Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Z.Q. Zhao, D.A. Velez, N.P. Wang, K.O. Hewan-Lowe, M. Nakamura, R.A. Guyton and J. Vinten-Johansen, Progressively developed myocardial apoptotic cell death during late phase of reperfusion, Apoptosis 6(4), 279–90 (2001).
H. Yaoita, K. Ogawa, K. Maehara and Y. Maruyama, Attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by a caspase inhibitor, Circulation 97(3), 276–281 (1998).
Z.Q. Zhao, C.D. Morris, J.M. Budde, N.P. Wang, S. Muraki, H.Y. Sun and R.A. Guyton, Inhibition of myocardial apoptosis reduces infarct size and improves regional contractile dysfunction during reperfusion, Cardiovasc Res. 59(1), 132–142 (2003).
C. Ganote and S. Armstrong, Ischemia and the myocyte cytoskeleton: review and speculation, Cardiovasc. Res. 27, 1387–1403 (1993).
V. Borutaite, A. Budriunaite, R. Morkuniene and G.C. Brown, Release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and activation of cytosolic caspases induced by myocardial ischemia, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1537, 101–109 (2001).
R.A. Gottlieb, K.O. Burleson, R.A. Kloner, B.M. Babior and R.L. Engler, Reperfusion injury induces apoptosis in rabbit cardiomyocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 94, 1621–1628 (1994).
S. Nagata, Apoptosis by death factor, Cell 88, 355–365 (1997).
M.Y. Heinke, M. Yao, D. Chang, R. Einstein and dos Remedios, Apoptosis of ventricular and atrial myocytes from pacing-induced canine heart failure, Cardiovasc. Res. 49, 127–134 (2001).
P. Lee, M. Sata, D.J. Lefer, S.M. Factor, K. Walsh and R.N. Kitsis, Fas pathway is a critical mediator of cardiac myocyte death and MI dyring ischemia-reperfusion in vivo, J. Physiol. 284, H456–463 (2003)
J. Yang, X. Liu, K. Bhala, C.N. Kim, A.M. Ibrado, J. Cai, T.I. Peng, D.P. Jones and X. Wang, Prevention of apoptosis by Bcl-2: release of cytochrome c from mitochondria blocked, Science 275, 1129–1132 (1997).
N. Zamzani and G. Kroemer, The mitochondrion in apoptosis: how Pandora’s box opens, Nut. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2, 67–71 (2001).
A.P. Halestrap, S.J. Clarke and S.A. Javadov, Mitochondria1 permeability transition pore opening during myocardial reperfusion—a target for cardioprotection, Cardiovasc. Res. 61, 372–385 (2004).
A.M. Verhagen and D.L. Vaux, Cell death regulation by the mammalian IAP antagonist DIABLO/smac, Apoptosis 7, 163–166 (2002).
C. Cande, I. Cohen, E. Daugas, L. Ravagnan, N. Larochette, N. Zamzami and G. Kroemer, Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF): a novel caspase-independent death effector released from mitochondria, Biochimie 84(2–3), 215–222 (2002).
C. Adrain and S.J. Martin, The mitochondrial apoptosome: a killer unleashed by the cytochrome seas, Trends Biochem. Sci. 26, 390–397 (2001).
A. Gross, J.M. McDonnell and S.J. Korsmeyer, Bcl-2 family members and the mitochondria in apoptosis, Genes Dev. 13, 1899–1911 (1999).
M.P. Mattson and G. Kroemer, Mitochondria in cell death: novel targets for neuroprotection and cardioprotection, Trends Mol. Med. 9, 196–205 (2003).
X.M. Yin, Signal transduction mediated by Bid, a pro-death Bcl-2 family protein, connects the death receptor and mitochondria apoptosis pathway. Cell Res. 10, 161–167 (2000).
A. Bergmann, Survival signaling goes BAD, Dev Cell. 3(5), 607–8 (2002). Review.
R. Ley, K. Balmanno, K. Hadfield, C. Weston and S.J. Cook, Activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway promotes phosphorylation and proteasome-dependent degradation of the BH3-only protein, Bim. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 18811–18816 (2003).
A.L. Harris, Emerging issues of connexin channels: biophysics fills the gap, Q. Rev. Biophys. 34, 325–472 (2001).
D. Garcia-Dorado, A. Rodriguez-Sinovas and M. Ruiz-Meana, Gap junction—mediated spread of cell injury and death during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, Cardiovasc Res 61, 386–401 (2004).
W. Schlack, B. Preckel, H. Barthel, D. Obal and V. Thamer, Halothane reduces reperfusion injury atter regional ischemia in the rabbit heart in vivo, Br J. Anaesth. 79, 88–96 (1997).
W. Schlack, B. Preckel, D. Stunneck, and V. Thamer, Effects of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane on myocardial reperfusion injury in the isolated rat heart, Br J. Anaesth. 81, 913–919 (1998).
R. Schulz, P. Gres and A. Skyschally, Ischemic preconditioning preserves connexin 43 phosphorylation during sustained ischemia in pig hearts in vivo, FASEB. J. 17, 1355–1357 (2003).
K. Yasui, K. Kada, M. Hozo, J.K. Lee, K. Kamiya, J. Toyama, T. Opthof and I. Kodama, Cell-to-cell interaction prevents cell death in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, Cardiovasc. Res. 48, 68–76 (2000).
N.G. Frangogiannis, Chemokines in the ischemic myocardium: from inflammation to fibrosis, Inflamm Res. 53(11), 585–95 (2004).
O. Dewald, N.G. Frangogiannis, M. Zoerlein, G.D. Duerr, C. Klemm, P. Knuefermann, G. Taffet, L.H. Michael, J.D. Crapo, A. Welz and M.L. Entman, Development of murine ischemic cardiomyopathy is associated with a transient inflammatory reaction and depends on reactive oxygen species, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100(5), 2700–2705 (2003).
G. Ren, O. Dewald and N.G. Frangogiannis, Inflammatory mechanisms in myocardial infarction, Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 2, 242–256 (2003).
M. La, A. Tailor, M. D’Amico, R.J. Flower and M. Perretti, Analysis of the protection afforded by annexin-1 in ischemia reperfusion injury: focus on neutrophil recruitment, Eux J. Pharmacol. 429(1–3), 263–278 (2001).
G. Baxter, The neutrophil as a mediator of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: time to move on, Basic Res. Cardiol. 97, 268–275 (2002).
V. Stangl, G. Baumann, K. Stangl and S.B. Felix, Negative inotropic mediators released from the heart after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, Cardiovasc. Res. 53, 12–30 (2002).
S. Gilles, S. Zahler, U. Welsch, C.P. Sommerhoff and B.F. Becker, Release of TNF-α during myocardial reperfusion depends on oxidative stress and is prevented by mast cell stabilizers, Cardiovasc. Res. 60, 608–616 (2003).
S. Lecour, P. Owira, C. Vergely, L. Rochette and L. Opie, TNF-alpha confers cardioprotection: A reactive oxygen species—mediated event, Cardiovasc. J. S. Afr., S8 (2004).
R. Schulz, E. Nava and S. Moncada, Induction and potential biological relevance of a Ca2+-independent nitric oxide synthase in the myocardium, Br. J. Pharmacol. 105, 575–580 (1992).
C.M. Thaik, A. Calderone, N. Takahashi and W.S. Colucci, Interleukin-1β modulates the growth and phenotype of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 96, 1093–1099 (1995).
K. Yamauchi-Takihara, Y. Ihara, A. Ogata, K. Yoshizaki, J. Azuma and T. Kishimoto, Hypoxic stress induces cardiac myocyte-derived interleukin-6, Circulation 91(5), 1520–1524 (1995).
R.K. Chan, S.I. Ibrahim, N. Vema, M. Caroll, F.D. Moore Jr and H.B. Hechtman, Ischemia-reperfusion is an event triggered by immune complexes and complement, British J Surgery 90, 1470–1478 (2003).
G. Montrucchio, G. Alloati and G. Camussi, Role of platelet-activating factor in cardiovascular pathophysiology, Physiol. Rev. 80, 1669–1699 (2000).
