1175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, C.S., F.M. Thomson Carter and P.E. Carter. 1997. Evidence for recombination in the flagellin locus of Campylobacter jejuni: implications for the flagellin gene typing scheme. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 2386–2392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, S.M. 1980. Hippurate hydrolysis by Campylobacter fetus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 11: 435–437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawrylik, S.J., D.J. Wasilko, S.L. Haskell, T.D. Gootz and S.E. Lee. 1994. Bisulfite or sulfite inhibits growth of Helicobacter pylori. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 790–792.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazeleger, W., C. Arkesteijn, A. Toorop Bouma and R. Beumer. 1994. Detection of the coccoid form of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken products with the use of the polymerase chain reaction. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 24: 273–281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazell, S.L. and G.L. Mendz. 1997. How Helicobacter pylori works: an overview of the metabolism of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2: 1–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinze, G.. 1913. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der farblosen Schweferlbakterien. Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 31: 189–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, P.A. 1985. Application of PHB–a microbially produced biodegradable thermoplastic. Phys. Technol. 16: 32–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hum, S., K. Quinn, J. Brunner and S.L.W. On. 1997. Evaluation of aPCR assay for identification and differentiation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies. Aust. Vet. J. 75: 827–831.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado, A., J.P. Clewley, D. Linton, R.J. Owen and J. Stanley. 1997. Sequence similarities between large subunit ribosomal RNA gene intervening sequences from different Helicobacter species. Gene 194: 69–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Husmann, M., C. Gries, P. Jehnichen, T. Woelfel, G. Gerken, W. Ludwig and S. Bhakdi. 1994. Helicobacter sp. strain Mainz isolated from an AIDS patient with septic arthritis: case report and nonradioactive analysis of 16S rRNA sequence. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 3037–3039.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, M.N. and G.M. Ederer. 1975. Rapid hippurate hydrolysis method for presumptive identification of Group B Streptococci. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1: 114–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacson, P.G. 1996. Recent developments in our understanding of gastric lymphomas. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 20: (Suppl. 1) S1–S7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, F.L. and YE. Goodman. 1978. Bacteroides ureolyticus, a new species to accommodate strains previously identified as Bacteroides corrodens, anaerobic. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28: 197–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, F.L., Y.E. Goodman, F.R. Bel, P.C. Wong and R.L.S. Whitehouse. 1971. Taxonomic status of facultative and strictly anaerobic corroding bacilli that have been classified as Bacteroides corrodens. J. Med. Microbiol. 4: 171–184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, B.C., P.A. van Doorn, P.I. Schmitz, A.P. Tio Gillen, P. Herbrink, L.H. Visser, H. Hooijkass and FG. van der Meche. 1996. Campylobacter jejuni infections and anti-GM1 antibodies in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 40: 181–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jakob, W., M. Stolte, A. Valentin and H.D. Schroder. 1997. Demonstration of Helicobacter pylori-like organisms in the gastric mucosa of captive exotic carnivores. J. Comp. Pathol. 116: 21–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jalava, K., M. Kaartinen, M. Utriainen, I. Happonen and M.L. Hänninen. 1997. Helicobacter salomonis sp. nov., a canine gastric Helicobacter sp. related to Helicobacter felis and Helicobacter bizzozeronii. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47: 975–982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jalava, K., S.L.W. On, C.S. Harrington, L.P. Andersen, M.L. Hänninen and P.A.R. Vandamme. 1999c. Helicobacter heilmannii, a human gastric pathogen, and H. bizzozeronii, a frequent canine gastric coloniser, represent the same species. Abstracts of the 10th International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms, Baltimore, MD. p. 116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jalava, K., S.L.W. On, C.S. Harrington, L.P. Anderson, M.L. Hänninen and P. Vandamme. 2001. A cultured strain of “Helicobacter heilmannii”, a human gastric pathogen, identified as Helicobacter bizzozeronii: evidence for zoonotic potential of Helicobacter. Emerg. Inf. Dis. 7: 1036–1038.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jalava, K., S.L.W. On, P.A.R. Vandamme, I. Happonen, A. Sukura and M.L. Hänninen. 1998. Isolation and identification of Helicobacter spp. from canine and feline gastric mucosa. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 3998–4006.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jankielewicz, A., R.A. Schmitz, O. Klimmek and A. Kröger. 1994. Polysulfide reductase and formate dehydrogenase from Wolinella succinogenes contain molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. Arch. Microbiol. 162: 238–242.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jannasch, H.W. 1984. Microbial processes at deep sea hydrothermal vents. In Rona, Bostrom, Laubier and Smith (Editors), Hydrothermal Processes at Seafloor Spreading Centers, Plenum Publishing, New York. pp. 667–709.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D.M., A. Curry and A.J. Fox. 1985. An ultrastructural study of the gastric campylobacter-like organism Campylobacter pyloridis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131: 2335–2342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, F.S., F. Orcutt and R.B. Little. 1931. Vibrios (Vibrio jejuni n. sp.) associated with intestinal disorders of cows and calves. J. Exp. Med. 53: 853–864.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, B.B. and N.P. Revsbech. 1983. Colorless sulfur bacteria, Beggiatoa spp. and Thiovulum spp. in oxygen and hydrogen sulfide microgradients. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45: 1261–1270.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kafkewitz, D. 1975. Improved growth media for Vibrio succinogenes. Appl. Microbiol. 29: 121–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kafkewitz, D. and D. Goodman. 1974. L-Asparaginase production by the rumen anaerobe Vibrio succinogenes. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 206–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaihovaara, P., K.S. Salmela, R.P. Roine, T.U. Kosunen and M. Salaspuro. 1994. Purification and characterization of Helicobacter pylori alcohol dehydrogenase. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 18: 1220–1225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaldor, J. and B.R. Speed. 