B. Dawn, A.B. Stein, K. Urbanek, M. Rota, B. Whang, R. Rastaldo, D. Torella, X.L. Tang, A. Rezazadeh, J. Kajstura, A. Len, G. Hunt, J. Varma, S.D. Prabhu, P. Anversa and R. Bolli, Cardiac stem cells delivered intravascularly traverse the vessel barrier, regenerate infarcted myocardium, and improve cardiac function, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(10), 3766–71 (2005).
C.L. Wainwright, Matrix metalloproteinases, oxidative stress and the acute response to acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, Curr Opin Pharmacol 4, 132–138 (2004).
G. Sawicki, V. Menon and B.I. Jugdutt, Improved balance between TIMP-3 and MMP-9 after regional myocardial ischemia-reperfusion during AT1 receptor blockade, J. Card. Fail. 10(5), 442–449 (2004).
T. Reffemann and R.A. Kloner, Microvascular alterations after temporary coronary artery occlusion: the no-reflow phenomenon, Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. The 9(3), 163–172 (2004).
R.R. Russell, J. Li, D.L. Coven, M. Pypaert, C. Zechner, M. Palmeri, F.J. Giordano, J. Mu, M.J. Birnbaum and L.H. Young, AMP-activated protein kinase mediates glucose uptake and prevents postischemic cardiac dysfunction, apoptosis and injury, J CIin Invest 114(4), 465–468 (2004).
L.H. Opie and M.N. Sack, Metabolic plasticity and the promotion of cardiac protection in ischemia and ischemic preconditioning, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 34, 1077–1089 (2002).
E.J. Lesnefsky, S. Moghaddas, B. Tandler, J. Kerner and C.L. Hoppel, Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac disease: ischemia-reperfusion, aging,and heart failure, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 33, 1065–1089 (2001).
D.T. Lucas and L.I. Szweda, Declines in mitochondrial respiration during cardiac reperfusion: age-dependent inactivation of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA. 96(12), 6689–6693 (1999).
H.A. Sadek, K.M. Humphries, P.A. Szweda and L.I. Szweda, Selective inactivation of redox-sensitive mitochondrial enzymes during cardiac reperfusion, Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 406(2), 222–228 (2002).
G.D. Lopaschuk, Alterations in fatty acid oxidation during reperfusion of the heart after myocardial ischemia, Am J Cardiol 80(3A), 11A–16A (1997). Review.
M. Avkiran and R. Haworth, Regulatory effects of G protein —coupled receptors on cardiac sarcolemmal Na+/H+ exchanger activity: signaling and significance, Cardiovasc. Res. 57, 942–952 (2003).
T. Gan, C. Subrata and K. Morris, Modulation of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 m-RNA expression in isolated rat hearts, Am. J. Physiol. 277, H993–H998 (1999).
H.Y. Sun, N.P. Wang, M.E. Halkos, F. Kerendi, H. Kin, R.X. Wang, R.A. Guyton and Z.Q. Zhao, Involvement of Na+/H+ exchanger in hypoxia Ire-oxygenation—induced neonatal rat cardiomyocyte apoptosis, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 486, 121–131 (2004).
T. Shimohama, Y. Suzuki, C. Noda, H. Niwano, K. Sato, T. Masuda, K. Kawahara and T. Izumi, Decreased expression of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) in non-infarcted myocardium after acute myocardial infarction, Jpn. Heart J. 43, 273–282 (2002).
Y. Wang, J.W. Meyer, M. Ashraf and G.E. Shull, Mice with a null mutation in the NHEl Na+-H+ exchanger are resistant to cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, Circ Res 93(8), 776–782 (2003).
E. Carmeliet, Cardiac ionic currents and acute ischemia: From channels to arrhythmias, Physiol. Rev. 79, 917–1017 (1999).
K.D. Garlid, A.D. Kosta, M.V. Cohen, J.M. Downey and S.D. Critz, Cyclic GMP and PKG activate mito K(ATP) channels in isolated mitochondria, Cardiovasc. J. S. Afr. 15(4), S5 (2004).
R.J. Solaro, Integration of myofilament response to Ca2+ with cardiac pump regulation and pump dynamics, Am JPhysiol 277(6 Pt 2), S155–63 (1999).
M.T. Stapleton and A.P. Allshire, Modulation of rigor and myosin ATPase activity in rat cardiomyocytes, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 30, 1349–1358 (1998).
M.L. Entman, M.A. Goldstein and A. Schwartz, The cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum-glycogenolytic complex, an internal beta adrenergic receptor, Life Sci 19(11), 1623–30 (1976). Review.
C. Pantos, V. Malliopoulou, D. Varonos and D.V. Cokkinos, Thyroid hormone and phenotypes of cardioprotection, Basic Res. Cardiol. 99, 101–120 (2004).
K.G. Kolocassides, M. Galinanes and D.J. Hearse, Dichotomy of ischemic preconditioning. Improved postischemic contractile function despite intensification of ischemic contracture, Circulation 93, 1725–1733 (1996).
Piper HM, Abdallah Y, Schafer C. The first minutes of reperfusion: a window of opportunity for cardioprotection. Cardiovasc. Res. 61, 365–371 (2004).
H Fujiwara, T. Onodera, M. Tanaka, S. Miyazaki, D.J. Wu, M. Matsuda, A. Kawamura, M. Ishida, G. Takemura, Y. Fujiwara, et al., Acceleration of cell necrosis following reperfusion after ischemia in the pig heart without collateral circulation, Am J Cardiol 63(10), 14E–18E (1989).
D. Garcia-Dorado, P. Theroux, J.M. Duran, J. Solares, J. Alonso, E. Sanz, R. Munoz, J. Elizaga, J. Botas, F. Fernandez-Aviles, et al., Selective inhibition of the contractile apparatus. A new approach to modification of infarct size, infarct composition, and infarct geometry during coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion, Circulation 85(3), 1160–1174 (1992).
J.A. Barrabes, D. Garcia-Dorado, M. Ruiz-Meana, H.M. Piper, J. Solares, M.A. Gonzalez, J. Oliveras, M.P. Herrejon and J. Soler Soler, Myocardial segment shrinkage during coronary reperfusion in situ. Relation to hypercontracture and myocardial necrosis, Pflugers Arch. 431(4), 519–526 (1996).
E. Braunwald and R.A. Kloner, Myocardial reperfusion: a double-edged sword? J Clin Invest 76, 1713–1719 (1985).
S.J. Kim, C. Depre and S. Vatner, Novel mechanisms mediating stunned myocardium, Heart Failure Reviews 8, 143–153 (2003).
R Bolli and E Marban, Molecular and cellular mechanisms of myocardial stunning. Physiol. Rev. 79, 609–634 (1999).
R. Bolli, M. Zughaib, X.Y. Li, X.L. Tang, J.Z. Sun, J.F. Triana and P.B. McCay, Recurrent ischemia in the canine heart causes recurrent bursts of free radical production that have a cumulative effect on contractile function. A pathophysiological basis for chronic myocardial stunning. J. Clin. Invest. 96, 1066–1084 (1995).
S. Sekili, P.B. McCay, X.Y. Li, M. Zughaib, J.Z. Sun, L. Tang, J.I. Thornby and R. Bolli, Direct evidence that the hydroxyl radical plays a pathogenetic role in myocardial “stunning” in the conscious dog and demonstration that stunning can be markedly attenuated without subsequent adverse effects, Circ. Res. 73(4), 705–723 (1993).
K. Przyklenk, P. Whittaker and R.A. Kloner, In vivo infusion of oxygen free radical substrates causes myocardial systolic but not diastolic dysfunction, Am. Heart J. 119, 807–815 (1990).
M.C. Corretti, Y. Koretsune, H. Kusuoka, V.P. Chacko, J.L. Zweier and E. Marban, Glycolytic inhibition and calcium overload as consequences of exogenously generated free radicals in rabbit hearts, J. Clin. Invest. 88(3), 1014–1025 (1991).
P.M. Grinwald, Calcium uptake during post-ischemic reperfusion in the isolated rat heart: influence of extracellular sodium, J Mol Cell Cardiol 14(6), 359–365 (1982).
H. Kusuoka, J.K. Porterfield, H.F. Weisman, M.L. Weisfeldtand and E. Marban, Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of stunned myocardium. Depressed Ca2+ activation of contraction as a consequence of reperfusion-induced cellular calcium overload in ferret hearts, J. Clin. Invest. 79(3), 950–961 (1987).
W.D. Gao, D. Atar, Y. Liu, N.G. Perez, A.M. Murphy and E. Marban, Role of troponin I proteolysis in the pathogenesis of stunned myocardium, Circ. Res. 80(3), 393–399 (1997).
W.D. Gao, Y. Liu and E. Marban, Mechanism of decreased myofilament Ca2+ responsiveness in stunned rat ventricular myocardium: relative roles of soluble cytosolic factors versus structural alterations, Circ. Res. 78, 455–465 (1996).
A. M. Murphy, H. Kogler, D. Georgakopoulos, J.L. McDonough, D.A Kass, J.E. Van Eyk and E. Marban, Transgenic mouse model of stunned myocardium, Science 287, 488–491 (2000).
S.J. Kim, R.K. Kudej, A. Yatani, Y.K. Kim, G. Takagi, R. Honda, D.A. Colantonio, J.E. Van Eyk, D.E. Vatner, R.L. Rasmusson and S.F. Vatner, A novel mechanism for myocardial stunning involving impaired Ca(2+) handling, Circ. Res. 89, 831–837 (2001).
C. Depre, J. Tomlinson, R.K. Kudej, V. Gaussin, E. Thompson, S.J. kim, D. Vatner, J. Topper and S. Vatner, Gene program for cardiac cell survival induced by transient ischemia in conscious pig, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98, 9336–9341 (2001).
G. Heusch, R. Schulz and S.H. Rahimtoola, Myocardial hibernation — a delicate balance, Am. J. Physiol. 288, H984–H999 (2005).
J.A. Fallavollita and J.M. Canty Jr, Differential 18F-2-deoxyglucose uptake in viable dysfunctional myocardium with normal resting perfusion: evidence for chronic stunning in pigs, Circulation 99(21), 2798–2805 (1999).
C. Depre, J.L. Vanoverschelde, J.A. Melin, M. Borgers, A. Bol, J. Ausma, R. Dion and W. Wijns, Structural and metabolic correlates of the reversibility of chronic left ventricular ischemic dysfunction in humans, Am J Physiol 268, H 1265–1275 (1995).
G. Heusch, J. Rose, A. Skyschally, H. Post and R. Schulz, Calcium responsiveness in regional myocardial short-term hibernation and stunning in the in situ porcine heart. Inotropic responses to postextrasystolic potentiation and intracoronary calcium, Circulation 93(8), 155–66 (1996).
C. Depre, S.J. Kim, A.S. John, Y. Huang, O.E. Rimoldi, J.R. Pepper, G.D. Dreyfus, V. Gaussin, D.J. Pennell, D.E. Vatner, P.G. Camici and S.F. Vatner, Program of cell survival underlying human and experimental hibernating myocardium, Circ. Res. 95(4), 433–440 (2004).
C.S. Baker, D.P. Dutka, D. Pagano, O. Rimoldi, M. Pitt, R.J. Hall, J.M. Polak, R.S. Bonser and P.G. Camici, Immunocytochemical evidence for inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression with nitrotyrosine formation in human hibernating myocardium, Basic Res Cardiol 97(5), 409–415 (2002).
D.K. Kalra, X. Zhu, M.K. Ramchandani, G. Lawrie, M.J. Reardon, D. Lee-Jackson, W.L. Winters, N. Sivasubramanian, D.L. Mann and W.A. Zoghbi, Increased myocardial gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide synthase-2: a potential mechanism for depressed myocardial function in hibernating myocardium in humans, Circulation 105(13), 1537–1540 (2002).
M. Thielmann, H. Dorge, C. Martin, S. Belosjorow, U. Schwanke, A. van De Sand, I. Konietzka, A. Buchert, A. Kruger, R. Schulz and Heusch G, Myocardial dysfunction with coronary microembolization: signal transduction through a sequence of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and sphingosine, Circ. Res. 90(7), 807–813 (2002).
V. Bito, F.R. Heinzel, F. Weidemann, C. Dommke, J. van der Velden, E. Verbeken, P. Claus, B. Bijnens, I. De Scheerder, G.J. Stienen, G.R. Sutherland and K.R. Sipido, Cellular mechanisms of contractile dysfunction in hibernating myocardium, Circ. Res. 94(6), 794–801 (2004).
J.M. Canty, G. Suzuki Jr, M.D. Banas, F. Verheyen, M. Borgers J.A. Fallavollita, Hibernating myocardium chronically adapted to ischemia but vulnerable to sudden death, Circ. Res. 94, 507–516 (2004).
G. Simonis, R. Marquetant, J. Rothele and R.H. Strasser, The cardiac adrenergic system in ischemia: differential role of acidosis and energy depletion, Cardiovasc. Res. 38, 646–654 (1998).
C. Communal, K. Singh, D.B. Sawyer and W.S. Colucci, Opposing effects of β1-and β2-adrenergic receptors on cardiac myocyte apoptosis, Circulation 100, 2210–2212 (1999).
C. Frances, P. Nazeyrollas, A. prevost, F. Moreau, J. Pisani, S. Davani, J.P. Kantelip and H. Millart, Role of β1-and β2-adrenoceptor subtypes in preconditioning against myocardial dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 41, 396–405 (2003).
C. Pantos, I. Mourouzis, S. Tzeis, P. Moraitis, V. Malliopoulou, D.D. Cokkinos, H. Carageorgiou, D. Varonos, D.V. Cokkinos, Dobutamine administration exacerbates postischemic myocardial dysfunction in isolated rat hearts; An effect reversed by thyroxine pre-treatment, Eur J Phamacol 460, 155–161 (2003).
X. Meng, B.D. Shames, E.J. Pulido D.R. Meldrum, L. Ao, K.S. Joo, A.H. Harken and A. Banerjee, Adrenergic induction of bimodal myocardial protection: signal transduction and cardiac gene reprogramming, Am. J. Physiol. 276, R1525–R1533 (1999).
O. Oldenburg, S.D. Critz, M.V. Cohen and J.M. Downey, Acetylcholine—induced production of reactive oxygen species in adult rabbit ventricular myocytes is dependent on phosphatidyl inositol 3 and Src—kinase activation and mitochondrial KATP channel opening, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 35, 653–660 (2003).
F.E. Rey, M.E. Cifuentes, A. Kiarash, M.T. Quinn and P.J. Pagano, Novel competitive inhibitor of NAPH oxidase assembly attenuates vascular O2-and systolic blood pressure in mice, Circ. Res. 89, 408–414 (2001).
M. Ushio-Fukai, R.W. Alexander, M. Akers, Q. Yin, Y. Fujio, K. Walsh and K.K. Griendling, Reactive oxygen species mediate the activation of Akt/protein kinase B by angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem. 274(32), 22699–704 (1999).
W.R. Ford, AS. Clanachan, C.R. Hiley and B.I. Jugdutt, Angiotensin II reduces infarct size and has no effect on post-ischemic contractile dysfunction in isolated rat hearts, Br. J. Pharmacol. 134, 38–45 (2001).
G. Baxter and Z. Ebrahim, Role of bradykinin in preconditioning and protection of the ischemic myocardium, Br. J. Pharmacol. 135, 843–854 (2002).
M. Yanagisawa, H. Kurihara, S. Kimura, Y. Tomobe, M. Kobayashi, Y. Mitsui, Y. Yazaki, K. Goto and T. Masaki, A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells, Nature 332(6163): 411–415 (1988).
E. Bugge and K. Ytrehus, Endothelin-1 can reduce infarct size through protein kinase C and KATP channels in the isolated rat heart, Cardiovasc. Res. 32, 920–929 (1996).
T. Kakita, K. Hasegawa, E. Iwai-Kanai, S. Adachi, T. Morimoto, H. Wada, T. Kawamura, T. Yanazume and S. Sasayama, Calcineurin pathway is required for endothelin-1-mediated protection against oxidant stress-induced apoptosis in cardiac myocytes, Circ. Res. 88(12), 1239–1246 (2001).