1984. Guillain-Barré syndrome and Campylobacter jejuni: a serological study. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. 288: 1867–1870.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, D.J. 2001. The physiology and metabolism of Camplyobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori. Symp. Ser. Soc. Appl. Microbiol. 30: 16S–24S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ketley, J.M. 1995. Virulence of Campylobacter species: a molecular genetic approach. J. Med. Microbiol. 42: 312–327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ketley, J.M. 1997. Pathogenesis of enteric infection by Campylobacter. Microbiology 143: 5–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiehlbauch, J.A., D.J. Brenner, D.N. Cameron, A.G. Steigerwalt, J.M. Makowski, C.N. Baker, C.M. Patton and I.K. Wachsmuth. 1995. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Helicobacter cinaedi and Candidatus Helicobacter fennelliae strains isolated from humans and animals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 2940–2947.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkbride, C.A., C.E. Gates, J.E. Collins and A.E. Ritchie. 1985. Ovine abortion associated with an anaerobic bacterium. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 186: 789–791.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klimmek, O., A. Kröger, R. Steudel and G. Holdt. 1991. Growth of Wolinella succinogenes with polysulfide as terminal acceptor of phosphorylative electron transport. Arch. Microbiol. 155: 177–182.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koenraad, P.M., W.F. Jacobs Reitsma, T. Van der Laan, R.R. Beumer and F.M. Rombouts. 1995. Antibiotic susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates from sewage and poultry abattoir drain water. Epidemiol. Infect. 115: 475–483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krafft, T., R. Gross and A. Kröger. 1995. The function of Wolinella succinogenes psr genes in electron transport with polysulphide as the terminal electron acceptor. Eur. J. Biochem. 230: 601–606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kröger, A., V. Geisler, E. Lemma, F. Theis and R. Lenger. 1992. Bacterial fumarate respiration. Arch. Microbiol. 158: 311–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuever, J., C. Wawer and R. Lillebaek. 1996. Microbiological observations in the anoxic basin Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 44: 49– 57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laanbroek, H.J., W. Kingma and H. Veldkamp. 1977. Isolation of an aspartate fermenting, free-living Campylobacter species. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1: 99–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laanbroek, H.J. and H. Veldkamp. 1979. Growth yield and energy generation in anaerobically-grown Campylobacter species. Arch. Microbiol. 120: 47–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, C.-H., M.A. Listgarten, A.C.R. Tanner and S.S. Socransky. 1981. Ultrastructures of Bacteroides gracilis, Campylobacter concisus, Wolinella recta, and Eikenella corrodens, all from human periodontal disease. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 31: 465–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, M.A., C.M. Patton, T.J. Barrett and C.W. Moss. 1987. Differentiation of Campylobacter and Campylobacter-like organisms by cellular fatty acid composition. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25: 706–713.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, D.J., A.P. Harrison, Jr., D. Stahl, B. Pace, S.J. Giovannoni, G.J. Olsen and N.R. Pace. 1992. Evolutionary relationships among sulfur- and iron-oxidizing eubacteria. J. Bacteriol. 174: 269–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langenberg, W., E.A.J. Rauws, A. Widjojokusumo, G.N.J. Tytgat and H.C. Zanen. 1986. Identification of Campylobacter pyloridis isolates by restriction endonuclease DNA analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24: 414–417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lastovica, A.J. 1996. Campylobacter/Helicobacter bacteraemia in Cape Town, South Africa, 1977–1995. In Newell, Ketley and Feldman (Editors), Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms, Plenum Press, New York. pp. 475–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, P.P., B. DeBrunner-Vossbrinck, B. Dunn, K. Miotto, M.T. MacDonell, D.M. Rollins, C.J. Pillidge, R.B. Hespell, R.R. Colwell, M.L. Sogin and G.E. Fox. 1987. Phylogenetic diversity and position of the genus Campylobacter. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 9: 231–238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauterbach, F., C. Körtner, S.P.J. Albracht, G. Unden and A. Kröger. 1990. The fumarate reductase operon of Wolinella succinogenes: sequence and expression of the frdA and frdB genes. Arch. Microbiol. 154: 386–393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laverman, A.M., J.S. Blum, J.K. Schaefer, E.J.P. Phillips, D.R. Lovley and R.S. Oremland. 1995. Growth of strain SES-3 with arsenate and other diverse electron acceptors. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 3556–3561.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, A.J., D. Linton, J. Stanley and R.J. Owen. 1997. Polymerase chain reaction detection and speciation of Campylobacter upsaliensis and C. helveticus in human faeces and comparison with culture techniques. J. Appl. Microbiol. 83: 375–380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, A.J., S.L.W. On, J.M.J. Logan and J. Stanley. 2001. Campylobacter hominis sp. nov., from the human gastrointestinal tract. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51: 651–660.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, G.H.K., J.L. Leaver, G.W. Pettigrew and A.C. Rowland. 1981. Some features of Campylobacter sputorum subsp. mucosali subsp. nov., nom. rev. and their taxonomic significance. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 31: 385–391.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, G.H.K., A.C. Rowland and L. Roberts. 1977. The surface antigens of Campylobacter sputorum subsp. mucosalis. Res. Vet. Sci. 23: 378–382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, G.H.K., A.C. Rowland and P. Wooding. 1975. The characterization of Campylobacter sputorum subsp. mucosalis isolated from pigs. Res. Vet. Sci. 18: 121–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A. 1997. The pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Baillieres Clin. Infect. Dis. 4: 341–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A. 1998. Animal models for host-pathogen interaction studies. Br. Med. Bull. 54: 163–173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A., M. Chen, N. Coltro, J. O’Rourke, S.L. Hazell, P. Hu and Y. Li. 1993. Long term infection of the gastric mucosa with Helicobacter species does induced atrophic gastritis in an animal model of Helicobacter pylori infection. Zentbl. Bakteriol. 280: 38–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A.., S.L. Hazell, J. O’Rourke and S. Kouprach. 1988. Isolation of a spiral-shaped bacterium from the cat stomach. Infect. Immun. 56: 2843–2850.