A.T. Gonon, A.V. Gourine, R.J.M. Middelveld, K. Alving and J. Pernow, Limitation of infarct size and attenuation of myeloperoxidase activity by an endothelin A receptor antagonist following ischemia and reperfusion, Bas. Res. Cardiol. 96, 454–462 (2001).
G. Rossoni, M.N. Muscara, G. Cirino, J.L. Wallace, Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-2 exacerbates ischemia—induced acute myocardial dysfunction in the rabbit, BK J. Pharmacol. 135, 1540–1546 (2002).
M.A. Romano, E.M. Seymour, J.A. Berry, R.A. Mc Nish and S.E Bolling, Relative contribution of endogenous opioids to myocardial ischemic tolerance, J. Surg. Res. 118, 32–37 (2004).
S. Okubo, Y. Tanabe, K. Takeda, M. Kitayama, S. Kanemitsu, R.C. Kukreja and N. Takekoshi, Ischemic preconditioning and morphine attenuate apoptosis and infarction after ischemia-reperfusion in rabbits: role of delta-opioid receptor, Am. J. Physiol. 287(4), H1786–H1791 (2004).
D.A. Mei, K. Nithipatikom, R.D. Lasley and G.J. Gross, Myocardial preconditioning produced by ischemia, hypoxia and a K(ATP) channel opener: effects on intestitial adenosine in dogs, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 30, 1225–1236 (1998).
M. Kitakaze and M. Hori, It is time to ask what adenosine can do for cardioprotection, Heart Vessels 13(5), 211–228 (1998).
G.S. Liu, J. Thornton, D.M. Van Winkle, A.W. Stanley, R.A. Olsson and J.M. Downey, Protection against infarction afforded by preconditioning is mediated by A1 adenosine receptors in rabbit heart, Circulation 84(1), 350–356 (1991).
G.S. Liu, S.C. Richards, R.A. Olsson, K. Mullane, R.S. Walsh and J.M. Downey, Evidence that the adenosine A3 receptor may mediate the protection afforded by preconditioning in the isolated rabbit heart, Cardiovasc Res. 28(7), 1057–1061 (1994).
M. Koyarna, P.M. Heerdt and R. Levi, Increased severity of reperfusion arrhythmias in mouse hearts lacking histamine H3 receptors, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 306, 792–796 (2003).
N. Haramaki, D.B. Stewart, S. Agganval, H. Ikeda, A.Z. Reznick and L. Packer, Networking antioxidants in the isolated rat heart are selectively depleted by ischemia-reperfusion, Free Radic Biol Med 25(3), 329–339 (1998).
L.B. Becker, New concepts in reactive oxygen species and cardiovascular reperfusion physiology, Cardiovasc. Res. 61, 461–470 (2004).
T. Miura, J.M. Downey, D. Hotta and O. Iimura, Effect of superoxide dismutase plus catalase on myocardial infarct size in rabbits, Can. J. Cardiol. 4(8), 407–411 (1988).
G.K. Asimakis, S. Lick and C. Patterson, Postischemic recovery of contractile function is impaired in SOD2(+/-) but not SOD1(+/-) mouse hearts, Circulation 105(8), 981–986 (2002).
T. Miki, M.V. Cohen and J.M. Downey, Failure of N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine to reduce myocardial infarction after 3 days of reperfusion in rabbits, Basic Res. Cardiol. 94(3), 180–187 (1999).
J. Sochman, N-acetylcysteine in acute cardiology: 10 years later: what do we know and what would we like to know? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39(9), 1422–1428 (2002).
H. He, M. Chen, N.K. Scheftler, B.W. Gibson, L.L. Spremulli and R.A. Gottlieb, Phosphorylation of mitochondrial elongation factor Tu in ischemic myocardium: basis for chloramphenicol-mediated cardioprotection. Circ. Res. 89(5), 461–467 (2001).
D.K. Das and N. Maulik, Preconditioning potentiates redox signalling and converts death signal into survival signal, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 420, 305–311 (2003).
D.K. Das, N. Maulik, M. Sato and P. Ray, Reactive oxygen species function as second messengers during ischemic preconditioning of heart, Mol. Cell. Biochem. 196, 59–67 (1999).
R. Schulz, M. Kelm and G. Heusch, Nitric oxide in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, Cardiovasc. Res. 61, 402–413 (2004).
Y. Shizukuda and P.M. Buttrick, Subtype specific roles of β-adrenergic receptors in apoptosis of adult rat ventricular myocytes, J. Mot. Celt. Cardiol. 34, 823–831 (2002).
Y.J. Geng, Y. Ishikawa, D.E. Vatner, T.E. Wagner, S.P. Bishop, S.F. Vatner and C.J. Homcy, Apoptosis of cardiac myocytes in Gsalpha transgenic mice, Circ. Res. 84(1), 34–42 (1999).
C. Communal, K. Singh, D.R. Pimentel and W.S. Colucci, Norepinephrine stimulates apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes by activation of the β-adrenergic pathway, Circulation 98, 1329–1334 (1998).
D.M. Valks, S.A. Cook, F.H. Pham, P.R. Morrison, A. Clerk and P.H. Sugden, Phenylephrine promotes phosphorylation of Bad in cardiac myocytes through the extracellular signal regulated kinases 1/2 and protein kinase A, J. Mot. Cell. Cardiol. 34, 749–763 (2002)
S. Sanada, H. Asanuma, O. Tsukamoto, T. Minamino, K. Node, S. Takashima, T. Fukushima, A. Ogai, Y. Shinozaki, M. Fujita, A. Hirata, H. Okuda, H. Shimokawa, H. Tomoike, M. Hori and Kitakaze M, Protein kinase A as another mediator of ischemic preconditioning independent of protein kinase C, Circulation 110(1), 51–7 (2004).
S. Makaula, A. Lochner, S. Genade, M.N. Sack, M.M. Awan and L.H. Opie, H-89, a non-specific inhibitor of protein kinase a, promotes post-ischemic cardiac contractile recovery and reduces infarct size, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 45(4), 341–347 (2005).
K. Mackay and D. Mochly-Rosen, Localization, anchoring and functions of protein kinase C isozymes in the heart, J. Mot. Cell. Cardiol. 33, 1301–1307 (2001).
C.P. Baines and J.D. Molkentin, Stress signaling pathways that modulate cardiac myocyte apoptosis, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 38, 47–62 (2005).
K. Yoshida, T. Hirata, Y. Akita, Y. Mizukami, K. Yamaguchi, Y. Sorimachi, T. Ishihara and S Kawashiama, Translocation of protein kinase C—α, δ and ε isoforms in ischemic rat heart, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1317, 36–44 (1996).
M.B. Mitchell, X. Meng, L. Ao, J.M. Brown, A.H. Harken and A. Banerjee, Preconditioning of isolated rat heart is mediated by protein kinase C, Circ. Res. 76(1), 73–81 (1995).
P. Ping, J. Zhang, Y. Qiu, X.L. Tang, S. Manchikalapudi, X. Cao and R. Bolli, Ischemic preconditioning induces selective translocation of protein kinase C isoforms epsilon and eta in the heart of conscious rabbits without subcellular redistribution of total protein kinase C activity, Circ. Res. 81(3), 404–14 (1997).
A.T. Saurin, D.J. Pennington, N.J. Raat, D.S. Latchman, M.J. Owen, M.S. Marber, Targeted disruption of protein kinase C epsilon gene abolishes the infarct size reduction that follows ischemic preconditioning of isolated buffer-perfused mouse hearts, Cardiovasc. Res. 55, 672–680 (2002).
H.R. Cross, E. Murphy, R. Bolli, P. Ping and C. Steenbergen, Expression of activated PKC epsilon (PKC epsilon) protects the ischemic heart, without attenuating ischemic H(+) production, J Mol Cell Cardiol 34(3), 361–367 (2002).
R.M. Fryer, P.F. Pratt, A.K. Hsu and G.J. Gross, Differential activation of ERK isoforms in preconditioning and opioid-induced cardioprotection, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther 296, 642–649 (2001).
Y. Wang, K. Hirai and M. Ashraf, Activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) channel for cardiac protection against ischemic injury is dependent on protein kinase C activity, Circ Res 85(8), 731–741 (1999).
J. Zhao, O. Renner, L. Wightman, P.H. Sugden, L. Stewart, A.D. Miller, D.S. Latchman and M.S. Marber, The expression of constitutively active isotypes of protein kinase C to investigate preconditioning, J. Biol. Chem. 273, 23072–23079 (1998).
C. Pantos, V. Malliopoulou, I. Mourouzis, E. Karamanoli, I. Paizis, N. Steimberg, D. Varonos and D.V. Cokkinos, Long-term Thyroxine Administration Protects the Heart in a Similar Pattern as Ischemic Preconditioning, Thyroid 12, 325–329 (2002).
M. Mayr, B. Metzler, Y.L. Chung, E. mcGregor, U. Mayr, H. troy, Y. Hu, M. Leitges, O. Pachinger, J.R. Griffiths, M.J. Dunn and Q. Xu, Ischemic preconditioning exaggerates cardiac damage in PKC-δ null mice, Am. J. Physiol. 287, H946–H956 (2004).
K. Yamanaka, N. Takahashi, T. Ooie, K. Kaneda, H. Yoshimatsu and T. Saikawa, Role of protein kinase C in geranylgeranylacetone-induced expression of heat-shock protein 72 and cardioprotection in the rat heart, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 35(7), 785–794 (2003).
Chen L, Hahn H, Wu G, Chen C-H, Liron T, Schechtman D, Cavallaro G, Banci. L., Guo Y, Bolli R, Dorn GWI and D. Mochly-Rosen, Opposing cardioprotective actions and parallel hypertrophic effects of δPKC and εPKC, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98, 11114–11119 (2001).
H.E. Hoover D.J. Thuerauf, J.J Martindale and C.C. Glembotski, αB-crystallin gene induction and phosphorylation by MKK6-activated p38. A potential role for αB-crystallin as a target of the p38 branch of the cardiac stress response, J. Biol. Chem. 275, 23825–23833 (2000).
H. Aoki, P.M. Kang, J. Hampe, K. Yoshimura, T. Noma, M. Matzuzaki and S. Izumo, Direct activation of mitochondria1 apoptosis machinery by c-Jun N— terminal kinase in adult cardiac myocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 277, 10244–10250 (2002).
K. Mackay and D. Mochly-Rosen, An inhibitor of p38 MAPK protects neonatal cardiac myocytes from ischemia, J. Biol. Chem. 274, 627–6279 (1999)
X.L. Ma, S. Kumar, F. Gao, C.S. Louden, B.L. Lopez, T.A. Christopher, C. Wang, J.C. Lee, G.Z. Feuerstein and T.L. Yue, Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase decreases cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improves cardiac function after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation 99(13), 1685–1691 (1999).
S. Schneider, W. Chen, J. Hou, C. Steenbergen and E. Murphy, Inhibition of p38 MAPK alphdbeta reduces ischemic injury and does not block protective effects of preconditioning, Am. J. Physiol. 280(2), H499–508 (2001).
C. Pantos, V. Malliopoulou, I. Paizis, P. Moraitis, I. Mourouzis, S. Tzeis, E. Karamanoli, D.D. Cokkinos, H. Carageorgiou, D. Varonos and D.V. Cokkinos, Thyroid hormone and cardioprotection; study of p38 MAPK and JNKs during ischemia and at reperfusion in isolated rat heart, Mol. CeN Biochem. 242, 173–180 (2003).
E. Marais, S. Genade, R. Salie, B. Huisamen, S. Maritz, J.A. Moolman and A. Lochner, The temporal relationship between p38 MAPK and Hsp27 activation in ischemic and pharmacological preconditioning, Basic Res. Cardiol. 100(1), 35–47 (2005).
S. Sanada, M. Kitakaze, P.J. Papst, K. Hatanaka, H. Asanuma, T. Aki, Y. Shinizaki, H. Ogita, K. Node, S. Takashima, M. Asakura, T. Yamada, T. Fukushima, A. Ogai, T. Kuzuya, H. Mori, N. Terada, K. Yoshida and M. Hori, Role of phasic dynamism of p38 MAPK activation in ischemic preconditioning of canine heart, Circ. Res. 88, 175–180 (2001).
R.A. Kaiser, O.F. Bueno, D.J. Lips, P.A. Doevendans, F. Jones, T.F. Kimball and J.D. Molkentin, Targeted inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase antagonizes cardiac injury and cell death following ischemia-reperfitsion in vivo, J Biol Chem 279(15), 15524–15530 (2004).
H. He, H.L. Li, A. Lin and R.A. Gottlieb, Activation of the JNK pathway is important for cardiomyocyte death in response to simulated ischemia, Cell Death Differ 6, 987–991 (1999).
C. Pantos, V. Malliopoulou, I. Mourouzis, P. Moraitis, S. Tzeis, A. Thempeyioti, I. Paizis, A.D. Cokkinos, H. Carageorgiou, D. Varonos, D.V. Cokkinos, Involvement of p38 MAPK and JNK in the heat stress induced cardioprotection, Bas Res Cardiol 98, 158–164 (2003).
T.L. Yue, C. Yang, J.L. Gu, X.L. Ma, S. Kumar, J.C. Lee, G.Z. Feuerstein, H. Thomas, B. Maleeff and E.H. Ohlstein, Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase enhances ischemia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in cultured cardiac myocytes and exaggerates reperfusion injury in isolated perfused heart, Circ. Res. 86, 692–699 (2000).
M.M. Mocanu, R.M. Bell and D.M. Yellon, PI3 Kinase and not p42/p44 appears to be implicated in the protection conferred by ischemic preconditioning. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 34, 661–668 (2002).
E.D. Abel, Insulin signaling in heart muscle: lessons from genetically engineered mouse models, Cum Hypertens. Rep. 6, 416–423 (2004).
M. Ceci, J. Ross and G. Condorelli, Molecular determinants of the physiological adaptation to stress in the cardiomyocyte: a focus on Akt, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 37, 905–912 (2004).
A.H. Kim, G. Khursigara, X. Sun, T.F. Franke and M.V. Chao, Akt phosphorylates and negatively regulates apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, Mol. Cell. Biol. 21(3), 893–901 (2001).
D.J. Hausenloy, M.M. Mocanu D.M. and Yellon, Cross talk between the survival kinases during early reperfusion: its contribution to ischemic preconditioning, Cardiovasc. Res. 63, 305–3 12 (2004).
A. Stephanou, B.K. Brar, T.M. Scarabelli, A.K. Jonassen, D.M. Yellon, M.S. Marber, R.A. Knight and D.S. Latchman, Ischemia-induced STAT-1 expression and activation play a critical role in cardiomyocyte apoptosis, J. Biol. Chem. 275(14), 10002–10008 (2000).
R. Bolli, B. Dawn and Y.T. Xuan, Role of the JAK-STAT pathway in protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 13, 72–79 (2003).
O.F. Bueno, D.J. Lips, R.A. Kaiser, B.J. Wilkins, Y.S. Dai, B.J. Glascock, R. Klevitsky, T.E. Hewett, T.R. Kimball, B.J. Aronow, P.A. Doevendans and J.D. Molkentin, Calcineurin Abeta gene targeting predisposes the myocardium to acute ischemia-induced apoptosis and dysfunction. Circ. Res. 94(1), 91–99 (2004).
G. Valen, Z. Yan and G.K. Hanson, Nuclear factor kappa —B and the heart, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 38, 307–314 (2001).
Y. Sawa, R. Morishita, K. Suzuki, K. Kagisaki, Y. Kaneda, K. Maeda, K. Kadoba and H. Matsuda, A novel strategy for myocardial protection using in vivo transfection of cis element ‘decoy’ against NFkappaB binding site: evidence for a role of NFkappaB in ischemia-reperfusion injury, Circulation 96(9Suppl), 280–284 (1997).
N. Maulik, M. Sato, B.D. Price and D.K. Das, An essential role of NfkappaB in tyrosine kinase signaling of p38 MAP kinase regulation of myocardial adaptation to ischemia, FEBS Lett. 429(3), 365–369 (1998).