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenger, R., U. Herrmann, R. Gross, J. Simon and A. Kröger. 1997. Structure and function of a second gene cluster encoding the formate dehydrogenase of Wolinella succinogenes. Eur. J. Biochem. 246: 646– 651.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C.Y., D.A. Ferguson, Jr., T. Ha, D.S. Chi and E. Thomas. 1993. A highly specific and sensitive DNA probe derived from chromosomal DNA of Helicobacter pylori is useful for typing Helicobacter pylori isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 2157–2162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linton, D., A.J. Lawson, R.J. Owen and J. Stanley. 1997. PCR detection, identification to species level, and fingerprinting of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli direct from diarrheic samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 2568–2572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linton, D., R.J. Owen and J. Stanley. 1996. Rapid identification by PCR of the genus Campylobacter and of five Campylobacter species enteropathogenic for man and animals. Res. Microbiol. 147: 707–718.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lior, H. and G. Wang. 1993. Differentiation of Arcobacter butzleri by pulsefield gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Acta Gastro-Enterol. Belg. 56: 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lior, H. and D. Woodward. 1991. A serotyping scheme for Campylobacter butzleri. Microb. Ecol. Health. Dis. 4: S93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lior, H. and D.L. Woodward. 1993. Arcobacter butzleri: a biotyping scheme. Acta Gastro-Enterol. Belg. 56: 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lior, H., D.L. Woodward, J.A. Edgar, L.J. Laroche and P. Gill. 1982. Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni by slide agglutination based on heatlabile antigenic factors. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15: 761–768.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lonergan, D.J., H.L. Jenter, J.D. Coates, E.J.P. Phillips, T.M. Schmidt and D.R. Lovely. 1996. Phylogenetic analysis of dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 178: 2402–2408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzen, J., S. Steinwachs and G. Unden. 1994. DMSO respiration by the anaerobic rumen bacterium Wolinella succinogenes. Arch. Microbiol. 162: 277–281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathey, W.J. and A.C. Rissberger. 1964. A turkey sinus vibrio (Vibrio maleagridis n. sp.) compared with the avian hepatitis vibrio (Vibrio hepaticus, n. sp.). Poultry Sci. 43: 1339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazurier, S., A. van de Giessen, K. Heuvelman and K. Wernars. 1992. RAPD analysis of Campylobacter isolates: DNA fingerprinting without the need to purify DNA. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 14: 260–262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClung, C.R. and D.G. Patriquin. 1980. Isolation of a nitrogen-fixing Campylobacter species from the roots of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Can. J. Microbiol. 26: 881–886.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClung, C.R., D.G. Patriquin and R.E. Davis. 1983. Campylobacter nitrofigilis sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with roots of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 33: 605–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNulty, C.A.M., J.C. Dent, A. Curry, J.S. Uff, G.A. Ford, M.W.L. Gear and S.P. Wilkinson. 1989. New spiral bacterium in gastric mucosa. J. Clin. Pathol. 42: 585–591.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mégraud, F., D. Chevrier, N. Desplaces, A. Sedallian and J.L. Guesdon. 1988. Urease-positive thermophilic Campylobacter (Campylobacter laridis variant) isolated from an appendix and from human feces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26: 1050–1051.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meinersmann, R.J., L.O. Helsel, P.I. Fields and K.L. Hiett. 1997. Discrimination of Campylobacter jejuni isolates by fla gene sequencing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 2810–2814.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melito, P.L., C. Munro, P.R. Chipman, D.L. Woodward, T.F. Booth and F.G. Rodgers. 2001. Helicobacter winghamensis sp. nov., a novel Helicobacter sp. isolated from patients with gastroenteritis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 2412–2417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mell, H., C. Wellnitz and A. Kröger. 1986. The electrochemical proton potential and the proton/electron ratio of the electron transport with fumarate in Wolinella succinogenes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 852: 212– 221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendes, E.N., D.M.M. Queiroz, F.E. Dewhirst, B.J. Paster, S.B. Moura and J.G. Fox. 1996. Helicobacter trogontum sp. nov., isolated from the rat intestine. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46: 916–921.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendes, E.N., D.M.M. Queiroz, G.A. Rocha, S.B. Moura, V.H.R. Leite and M.E.F. Fonseca. 1990. Ultrastructure of a spiral microorganism from pig gastric mucosa (“Gastrospirillum suis”). J. Med. Microbiol. 33: 61–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendes, E.N., D.M.M. Queroz, F.E. Dewhirst, B.J. Paster, G.A. Rocha and J.G. Fox. 1994. Are pigs a resevoir for human Helicobacter infections? Am. J. Gastroenterol. 89: 1296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendz, G.L., G.E. Ball and D.J. Meek. 1997. Pyruvate metabolism in Campylobacter spp. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1334: 291–302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendz, G.L. and S.L. Hazell. 1995. Amino acid utilization by Helicobacter pylori. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 27: 1085–1093.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendz, G.L., S.L. Hazell and B.P. Burn. 1994. The Entner-Doudoroff pathway in Helicobacter pylori. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 312: 349–356.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, S.D., G.O. Aspinall, A.G. McDonald, TS. Raju, L.A. Kurjanczykand J.L. Penner. 1992. Lipopolysaccharide antigens of Campylobacter jejuni. In Nachamkin, Blaser and Tompkins (Editors), Campylobacter jejuni. Current Status and Future Trends, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. pp. 223–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misawa, N., K. Hirayama, K. Itoh and E. Takahashi. 1995. Detection of a- and b-hemolytic-like activity from Campylobacter jejuni. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 729–731.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, H.M., YY Li, P.J. Hu, Q. Liu, M. Chen, G.G. Du, Z.J. Wang, A. Lee and S.L. Hazell. 1992. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in southern China: identification of early childhood as the critical period for acquisition. J. Infect. Dis. 166: 149–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohran, Z.S., P. Guerry, H. Lior, J.R. Murphy, A.M. el Gendy, M.M. Mikhail and B.A. Oyofo. 1996. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of flagellin genes of Campylobacter jejuni and/or C. coli isolates from Egypt. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 1216–1219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, L.W., W.S. Chilton and M.L. Canfield. 1997. Diversity of opines and opine-catabolizing bacteria isolated from naturally occurring crown gall tumors. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 201–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, A.P. and M.E. Upton. 1987. Factors affecting production of coccoid forms by Campylobacter jejuni on solid media during incubation. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 62: 527–537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D.D. and R.J. Owen. 1990. Use of DNA restriction endonuclease digest and ribosomal RNA gene probe patterns to fingerprint Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae isolated from human and animal hosts. Mol. Cell. Probes 4: 321–334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, G.K., M.R. el Sherbeeny, C.M. Patton, H. Kodaka, G.L. Lombard, P. Edmonds, D.G. Hollis and D.J. Brenner. 1985. Comparison of four hippurate hydrolysis methods for identification of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. J. Clin. Microbiol. 22: 714–718.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, C.W., A. Kai, M.A. Lambert and C. Patton. 1984. Isoprenoid quinone content and cellular fatty acid composition of Campylobacter species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 19: 772–776.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer, C.L., F.C. Dobbs and D.M. Karl. 1995. Phylogenetic diversity of the bacterial community from a microbial mat at an active, hydrothermal vent system, Loihi Seamount, Hawaii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 1555–1562.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, R.G.E. and K.H. Schleifer. 1994. Taxonomic notes: a proposal for recording the properties of putative taxa of procaryotes. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44: 174–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, R.G.E. and E. Stackebrandt. 1995. Taxonomic note: implementation of the provisional status Candidatus for incompletely described procaryotes. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45: 186–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Musmanno, R.A., M. Russi, H. Lior and N. Figura. 1997. In vitro virulence factors of Arcobacter butzleri strains isolated from superficial water samples. New Microbiol. 20: 63–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nachamkin, I. 1995. Campylobacter and Arcobacter. In Murray, Baron, Pfaller, Tenover and Yolken (Editors), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 6th Ed., ASM Press, Washington D.C. pp. 483–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nachamkin, I., B.M. Allos and T. Ho. 1998. Campylobacter species and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11: 555–567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nachamkin, I., K. Bohachick and CM. Patton. 1993. Flagellin gene typing of Campylobacter jejuni by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 1531–1536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nedenskov, P. 1994. Nutritional requirements for growth of Helicobacter pylori. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 3450–3453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Negrini, R., L. Lisato, I. Zanella, L. Cavazzini, S. Gullini, V. Villanacci, C. Poiesi, A. Albertini and S. Ghielmi. 1991. Helicobacter pylori infection induces antibodies cross-reacting with human gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 101: 437–445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neiger, R., C. Dieterich, A. Burnens, A. Waldvogel, I. Corthesy-Theulaz, F. Halter, B. Lauterburg and A. Schmassmann. 1998. Detection and prevalence of Helicobacter infection in pet cats. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 634–637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neill, S.C., J.N. Campbell, J.J. O’Brien, S.T.C. Weatherup and W.A. Ellis. 1985. Taxonomic position of Campylobacter cryaerophila sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 35: 342–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuzil, K.M., E. Wang, D.W. Haas and M.J. Blaser. 1994. Persistence of Campylobacter fetus bacteremia associated with absence of opsonizing antibodies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 1718–1720.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, L.-K., R. Sherburne, D.E. Taylor and M.E. Stiles. 1985. Morphological forms and viability of Campylobacter species studied by electron microscopy. J. Bacteriol. 164: 338–343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Occhialini, A., V. Stonnet, J. Hua, C. Camou, J.L. Guesdon and F. Megraud. 1996. Identification of strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by PCR and correlation with phenotypic characterisitics. In Newell, Ketley and Feldman (Editors), Campylobacters, Helico-bacters, and Related Organisms, Plenum Press, New York. pp. 217–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohya, T., M. Kubo and H. Watase. 1988. New selective media for the isolation of Campylobacter mucosalis and Campylobacter hyointestinalis. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 50: 1103–1106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olivieri, R., M. Bugnoli, D. Armellini, S. Bianciardi, R. Rappuoli, P.F. Bayeli, L. Abate, E. Esposito, L. De Gregorio, J. Aziz, C. Basagni and N. Figura. 1993. Growth of Helicobacter pylori in media containing cyclodextrins. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 160–162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • On, S.L.W. 1994. Confirmation of human Campylobacter concisus isolates misidentified as Campylobacter ucosalis and suggestions for improved differentiation between the two species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 2305– 2306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • On, S.L.W. 1996. Identification methods for campylobacters, helicobacters, and related organisms. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9: 405–422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • On, S.L.W., H.I. Atabay, J.E.L. Corry, C.S. Harrington and P. Vandamme. 1998. Emended description of Campylobacter sputorum and revision of its infrasubspecific (biovar) divisions, including C. sputorum biovar paraureolyticus bv. nov., a urease-producing variant from cattle and humans. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48: 195–206.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • On, S.L.W., M. Costas and B. Holmes. 1993. Identification and intra-specific heterogeneity of Campylobacter hyointestinalis based on numerical analysis of electrophoretic protein profiles. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 16: 37–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • On, S.L.W., M. Costas and B. Holmes. 1994. Classification and identification of Campylobacter sputorum using numerical analyses of phenotypic tests and of one-dimensional electrophoretic protein profiles. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 17: 543–553.