D.K. Das, Redox regulation of cardiomyocyte survival and death, Antioxid. Redox Signal. 3, 23–37 (2001).
Y.J. Suzuki, H. Nagase, R.M. Day and D.K. Das, GATA-4 regulation of myocardial survival in the preconditioned heart, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 37, 1195–1203 (2004).
G.L. Semenza, Hydroxylation of HIF-1: oxygen sensing at the molecular level, Physiology 19, 176–182 (2004).
M.C. Dery, M.D. Michaud and D.E. Richard, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: regulation by hypoxic and non-hypoxic activators, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 37, 535–540 (2005).
T. Schmid, J. Zhou and B. Brune, HIF-1 and p53: communication of transcription factors under hypoxia, J. Cell. Mol. Med. 8(4), 423–431 (2004).
Z. Cai, D.J. Manalo, G. Wei, E.R. Rodriguez, K. Fox-Talbot, H. Lu, J.L. Zweier and G.L. Semenza, Hearts from rodents exposed to intermittent hypoxia or erythropoietin are protected against ischemia-reperfusion injury, Circulation 108, 79–85 (2003).
N.C. Chi and J.S. Karliner, Molecular determinants of responses to myocardial ischemia/reperhsion injury: focus on hypoxia-inducible and heat shock factors, Cardiovasc Res 61(3), 437–447 (2004). Review.
M.S. Marber, J.M. Walker, D.S. Latchman and D.M. Yellon, Myocardial protection following whole body heat stress in the rabbit is dependent on metabolic substrate and is related to the amount of the inducible 70 kb Dalton heat shock protein, J. Clin. Invest. 93, 1087–1094 (1994).
S. Okubo, O. Wildner, M.R. Shah, J.C. Chelliah, M.L. Hess and R.C. Kukreja, Gene transfer of heat-shock protein 70 reduces infarct size in vivo after ischemia/reperfusion in the rabbit heart, Circulation. 103(6), 877–881 (2001).
J.J. Zhou, J.M. Pei, G.Y. Wang, S. Wu, W.P. Wang, C.H. Cho and T.M. Wong, Inducible Hsp70 mediates delayed cardioprotection via U-50488H pretreatment in rat ventricular myocytes, Am JPhysiol 281(1), H40–47 (2001).
D.S. Latchman, Heat shock proteins and cardiac protection, Cardiovasc. Res. 51, 637–646 (2001).
J.M. Bruey, C. Ducasse, P. Bonniaud, L. Ravagnan, S.A. Susin, C. Diaz-Latoud, S. Gurbuxani, A.P. Amgo, G. Kroemer, E. Solary and C. Garrido, Hsp27 negatively regulates cell death by interacting with cytochrome c, Nat. Cell. Biol. 2(9), 645–652 (2000).
W.F. Bluhm, J.L. Martin, R. Mestril and W.H. Dillmann, Specific heat shock proteins protect microtubules during simulated ischemia in cardiac myocytes, Am. J. Physiol. 275, H2243–H2249 (1998).
S.A. Loktionova, O.P. Ilyinskaya and A.E. kabakov, Early and delayed tolerance to simulated ischemia in heat-preconditioned endothelial cells: a role for Hsp27, Am. J. Physiol. 275, H2147–H2158 (1998).
A. Clerk, A. Michael and P.H. Sugden, Stimulation of multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase sub-families by oxidative stress and phosphorylation of heat shock protein Hsp25/27, in neonatal ventricular myocytes, Biochem. J. 333, 581–589 (1998).
E.T. Maizels, C.A. Peters, M. Kline, R.E. Cutler and M. Shanmugam, Heat-shock protein-25/27 phosphorylation by the delta isoform of protein kinase C, Biochem. J. 332, 703–712 (1998).
R.S. Vander Heide, Increased expression of Hsp27 protects canine myocytes from simulated ischemia-reperfusion injury, Am. J. Physiol. 282, H935–H941 (2002).
J.L. Martin, R. Mestril, R. Hilal-Dandan, L.L. Brunton and W.H. Dillmann, Small heat shock proteins and protection against ischemic injury in cardiac myocytes, Circulation 96(12), 4343–4348 (1997).
P.S. Ray, J.L. Martin, E.A. Swanson, H. Otani, W.H. Dillmann and D.K. Das, Transgene overexpression of alphaB crystallin confers simultaneous protection against cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, FASEB J. 15(2), 393–402 (2001).
P. Eaton, W. Fuller, J.R. Bell and M.J. Shattock, αB crystallin translocation and phosphorylation: signal transduction pathways and preconditioning in the isolated rat heart, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 33, 1659–1671 (2001).
C. Pantos, V. Malliopoulou, I. Mourouzis, E. Karamanoli, P. Moraitis, S. Tzeis, I. Paizis, H. Carageorgiou, D. Varonos and D.V. Cokkinos, Thyroxine pretreatment increases basal myocardial Hsp27 expression and accelerates translocation and phosphorylation of this protein upon ischemia, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 478, 53–60 (2003).
K.M. Lin, B. Lin, I.Y. Lian, R. Mestril, I.E. Schemer and W.H. Dillmann, Combined and individual mitochondrial Hsp60 and Hsp10 expression in cardiac myocytes protects mitochondrial function and prevents apoptotic cell deaths induced by simulated ischemia-reoxygenation, Circulation 103(13), 1787–1792 (2001).
S.R. Kirchhoff, S. Gupta and A.A. Kwolton, Cytosolic heat shock protein 60, apoptosis and myocardial injury, Circulation 105, 2899–2904 (2002).
A.A. Knowlton and S. Gupta, Hsp60, Bax, and cardiac apoptosis, Cardiovasc Toxicol. 3(3), 263–268 (2003). Review.
A.A. Knowlton and L. Sun, Heat shock factor-1, steroid hormones, and regulation of heat shock protein expression in the heart, Am. J. Physiol. 280(1), H455–H464 (2001).
J.S. Isaacs, Y.J. Jung, E.G. Mimnaugh, A. Martinez, F. Cuttitta and L.M. Neckers, Hsp90 regulates a von Hippel Lindau-independent hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha-degradative pathway, Biol. Chem. 277(33), 29936–29944 (2002).
B.K. Brar, J. Railson, A. Stephanou, R.A. Knight and D.S. Latchman, Urocortin increases the expression of heat shock protein 90 in rat cardiac myocytes in a MEK1/2-dependent manner, J. Endocrinol. 172(2), 283–93 (2002).
C.E. Murry, R.B. Jennings and K.A. Reimer, Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium, Circulation 74(5), 1124–1136 (1986).
R.S. Schulz, M.V. Cohen, M. Behrends, J.M. Downey, G. Heusch, Signal transduction of ischemic preconditioning, Cardiovasc. Res. 52, 181–198 (2001).
G. Valen, Cellular signaling mechanisms in adaptation to ischemia-induced myocardial damage, Ann. Med. 35, 300–307 (2003).
M. Joyeux-Faure, C. Arnaud, D. Godin-Ribuot and C. Ribuot, Heat stress preconditioning and delayed myocardial protection: what is new? Cardiovasc Res 60, 469–477 (2003).
F. Kolar and B. Ostadal, Molecular mechanisms of cardiac protection by adaptation to chronic hypoxia. Physiol. Res. 53, S3–S13 (2004).
J. Neckar, I. Markova, F. Novak, O. Novakova, O. Szarszoi, B. Ostadal and F. Kolar, Increased expression and altered subcellular distribution of PKC isoform delta in chronically hypoxic rat myocardium: involvement in cardioprotection, Am. J. Physiol. 288(4), H 1566–72 (2004)
P. Razeghi, M.E. Young, S. Abbasi and H. Taegtmeyer, Hypoxia in vivo decreases peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-regulated gene expression in rat heart, Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 287(1), 5–10 (2001).
P. Razeghi, M.F. Essop, J.M. Huss, S. Abbasi, N. Manga and H. Taegtmeyer, Hypoxia-induced switches of myosin heavy chain iso-gene expression in rat heart, Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 303(4), 1024–1027 (2003).
I. Friehs and P.J. del Nido, Increased susceptibility of hypertrophied hearts to ischemic injury, Ann. Thorac. Surg. 75, S678–S684 (2003).
M.F. Allard, Energy substrate metabolism in cardiac hypertrophy, Curr. Hyperten. Rep. 6, 430–435 (2004).
A. Bril, M.C. Forest and B. Gout, Ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias in rabbits with chronic heart failure, Am. J. Physiol. 261, H301–H307 (1991).
P.K. Podesser, J. Schimhofer, O.Y. Bemecker, A. Kroner, M. Franz, S. Semsroth, B. Fellner, J. Neumuller, S. Hallstrom and E. Wolner, Optimizing ischemia/reperfusion in the failing rat heart: improved myocardial protection with acute ACE inhibition, Circulation 106(12 Suppl 1), 1277–83 (2002).
S. Ghosh, N.B. Standen and M. Galinanes, Failure to precondition pathological myocardium, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37, 711–718 (2001).
D.J. Paulson, The diabetic heart is more sensitive to ischemic injury, Cardiovasc. Res. 34, 104–112 (1997).
D. Feuvray and G.D. Lopaschuk, Controversies on the sensitivity of the diabetic heart to ischemic injury: the sensitivity of the diabetic heart to ischemic injury is decreased, Cardiovasc. Res. 34, 113–120 (1997).
T. Ooie, N. Takahashi, T. Nawata, M. Arikawa, K. Yamanaka, M. Kajimoto, T. Shinohara, S. Shigematsu, M. Hara, H. Yoshimatsu and T. Saikawa, Ischemia-induced translocation of protein kinase C-epsilon mediates cardioprotection in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat, Circ. J. 67(11), 955–961 (2003).
L. Zhang, J.R. Parratt, G. H. Beastall, N. J. Pyne and B.L. Furman, Streptozotocin diabetes protects against arrhythmias in rat isolated hearts: role of hypothyroidism, Eur J. Pharmacol. 435, 269–276 (2002).
P. Golino, P.R. Maroko and T.E. Carew, The effect of acute hypercholesterolaemia on myocardial infarct size and the no-reflow phenomenon, during coronary occlusion-reperfusion, Circulation 75, 292–298 (1987).
W.G. Girod, S.P. Jones, N. Sieber, T.Y. Aw and D.J. Lefer, Effect of hypercholesterolaemia on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in LDL receptor-deficient mice, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19, 2776–2781 (1999).
B. Le Grand, B. Vie, P. Faure, A.D. Degryse, P. Mouillard and G.W. John, Increased resistance to ischemic injury in the isolated perfused atherosclerotic heart of the cholesterol-fed rabbit, Cardiovasc Res 30(5), 689–696 (1995).
T.D. Wang, W.J. Chen, T.J. Mau, J.W. Lin, W.W. Lin and Y.T. Lee, Attenuation of increased myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury conferred by hypercholesterolemia through pharmacological inhibition of the caspase-1, Br. J. Pharmacol. 138, 291–300 (2003).
O. Jung, W. Jung, T. Malinski, G. Wiemer, B.A. Schoelkens and W. Linz, Ischemic preconditioning and infarct mass: the effect of hypercholesterolemia and endothelial dysfunction Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 22(2), 165–79 (2000).
X.L. Tang, A.B. Stein, G. Shirk and R. Bolli, Hypercholesterolemia blunts NO donor-induced late preconditioning against myocardial infarction in conscious rabbits, Basic Res Cardiol 99(6), 395–403 (2004).
C. Pantos, I. Mourouzis, T. Saranteas, I. Paizis, C. Xinaris, V. Malliopoulou and D.V. Cokkinos, Thyroid hormone receptors α1 and β1 are downregulated in the post-infarcted rat heart: consequences on the response to ischaemia-reperfusion, Basic Res Cardiol (2005), in press.
W.I. Awad, M.J. Shattock and D.J. Chambers, Ischemic preconditioning in immature myocardium, Circulation, 98, 206–213 (1998).
S. Besse, S. Tanguy, F. Boucher, C. Le Page, S. Rozenberg, B. Riou, J. Leiris and B. Swynghedauw, Cardioprotection with cariporide, a sodium-proton exchanger inhibitor, after prolonged ischemia and reperfusion in senescent rats, Exp. Gerontol. 39(9), 1307–14 (2004).
F. Boucher, S. Tanguy, S. Besse, N. Tresallet, A. Favier and J. de Leiris, Age dependent changes in myocardial susceptibility to zero flow ischemia and reperfusion in isolated perfused rat hearts: relation to antioxidant status, Mechanisms Ageing Develop. 103, 301–316 (1998).
P. Liu, B. Xu, T.A. Cavalieru and C.E. Hock, Attenuation of Anti-oxidative capacity enhances reperfusion-injury in aged rat myocardium, Am. J. Physiol 9, 287(6), H2719–2727 (2004)
B.Z. Simkhovich, P. Marjoram, C. Poizat, L. Kedes and R.A. Kloner, Age-related changes of cardiac gene expression following myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, Arch Biochem Biophys. 420(2), 268–278 (2003).
O. Dewald, G. Ren, G. Duerr, M. Zoerlein, C. Klemm, C. Gersch, S. Tinsey, L.H. Michael, M.L. Entman and N.G. Frangogiamis, Of mice and dogs: species-specific differences in the inflammatory response following myocardial infarction, Am. J. Path., 164, 665–677 (2004)
M. Wang, L. Baker, B.M. Tsai, K.K. Meldrum and D.R. Meldrum, Sex differences in the myocardial inflammatory response to ischemia/reperfusion injury, J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 288(2), E321–326 (2005).
K. Imahashi, R.E. London, C. Steenbergen and E. Murphy, Male/female differences in intracellular Na(+) regulation during ischemia/reperfusion in mouse heart, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 37, 747–753 (2004).
F.J. Sutherland and D. Hearse, The isolated blood and perfusion fluid perfused heart, Pharmacol. Res. 41, 613–627 (2000).
D. Hearse and F.J. Sutherland, Experimental models for the the study of cardiovascular function and disease, Pharmacol Res 4, 597–603 (2000).
J.E. Baker, E.A. Konorev, G.J. Gross, W.M. Chilian and H.J. Jacob, Resistance to myocardial ischemia in five rat strains: is there a genetic component of cardioprotection? Am. J. Physiol. 278, H1395–H1400 (2000).
J.M. Pass, Y. Zheng, W.B. Wead, J. Zhang, R.C. Li, R. Bolli and P. Ping, PKCepsilon activation induces dichotomous cardiac phenotypes and modulates PKCepsilon-RACK interactions and RACK expression, Am. J. Physiol. 280(3), H946–H955 (2001).
S. Ghosh and M. Galinanes, Protection of the human heart with ischemic preconditioning during cardiac surgery: role of cardiopulmonary bypass, J. Thorac Cardiovasc. Surg. 126, 133–142 (2003).
K. Shinmura, E. Kodani, Y.T. Xuan, B. Dawn, X.L. Tang and R. Bolli, Effect of aspirin on late preconditioning against myocardial stunning in conscious rabbits, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41(7), 1183–1194 (2003).
Y. Suematsu, V. Anttila, S. Takamoto and P.J. del Nido, Cardioprotection afforded by ischemic preconditioning interferes with chronic beta-blocker treatment, Scan. Cardiovasc. J. 38, 293–299, (2004).
S.L. Kopecky, R.J. Aviles, M.R. Bell, J.K. Lobl, D. Tipping, G. Frommell, K. Ramsey, A.E. Holland, M. Midei, A. Jain, M. Kellett and R.J. Gibbons, A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study measuring the effect of an adenosine agonist on infarct size reduction in patients undergoing primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: the ADMIRE (Amp579 Delivery for Myocardial Infarction REduction) study, Am. Heart J. 146(1), 146–152 (2003).
A. Ross, R. Gibbons, R.A. Kloner, V.J. Marder, G.W. Stone and R.W. Alexander, Acute myocardial infarction study of adenosine (AMISTAD II), J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39(Suppl A), 338A (2002).