    Google Scholar 

  • On, S.L.W. and B. Holmes. 1991. Reproducibility of tolerance tests that are useful in the identification of campylobacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 1785–1788.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • On, S.L.W. and B. Holmes. 1995. Classification and identification of campylobacters, helicobacters and allied taxa by numerical analysis of phenotypic characters. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 18: 374–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • On, S.L.W., B. Holmes and M.J. Sackin. 1996. A probability matrix for the identification of campylobacters, helicobacters and allied taxa. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 81: 425–432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • On, S.L.W. and P. Vandamme. 1997. Identification and epidemiological typing of Campylobacter hyointestinalis subspecies by phenotypic and genotypic methods and description of novel subgroups. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 20: 238–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oremland, R.S., J.S. Blum, C.W. Culbertson, P.T. Visscher, L.G. Miller, P. Dowdle and F.E. Strohmaier. 1994. Isolation, growth, and metabolism of an obligately anaerobic, selenate-respiring bacterium, strain SES-3. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 3011–3019.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, R.J., A. Beck and P. Borman. 1985. Restriction endonuclease digest patterns of chromosomal DNA from nitrate-negative Campylobacter jejuni-like organisms. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 1: 281–287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, R.J., M. Costas, L.L. Sloss and F.J. Bolton. 1988. Numerical analysis of electrophoretic protein patterns of Campylobacter laridis and allied thermophilic campylobacters from the natural environment. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 65: 69–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, R.J. and M. Desai. 1990. Preformed enzyme profiling of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae from human and animal sources. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2: 103–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, R.J., M. Desai and S. Garcia. 1993. Molecular typing of thermo-tolerant species of Campylobacter with ribosomal RNA gene patterns. Res. Microbiol. 144: 709–720.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, R.J. and J. Hernandez. 1990. Occurrence of plasmids in “Cam-pylobacter upsaliensis” (catalase negative or weak group) from geographically diverse patients with gastroenteritis or bacteraemia. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 6: 111–117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oyarzabal, O.A., I.V. Wesley, J.M. Barbaree, L.H. Lauerman and D.E. Conner. 1997. Specific detection of Campylobcter lari by PCR. J. Microbiol. Methods 29: 97–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paster, B.J. and F.E. Dewhirst. 1988. Phylogeny of campylobacters, wolinellas, Bacteroides gracilis, and Bacteroides ureolyticus by 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38: 56–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paster, B.J. and R.J. Gibbons. 1986. Chemotactic response to formate by Campylobacter concisus and its potential role in gingival colonization. Infect. Immun. 52: 378–383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paster, B.J., A. Lee, J.G. Fox, FE. Dewhirst, L.A. Tordoff, G.J. Fraser, J.L. O’Rourke, N.S. Taylor and R. Ferrero. 1991. Phylogeny of Helicobacter felis, sp. nov., Helicobacter mustelae, and related bacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41: 31–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, C.M. and I.K. Wachsmuth. 1992. Typing Schemes: are current methods useful? In Nachamkin, Blaser and Tompkins (Editors), Campylobacter jejuni. Current Status and Future Trends, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. pp. 110–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penfold, S.S., A.J. Lastovica and B.G. Elisha. 1988. Demonstration of plasmids in Campylobacter pylori. J. Infect. Dis. 157: 850–851.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penner, J.L., J.N. Hennessy and R.V. Congi. 1983. Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli on the basis of thermostable antigens. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2: 378–383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfennig, N. and H.G. Trüper. 1981. Isolation of the members of the families Chromatiaceae and Chlorobiaceae. In Starr, Stolp, Truper, Balows and Schlegel (Editors), The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation and Identification of Bacteria, 1st Ed., Vol. 1, Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 279–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, M.W. and A. Lee. 1983. Isolation and characterization of a spiral bacterium from the crypts of rodent gastrointestinal tracts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45: 675–683.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piddock, L.J.V. and N. Guant. 1996. Epidmiology, and mechanism, of ciprofloxacin resistant campylobacters isolated in the UK. In Newell, Ketley and Feldman (Editors), Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms, Plenum Press, New York. pp. 257–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prévot, A.R. 1940. Etudes de systématique bactérienne. Annales de l’Institute Pasteur 64: 117–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prévot, A.R. 1966. Manual for the Classification and Determination of the Anaerobic Bacteria, 1st Amer. Ed. ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quastler, H. and J.C. Hampton. 1962. Effect of ionizing radiation on the fine structure and function of the intestinal epithelium of the mouse. I. Villue epithelium. Radiat. Res. 17: 914–931.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radcliffe, C.W., D. Kaflkewitz and A. Abuchowski. 1979. Asparaginase production by human clinical isolates of Vibrio succinogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38: 761–762.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reina, J., M.J. Ros and A. Serra. 1994. Susceptibilities to 10 antimicrobial agents of 1,220 Campylobacter strains isolated from 1987 to 1993 from feces of pediatric patients. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 38: 2917–2920.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, D.J. and C.W. Penn. 1994. Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori growth in a defined medium and determination of its amino acids requirements. Microbiology (Reading) 140: 2649–2656.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, T., A. Shah, J.G. Graham and I.N. McQueen. 1987. The Miller Fischer syndrome following campylobacter enteritis: a report of two cases. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 50: 1557–1558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, B.R., J. O’Rourke, P. Vandamme, S.L.W. On and A. Lee. 2001. Helicobacter ganmani sp. nov., a urease-negative anaerobe isolated from the intestines of laboratory mice. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 51: 1881–1889.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romaniuk, P.J., B. Zoltowska, T.J. Trust, D.J. Lane, G.J. Olsen, N.R. Pace and D.A. Stahl. 1987. Campylobacter pylori, the spiral bacterium associated with human gastritis, is not a true Campylobacter sp. J. Bacteriol. 169: 2137–2141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roop, R.M., R.M. Smibert, J.L. Johnson and N.R. Krieg. 1986. Designation of the neotype strain for Campylobacter sputorum (Prévot) Véron adn Chatelain 1973. Int.J. Syst. Bacteriol. 36: 348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salaun, L., C. Audibert, G. Le Lay, C. Burucoa, J.L. Fauchere and B. Picard. 1998. Panmictic structure of Helicobacter pylori demonstrated by the comparative study of six geneic markers. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 16: 231–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salloway, S., L.A. Mermel, M. Seamans, G.O. Aspinall, J.E. Nam Shin, L.A. Kurjanczyk and J.L. Penner. 1996. Miller-Fisher syndrome associated with Campylobacter jejuni bearing lipopolysaccharide molecules that mimic human ganglioside GD3. Infect. Immun. 64: 2945–2949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salmond, G.P. 1996. Pili, peptidases and protein secretion: curious connections. Trends Microbiol. 4: 474–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salomon, H. 1898. Uber das Spirillum des Säugetiermagens und sein Verhalten zu den Belegzellen. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. (Orig. A) 19: 422– 441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, K.E., Z. Shen, F.E. Dewhirst, B.J. Paster, C.A. Dangler and J.G. Fox. 1999. Novel intestinal Helicobacter species isolated from cottontop tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) with chronic colitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 146–151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schauer, D.B., N. Ghori and S. Falkow. 1993. Isolation and characterization of “Flexispira rappini” from laboratory mice. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 2709–2714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, E.N., G. von Recklinghausen and R. Ansorg. 1990. Bacteriophages in Helicobacter pylori. J. Med. Microbiol. 32: 101–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, W. and P.M.H. Kroneck. 1991. Dissimilatory hexaheme-C nitrite reductase of Spirillum strain 5175: purification and properties. Arch. Microbiol. 156: 70–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, W., P.M.H. Kroneck and N. Pfennig. 1992. Comparative systematic study on “Spirillum” 5175, Campylobacter and Wolinella species. Description of “Spirillum” 5175 as Sulfurospirillum deleyianum gen. nov., spec. nov. Arch. Microbiol. 158: 287–293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, W., P.M.H. Kroneck and N. Pfennig. 1993. In Validation of the publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSB. List No. 44. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43: 188–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, D.R., D.P. Weeks, C. Hong, S. Postius, K. Melchers and G. Sachs. 1998. The role of internal urease in acid resistance of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 114: 58–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sebald, M. and M. Véron. 1963. Teneur en bases de l’ADN et classification des vibrions. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris) 105: 897–910.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seymour, C., R.G. Lewis, M. Kim, D.F. Gagnon, J.G. Fox, F.E. Dewhirst and B.J. Paster. 1994. Isolation of Helicobacter strains from wild bird and swine feces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 1025–1028.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shames, B., J.G. Fox, F.E. Dewhirst, L. Yan, Z. Shen and N.S. Taylor. 1995. Identification of widespread Helicobacter hepaticus infection in feces in commercial mouse colonies by culture and PCR assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 2968–2972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, Z., J.G. Fox, FE. Dewhirst, B.J. Paster, C.J. Foltz, L. Yan, B. Shames and L. Perry. 1997. Helicobacter rodentium sp. nov., a urease-negative Helicobacter species isolated from laboratory mice. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47: 627–634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, Z., D.B. Schauer, H.L.T. Mobley andJ.G. Fox. 1998. Development of a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay using the nucleotide sequence of the Helicobacter hepaticus urease structural genes ureAB. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 2447–2453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shomer, N.H., C.A. Dangler, M.D. Schrenzel and J.G. Fox. 1997. Helicobacter bilis-induced inflammatory bowel disease in scid mice with defined flora. Infect. Immun. 65: 4858–4864.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shortridge, V.D., G.G. Stone, R.K. Flamm, J. Beyer, J. Versalovic, D.W. Graham and S.K. Tanaka. 1997. Molecular typing of Helicobacter pylori isolates from a multicenter U.S. clinical trial by ureC restriction fragment length polymorphism. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 471–473.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, J., R. Gross, M. Ringel, E. Schmidt and A. Kröger. 1998. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis of the Wolinella succinogenes fumarate reductase operon. Eur. J. Biochem. 251: 418–426.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simoons-Smit, I.M., B.J. Appelmelk, T. Verboom, R. Negrini, J.L. Penner, G.O. Aspinall, A.P. Moran, S.F. Fei, S. Bi-Shan, W. Rudnica, A. Savio and J. de Graaff. 1996. Typing of Helicobacter pylori with monoclonal antibodies against Lewis antigens in lipopolysaccharide. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 2196–2200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simor, A.E., B.Shames, B.Drumm, P. Sherman, D.E. Low and J.L.Penner. 1990. Typing of Campylobacter pylori by bacterial DNA restriction endonuclease analysis and determination of plasmid profile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28: 83–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simor, A.E. and L. Wilcox. 1987. Enteritis associated with Campylobacter laridis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25: 10–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skirrow, M.B. 1977. Campylobacter enteritis: a “new” disease. Br. Med. J. 2: 9–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skirrow, M.B. 1994. Diseases due to Campylobacter, Helicobacter and related bacteria. J. Comp. Pathol. 111: 113–149.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skirrow, M.B. and J. Benjamin. 1980. ‘1001’ campylobacters: cultural characteristics of intestinal campylobacters from man and animals. J. Hyg. Camb. 85: 427–442.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smibert, R.M. 1965. Vibrio fetus biovar intestinalis isolated from fecal and intestinal contents of clinically normal sheep: Biochemical and cultural characteristics of microaerophilic vibrios isolated from the intestinal contents of sheep. Am. J. Vet. Res. 26: 315–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smibert, R.M. 1970. Cell wall composition in the classification of Vibrio fetus. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 20: 407–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smibert, R. 1974. Campylobacter. In Buchanan and Gibbons (Editors), Bergey’ s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th Ed., The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. pp. 207–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smibert, R.M. 1978. The genus Campylobacter. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 32: 673–709.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. and M.S. Taylor. 