IONA study group, Effect of nicorandil on coronary events in patients with stable angina: the impact of nicorandil in angina (IONA) randomized trial, Lancet 359, 1269–1275 (2002).
T Miura and T. Miki, ATP-sensitive K+ channel openers: old drugs with new clinical benefits for the heart, Cum Vasc. Pharmacol. 1(3), 251–258 (2003).
P. Theroux, B.R. Chaitman, L. Erhardt, A. Jessel, T. Meinertz, W.U. Nickel, J.S. Schroeder, G. Tognoni, H. White and J.T. Willerson, Design of a trial evaluating myocardial cell protection with cariporide, an inhibitor of the transmembrane sodium-hydrogen exchanger: the Guard During Ischemia Against Necrosis (GUARDIAN) trial, Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 1(1), 59–67 (2000).
R.M. Mentzer Jr, Sodium-proton exchange inhibition to prevent coronary events in acute cardiac conditions trial, Paper presented at the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions. November 12, (2003).
H. Tadokoro, A. Miyazaki, K. Satomura, L. Ryden, S. Kaul, S. Kar, E. Corday, and K. Drury, Infarct size reduction with coronary venous retroinfusion of diltiazem in the acute occlusion/reperfusion porcine heart model, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 28(1), 134–141 (1996).
P. Theroux, J. Gregoire, C. Chin, G. Pelletier, P. de Guise and M. Juneau, Intravenous diltiazem in acute myocardial infarction. Diltiazem as adjunctive therapy to activase (DATA) trial, J Am Coll Cardiol. 32(3), 620–628 (1998).
G. Pizzetti, A. Mailhac, L. Li Volsi, F. Di Marco, C. Lu, A. Margonato and S.L. Chierchia, Beneficial effects of diltiazem during myocardial reperfusion: a randomized trial in acute myocardial infarction, Ital Heart J. 2(10), 757–765 (2001).
V. Marangelli, C. Memmola, M.S. Brigiani, L. Boni, M.G. Biasco, D. Scrutinio, S. Iliceto and P. Rizzon, Early administration of veraparnil after thrombolysis in acute anterior myocardial infarction. Effect on left ventricular remodeling and clinical outcome. VAMI Study Group. Verapamil Acute Myocardial Infarction, Ital Heart J. 1(5), 336–343 (2000).
J. Sochman, J. Vrbska, B. Musilova and M. Rocek, Infarct Size Limitation: acute N-acetylcysteine defense (ISLAND trial): preliminary analysis and report after the first 30 patients, Clin Cardiol. 19(2), 94–100 (1996).
C. de Zwaan, A.H. Kleine, J.H. Diris, J.F. Glatz, H.J. Wellens, P.F. Strengers, M. Tissing, C.E. Hack, M.P. van Dieijen-Visser and W.T. Hermens, Continuous 48-h C1-inhibitor treatment, following reperfusion therapy, in patients with acute myocardial infarction, Eur. Heart J. 23(21), 1670–1677 (2002).
J.C. Fitch, S. Rollins, L. Matis, B. Alford, S. Aranki, C.D. Collard, M. Dewar, J. Elefteriades, R. Hines, G. Kopf, P. baker, L. Li, R. O’Hara, C. Rinder, H. Rinder, R. Shaw, B. Smith, G. Stahl and S.K. Shernan, Pharmacology and biological efficacy of a recombinant, humanized, single-chain antibody C5 complement inhibitor in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, Circulation 100(25), 2499–2506 (1999).
T. Force, K. Kuida, M. Namchuk, K. Parang and J.M. Kyriakis, Inhibitors of protein kinase signaling pathways; Emerging therapies for cardiovascular disease, Circulation 109, 1196–1205 (2004).
C. Willam, N. Masson, Y.M. Tian, S.A. Mahmood, M.I. Wilson, R. Bicknell, K.U. Eckardt, P.H. Maxwell, P.J. Ratcliffe and C.W. Pugh, Peptide blockade of HIFalpha degradation modulates cellular metabolism and angiogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99(16), 10423–10428 (2002).
N.L. Lubbers, J.S. Polakowski, C.D. Wegner, S.E. Burke, G.J. Diaz, K.M. Daniell and B.F. Cox, Oral bimoclomol elevates heat shock protein 70 and reduces myocardial infarct size in rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 435(1), 79–83 (2002).
L.G. Melo, A.S. Pachori, D. Kong, M. Gnecchi, K. Wang, R.E. Pratt and V.J. Dzau, Gene and cell-based therapies for heart disease, FASEB J. 18(6), 648–663 (2004).
M.J. Wright, L.M. Wightman, D.S. Latchman and M.S. Marber, In vivo myocardial gene transfer: optimization and evaluation of intracoronary gene delivery in vivo, Gene Ther 8(24), 1833–1839 (2001).
P.D. Robbins and S.C. Ghivizzani, Viral vectors for gene therapy, Pharmacol Ther. 80(1), 35–47 (1998). Review.
K. Suzuki, Y. Sawa, Y. Kaneda, H. Ichikawa, R. Shirakura and H. Matsuda, In vivo gene transfection with heat shock protein 70 enhances myocardial tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat, J Clin Invest. 99(7), 1645–1650 (1997).
H.L. Zhu, A.S. Stewart, M.D. Taylor, C. Vijayasarathy, T.J. Gardner and H.L. Sweeney, Blocking free radical production via adenoviral gene transfer decreases cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, Mol Ther. 2(5), 470–475 (2000).
W. Miao, Z. Luo, R.N. Kitsis and K. Walsh, Intracoronary, adenovirus-mediated Akt gene transfer in heart limits infarct size following ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo, J Mol Cell Cardiol. 32(12), 2397–2402 (2000).
Y. Tang, M. Jackson, K. Qian and M.I. Phillips, Hypoxia inducible double plasmid system for myocardial ischemia gene therapy, Hypertension 39(2), 695–698 (2002).
S. Davani, F. Deschaseaux, D. Chalmers, P. Tiberghien and J-P. Kantelip, Can stem cells mend a broken heart? Cardiovasc Res 65, 305–316 (2005).
P. Menasche, Cell transplantation in myocardium, Ann Thorac Sue. 75(6 Suppl), S20–28 (2003). Review.
K.C. Wollert, G.P. Meyer, J. Lotz, S. Ringes-Lichtenberg, P. Lippolt, C. Breidenbach, S. Fichtner, T. Korte, B. Hornig, D. Messinger, L. Arseniev, B. Hertenstein, A. Ganser and H. Drexler, Intracoronary autologous bone-marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: the BOOST randomised controlled clinical trial, Lancet 364(9429), 141–148 (2004).
A.M. Davidoff, C.Y. Ng, P. Brown, M.A. Leary, W.W. Spurbeck, J. Zhou, E. Honvitz, E.F. Vanin and A.W. Nienhuis, Bone marrow-derived cells contribute to tumor neovasculature and, when modified to express an angiogenesis inhibitor, can restrict tumor growth in mice, Clin Cancer Res. 7(9), 2870–2879 (2001).
H.J. Kang, H.S. Kim, S.Y. Zhang, K.W. Park, H.J. Cho, B.K. Koo, Y.J. Kim, D. Soo Lee, D.W. Sohn, K.S. Han, B.H. Oh, M.M. Lee and Y.B. Park, Effects of intracoronary infusion of peripheral blood stem-cells mobilised with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor on left ventricular systolic function and restenosis after coronary stenting in myocardial infarction: the MAGIC cell randomised clinical trial, Lancet Mar 363(9411), 751–756 (2004).
A.P. Beltrami, L. Barlucchi, D. Torella, M. Baker, F. Limana, S. Chimenti, H. Kasahara, M. Rota, E. Musso, K. Urbanek, A. Len, J. Kajstura, B. Nadal-Ginard and P. Anversa, Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration, Cell 114(6), 763–776 (2003).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pantos, C., Mourouzis, I., Cokkinos, D.V. (2006). Myocardial Ischemia. In: Cokkinos, D.V., Pantos, C., Heusch, G., Taegtmeyer, H. (eds) Myocardial Ischemia. Basic Science for the Cardiologist, vol 21. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28658-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28658-6_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-28657-0
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-28658-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)