1919. Some morphological and biochemical characteristics of the spirilla (Vibrio fetus, n. sp.) associated with disease of the fetal membranes in cattle. J. Exp. Med. 30: 299–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snaidr, J., R. Amann, I. Huber, W. Ludwig and K.H. Schleifer. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis and in situ identification of bacteria in activated sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 2884–2896.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solnick, J.V., J. O’Rourke, A. Lee, B.J. Paster, F.E. Dewhirst and L.S. Tompkins. 1993. An uncultured gastric spiral organism is a newly identified Helicobacter in humans. J. Infect. Dis. 168: 379–385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E. and B.M. Goebel. 1994. Taxonomic note: A place for DNA–DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44: 846–849.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, J., A.P. Burnens, D. Linton, S.L.W. On, M. Costas and R.J. Owen. 1992. Campylobacter helveticus sp. nov., a new thermophilic species from domestic animals: characterization and cloning of a species-specific DNA probe. J. Gen. Microbiol. 138: 2293–2303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starr, M.P. and V.B. Skerman. 1965. Bacterial diversity: the natural history of selected morphologically unusual bacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 19: 407–454.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steele, T.W. and R.J. Owen. 1988. Campylobacter jejuni subsp. doylei subsp. nov., a subspecies of nitrate-negative campylobacters isolated from human clinical specimans. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38: 316–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolz, J.F., D.J. Ellis, J.S. Blum, D. Ahmann, D.R. Lovley and R.S. Oremland. 1999. Sulfurospirillum barnesii sp. nov. and Sulfurospirillum arsenophilum sp. nov., new members of the Sulfurospirillum clade of the Epsilon Proteobacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49: 1177–1180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stolz, J.F., T. Gugliuzza, J.S. Blum, R. Oremland and F.M. Murillo. 1997. Differential cytochrome content and reductase activity in Geospirillum barnesii strain SeS-3. Arch. Microbiol. 167: 1–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stucki, U., J. Frey, J. Nicolet and A.P. Burnens. 1995. Identification of Campylobacter jejuni on the basis of a species-specific gene that encodes a membrane protein. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 855–859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suerbaum, S., C. Kraft, F.E. Dewhirst and J.G. Fox. 2002. Helicobacter nemestrinae ATCC 49396T is a strain of Helicobacter pylori (Marshall et al. 1985) Goodwin et al. 1989, and Helicobacter nemestrinae Bronsdon et al. 1991 is therefore a junior heterotypic synonym of Helicobacter pylori. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Bacteriol. 52: 437–439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvester, F.A., D. Philpott, B. Gold, A. Lastovica and J.F. Forstner. 1996. Adherence to lipids and intestinal mucin by a recently recognized human pathogen, Campylobacter upsaliensis. Infect. Immun. 64: 4060– 4066.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, A.C.R., S. Badger, C.-H. Lai, M.A. Listgarten, R.A. Visconti and S.S. Socransky. 1981. Wolinella gen. nov., Wolinella succinogenes (Vibrio succinogenes Wolin et al.) comb. nov, and description of Bacteroides gracilis sp. nov, Wolinella recta sp. nov., Campylobacter concisus sp. nov., and Eikenella corrodens from humans with periodontal disease. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 31: 432–445.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, A.C.R., M.A. Listgarten and J.L. Ebersole. 1984. Wolinella curva sp. nov.: Vibrio succinogenes of human origin. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 34: 275–282.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, D.E. and P. Courvalin. 1988. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32: 1107– 1112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, D.E., S.A. DeGrandis, M.A. Karmali and P.C. Fleming. 1981. Transmissible plasmids from Campylobacter jejuni. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 19: 831–835.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, D.E., H. Eng, H. Lior and W.M. Wenman. 1988. Role of flagellar protein and other proteins in Campylobacter jejuni heat-labile serotyping system. Serodiagn. Immunother. Infect. Dis. 2: 27–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, N.S., J.G. Fox and L. Yan. 1995. In vitro hepatotoxic factor in Helicobacter hepaticus, H. pylori and other Helicobacter species. J. Med. Microbiol. 42: 48–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tee, W., S. Fairley, R. Smallwood and B. Dwyer. 1991. Comparative evaluation of three selective media and a nonselective medium for the culture of Helicobacter pylori from gastric biopsies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 2587–2589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tee, W., S. Hinds, J. Montgomery and M.L. Dyall-Smith. 2000. A probable new Helicobacter species isolated from a patient with bacteremia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 3846–3848.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tee, W., K. Leder, E. Karroum and M. Dyall-Smith. 1998. Flexispira rappini bacteremia in a child with pneumonia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 1679–1682.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tenover, F.C., S. Williams, K.P. Gordon, C. Nolan and J.J. Plorde. 1985. Survey of plasmids and resistance factors in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27: 37–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teske, A., P. Sigalevich, Y Cohen and G. Muyzer. 1996. Molecular identification of bacteria from a coculture by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S ribosomal DNA fragments as a tool for isolation in pure cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 4210–4215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, L.M., R.M. Smibert, J.L. Johnson and N.R. Krieg. 1988. Phylogenetic study of the genus Campylobacter. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38: 190–200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tjia, T.N., W.E.S. Harper, C.S. Goodwin and W.B. Grubb. 1987. Plasmids in Campylobacter pyloridis. Microbios Lett. 36: 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomb, J.F., O. White, A.R. Kerlavage, R.A. Clayton, G.G. Sutton, R.D. Fleischmann, K.A. Ketchum, H.P. Klenk, S. Gill, B.A. Dougherty, K. Nelson, J. Quackenbush, L. Zhou, E.F. Kirkness, S.N. Peterson, B. Loftus, D. Richardson, R. Dodson, H.G. Khalak, A. Glodek, K. McKenney, L.M. Fitzgerald, N.A. Lee, M.D. Adams, E.K. Hickey, D.E. Berg, J.D. Gocayne, T.R. Utterback, J.D. Peterson, J.M. Kelley, M.D. Cotton, J.M. Weidman, C. Fujii, C. Bowman, L. Watthey, E. Wallin, W.S. Hayes, M. Borodovsky, P.D. Karp, H.O. Smith, C.M. Fraser and J.C. Venter. 1997. The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 388: 539–547.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Totten, P.A., C.L. Fennell, F.C. Tenover, J.M. Wezenberg, P.L. Perine, W.E. Stamm and K.K. Holmes. 1985. Campylobacter cinaedi (sp. nov.) and Campylobacter fennelliae (sp. nov.): two new Campylobacter species associated with enteric disease in homosexual men. J. Infect. Dis. 151: 131–139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Camp, G., Y. Van de Peer, S. Nicolai, J.-M. Neefs, P. Vandamme and R. De Wachter. 1993. Structure of 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA genes in Campylobacter species: phylogenetic analysis of the genus Campylobacter and presence of internal transcribed spacers. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 16: 361–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Doorn, L.J., B.A.J. Giesendorf, R. Bax, B.A.M. van der Zeijst, P. Van-damme and W.G. Quint. 1997. Molecular discrimination between Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter lari and Campylobacter upsaliensis by polymerase chain reaction based on a novel putative GTPase gene. Mol. Cell. Probes 11: 177–185.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vandamme, P., E. Falsen, B. Pot, B. Hoste, K. Kersters and J. De Ley. 1989. Identification of EF group 22 campylobacters from gastroenteritis cases as Campylobacter concisus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 1775–1781.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandamme, P. and H. Goossens. 1992. Taxonomy of Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter: a review. Zentbl. Bakteriol. 276: 447–472.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandamme, P.A.R., C.S. Harrington, K. Jalava and S.L.W. On. 2000. Misidentifying helicobacters: the Helicobacter cinaedi example. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 : 2261–2266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandamme, P., B. Pot, E. Falsen, K. Kersters and J. De Ley. 1990. Intraspecific and interspecific relationships of veterinary campylobacters revealed by numerical analysis of electrophoretic protein profiles and DNA:DNA hybridizations. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 13: 295–303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varga, J. 1991. Comparison of surface antigens of some Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus strains of ovine origin by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Zentbl. Vetmed. Reihe B. 38: 497–504.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Velazquez, J.B., A. Jimenez, B. Chomon and T.G. Villa. 1995. Incidence and transmission of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 35: 173–178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Véron, M. and R. Chatelain. 1973. Taxonomic study of the genus Campylobacter Sebald and Véron and designation of the neotype strain for the type species, Campylobacter fetus (Smith and Taylor) Sebald and Véron. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 23: 122–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voordouw, G., S.M. Armstrong, M.F. Reimer, B. Fouts, A.J. Telang, Y. Shen and D. Gevertz. 1996. Characterization of 16S rRNA genes from oil field microbial communities indicates the presence of a variety of sulfate-reducing, fermentative, and sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 1623–629.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J.M., M.R. Anver, D.C. Haines and R.E. Benveniste. 1994. Chronic active hepatitis in mice caused by Helicobacter hepaticus. Am. J. Pathol. 145: 959–968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wassenaar, T.M. 1997. Toxin production by Campylobacter spp. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10: 466–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, T., M. Tada, H. Nagai, S. Sasaki and M. Nakao. 1998. Helico-bacter pylori infection induces gastric cancer in Mongolian gerbils. Gastroenterology 115: 642–648.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waterman, S.R., J. Hackett and P.A. Manning. 1993. Characterization of the replication region of the small cryptic plasmid of Campylobacter hyointestinalis. Gene 125: 11–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wesley, I.V. 1996. Helicobacter and Arcobacter species: risks for foods and beverages. J. Food Prot. 59: 1127–1132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wesley, I.V., A.L. Baetz and D.J. Larson. 1996. Infection of cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived 1-day-old piglets with Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii. Infect. Immun. 64: 2295–2299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wesley, I.V., L. Schroeder-Tucker, A.L. Baetz, F.E. Dewhirst and B.J. Paster. 1995. Arcobacter-specific and Arcobacter butzleri-specific 16S rRNA-based DNA probes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 1691–1698.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wesley, I.V., R.D. Wesley, M. Cardella, F.E. Dewhirst and B.J. Paster. 1991. Oligodeoxynucleotide probes for Campylobacter fetus and Campylobacter hyointestinalis based on 16S rRNA sequences. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 1812–1817.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whary, M.T., T.J. Morgan, C.A. Dangler, K.J. Gaudes, N.S. Taylor and J.G. Fox. 1998. Chronic active hepatitis induced by Helicobacter hepaticus in the A/JCr mouse is associated with a Th1 cell-mediated immune response. Infect. Immun. 66: 3142–3148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wirsen, C.O. and H.W. Jannasch. 1978. Physiological and morphological observations on Thiovulum sp. J. Bacteriol. 136: 765–774.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wloczyk, C., A. Kröger, T. Göbel, G. Holdt and R. Steudel. 1989. The electrochemical proton potential generated by sulfur respiration of Wolinella succinogenes. Arch. Microbiol. 152: 600–605.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, R.S. and N. Pfennig. 1977. Reduction of sulfur by spirillum 5175 and syntrophism with Chlorobium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33: 427– 433.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolin, M.J., E.A. Wolin and N.J. Jacobs. 1961. Cytochrome-producing anaerobic vibrio, Vibrio succinogenes, sp. n. J. Bacteriol. 81: 911–917.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Won, Y.S., J.H. Yoon, C.H. Lee, B.H. Kim, B.H. Hyun and Y.K. Choi. 2002. Helicobacter muricola sp. nov., a novel Helicobacter species isolated from the ceca and feces of Korean wild mouse (Mus musculus molossinus). FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 209: 45–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, M.C., G.K. Arimura and A.A. Yunis. 1978. Mechanism of sensitivity of cultured pancreatic carcinoma to asparaginase. Int. J. Cancer 22: 728–733.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshinari, T. 1980. N2O reduction by Vibrio succinogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39: 81–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zöphel, A., M.C. Kennedy, H. Beinert and P.M.H. Kroneck. 1988. Investigations on microbial sulfur respiration. 1. Activation and reduction of elemental sulfur in several strains of eubacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 150: 72–77.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Don J. Brenner Noel R. Krieg James T. Staley

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Bergey’s Manual Trust

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Garrity, G.M., Bell, J.A., Lilburn, T. (2005). Class V. Epsilonproteobacteria class. nov. . In: Brenner, D.J., Krieg, N.R., Staley, J.T. (eds) Bergey’s Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29298-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29298-5_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-24145-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-29298-4

Publish with us

Policies and ethics