Skip to main content

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, M.E., Kramarcy, N., Krall, S.P., Rossi, S.G., Rotundo, R.L., Sealock, R. et al., 2000, Absence of alpha-syntrophin leads to structurally aberrant neuromuscular synapses deficient in utrophin, J. Cell. Biol. 150:1385–1398.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albrecht, D.E. and Froehner, S.C., 2002, Syntrophins and dystrobrevins: Defining the dystrophin scaffold at synapses, Neurosignals 11:123–129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, M.J. and Cohen, M.W., 1977, Nerve-induced and spontaneous redistribution of acetylcholine receptors on cultured muscle cells, J. Physiol. 268:757–773.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, M.J. and Cohen, M.W., 1974, Fluorescent staining of acetylcholoine receptors in vertebrate skeletal muscle, J Physiol 237(2):385–400.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, M.J., Cohen, M.W., and Zorychta, E., 1977, Effects of innervation on the distribution of acetylcholine receptors on cultured muscle cells, J. Physiol. 268:731–756.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anglister, L., Eichler, J., Szabo, M., Haesaert, B., and Salpeter, M.M., 1998, 125I-labeled fasciculin 2: A new tool for quantitation of acetylcholinesterase densities at synaptic sites by EM-autoradiography, J. Neurosci. Methods 81:63–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arikawa-Hirasawa, E., Rossi, S.G., Rotundo, R.L., and Yamada, Y., 2002, Absence of acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junctions of perlecan-null mice, Nat. Neurosci. 5:119–123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashby, P.R., Wilson, S.J., and Harris, A.J., 1993, Formation of primary and secondary myotubes in aneural muscles in the mouse mutant peroneal muscular atrophy, Dev. Biol. 156:519–528.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balice-Gordon, R.J., Chua, C.K., Nelson, C.C., and Lichtman, J.W., 1993, Gradual loss of synaptic cartels precedes axon withdrawal at developing neuromuscular junctions, Neuron 11:801–815.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balice-Gordon, R.J. and Lichtman, J.W., 1993, In vivo observations of pre-and postsynaptic changes during the transition from multiple to single innervation at developing neuromuscular junctions, J. Neurosci. 13:834–855.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balice-Gordon, R.J. and Lichtman, J.W., 1994, Long-term synapse loss induced by focal blockade of postsynaptic receptors, Nature 372:519–524.

    Article  CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M.R., 1983, Development of neuromuscular synapses, Physiol. Rev. 63:915–1048.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, M. and Lichtman, J.W., 1999, Axonal atrophy: The retraction reaction, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 9:364–370.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bose, C.M., Qiu, D., Bergamaschi, A., Gravante, B., Bossi, M., Villa, A. et al., 2000, Agrin controls synaptic differentiation in hippocampal neurons, J. Neurosci. 20:9086–9095.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite, A.W. and Harris, A.J., 1979, Neural influence on acetylcholine receptor clusters in embryonic development of skeletal muscles, Nature 279:549–551.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandon, E.P., Lin, W., D’Amour, K.A., Pizzo, D.P., Dominguez, B., Sugiura, Y. et al., 2003, Aberrant patterning of neuromuscular synapses in choline acetyltransferase-deficient mice, J. Neurosci. 23:539–549.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A.M. and Birnbaumer, L., 1990, Ionic channels and their regulation by G protein subunits, Annu Rev Physiol 52:197–213.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buffelli, M., Burgess, R.W., Feng, G., Lobe, C.G., Lichtman, J.W., and Sanes, J.R., 2003, Genetic evidence that relative synaptic efficacy biases the outcome of synaptic competition, Nature 424:430–434.

    Article  CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burden, S.J., 2000, Wnts as retrograde signals for axon and growth cone differentiation, Cell 100:495–497.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burden, S.J., 2002, Building the vertebrate neuromuscular synapse, J. Neurobiol. 53:501–511.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burden, S.J., Fuhrer, C., and Hubbard, S.R., 2003, Agrin/MuSK signaling: Willing and Abl, Nat. Neurosci. 6:653–654.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burden, S.J., Sargent, P.B., and McMahan, U.J., 1979, Acetylcholine receptors in regenerating muscle accumulate at original synaptic sites in the absence of the nerve, J. Cell. Biol. 82:412–425.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, R.W., Dickman, D.K., Nunez, L., Glass, D.J., and Sanes, J.R., 2002, Mapping sites responsible for interactions of agrin with neurons, J. Neurochem. 83:271–284.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, R.W., Nguyen, Q.T., Son, Y.J., Lichtman, J.W., and Sanes, J.R. et al., 1999, Alternatively spliced isoforms of nerve-and muscle-derived agrin: Their roles at the neuromuscular junction, Neuron 23:33–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, M.H., Hayashi, A., Ohkoshi, N., Villmann, C., Becker, C.M., Feng, G. et al., 2000, Autoimmunity to gephyrin in Stiff-Man syndrome, Neuron 26:307–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cajal, S.R.Y., 1928, Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System, Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campagna, J.A., Ruegg, M.A., and Bixby, J.L., 1995, Agrin is a differentiation-inducing “stop signal” for motoneurons in vitro, Neuron 15:1365–1374.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campagna, J.A., Ruegg, M.A., and Bixby, J.L., 1997, Evidence that agrin directly influences presynaptic differentiation at neuromuscular junctions in vitro, Eur. J. Neurosci. 9:2269–2283.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, C.C. and Lee, C.Y., 1963, Isolation of neurotoxins from the venom of burgarus multicinctus and their modes of neuromuscular blocking action. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 144:241–257.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu, A.Y. and Ko, J., 1994, A novel epitope of entactin is present at the mammalian neuromuscular junction, J. Neurosci. 14:2809–2817.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, G.C., Moscoso, L.M., Sliwkowski, M.X., and Merlie, J.P., 1995, Regulation of the acetylcholine receptor epsilon subunit gene by recombinant ARIA: An in vitro model for transynaptic gene regulation, Neuron 14:329–339.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claudio, T., Ballivet, M., Patrick, J., and Heinemann, S., 1983, Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor γ subunit, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:1111–1115.

    CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colman, H., Nabekura, J., and Lichtman, J.W., 1997, Alterations in synaptic strength preceding axon withdrawal, Science 275:356–361.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corfas, G., Falls, D.L., and Fischbach, G.D., 1993, ARIA, a protein that stimulates acetylcholine receptor synthesis, also induces tyrosine phosphorylation of a 185-kDa muscle transmembrane protein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:1624–1628.

    CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cote, P.D., Moukhles, H., Lindenbaum, M., and Carbonetto, S., 1999, Chimaeric mice deficient in dystroglycans develop muscular dystrophy and have disrupted myoneural synapses, Nat. Genet. 23:338–342.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, W.M., Sudhof, T.C., and Stevens, C.F., eds., 2001, Synapses, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahm, L.M. and Landmesser, L.T., 1991, The regulation of synaptogenesis during normal development and following activity blockade, J. Neurosci. 11:238–255.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dai, Z. and Peng, H.B., 1995, Presynaptic differentiation induced in cultured neurons by local application of basic fibroblast growth factor, J. Neurosci. 15:5466–5475.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dale, H.H., Feldberg, W. and Vogt, M., 1936, Release of acetylcholine at voluntary motor nerve endings, Journal of Physiology 86:353–380.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C., 1981, Origin of species. Cambridge University Press. 120p. (Originally published 1859).

    Google Scholar 

  • De Robertis, E. and Bennett, H.S., 1955, Some features of the submicroscopic morphology of synapses in frog and earthworm. J. Biochem. Biophys. Cytol., 1:47–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dechiara, T.M., Bowen, D.C., Valenzuela, D.M., Simmons, M.V., Poueymirou, W.T., Thomas, S. et al., 1996, The receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK is required for neuromuscular junction formation in vivo, Cell 85:501–512.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denzer, A.J., Brandenberger, R., Gesemann, M., Chiquet, M., and Ruegg, M.A., 1997, Agrin binds to the nerve-muscle basal lamina via laminin, J. Cell Biol. 137:671–683.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denzer, A.J., Schulthess, T., Fauser, C., Schumacher, B., Kammerer, R.A., Engel, J. et al., 1998, Electron microscopic structure of agrin and mapping of its binding site in laminin-1, Embo J. 17:335–343.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donger, C., Krejci, E., Serradell, A.P., Eymard, B., Bon, S., Nicole, S. et al., 1998, Mutation in the human acetylcholinesterase-associated collagen gene, COLQ, is responsible for congenital myasthenic syndrome with end-plate acetylcholinesterase deficiency (Type Ic), Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63:967–975.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durbeej, M. and Campbell, K.P., 2002, Muscular dystrophies involving the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex: An overview of current mouse models, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 12:349–361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falls, D.L., Rosen, K.M., Corfas, G., Lane, W.S., and Fischbach, G.D., 1993, ARIA, a protein that stimulates acetylcholine receptor synthesis, is a member of the neu ligand family, Cell 72:801–815.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J.C., Eccles, R.M. and Fatt, P., 1956, Pharmacological investigations on a central synapse operated by acetylcholine, Journal of Physiology 131:154–169.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fannon, A.M. and Colman, D.R., 1996, A model for central synaptic junctional complex formation based on the differential adhesive specificities of the cadherins, Neuron 17:423–434.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, G., Krejci, E., Molgo, J., Cunningham, J.M., Massoulie, J., and Sanes, J.R., 1999, Genetic analysis of collagen Q: Roles in acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase assembly and in synaptic structure and function, J. Cell. Biol. 144:1349–1360.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, G., Laskowski, M.B., Feldheim, D.A., Wang, H., Lewis, R., Frisen, J. et al., 2000, Roles for ephrins in positionally selective synaptogenesis between motor neurons and muscle fibers, Neuron 25:295–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, G., Tintrup, H., Kirsch, J., Nichol, M.C., Kuhse, J., Betz, H. et al., 1998, Dual requirement for gephyrin in glycine receptor clustering and molybdoenzyme activity, Science 282:1321–1324.

    Article  CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferns, M.J., Campanelli, J.T., Hoch, W., Scheller, R.H., and Hall, Z., 1993, The ability of agrin to cluster AChRs depends on alternative splicing and on cell surface proteoglycans, Neuron 11:491–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, A., 1999, Abnormal synapse formation in agrin-depleted hippocampal neurons, J. Cell Sci. 112:4729–4738.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frail, D.E., McLaughlin, L.L., Mudd, J., and Merlie, J.P., 1988, Identification of the mouse muscle 43,000-dalton acetylcholine receptor-associated protein (RAPsyn) by cDNA cloning, J. Biol. Chem. 263:15602–15607.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, E. and Fischbach, G.D., 1977, ACh receptors accumulate at newly formed nerve-muscle synapses in vitro, Soc. Gen. Physiol. Ser. 32:285–291.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, E. and Fischbach, G.D., 1979, Early events in neuromuscular junction formation in vitro: Induction of acetylcholine receptor clusters in the postsynaptic membrane and morphology of newly formed synapses, J. Cell Biol. 83:143–158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fromm, L. and Burden, S.J., 1998, Transcriptional pathways for synapse-specific, neuregulin-induced and electrical activity-dependent transcription, J. Physiol. Paris 92:173–176.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gan, W.B. and Lichtman, J.W., 1998, Synaptic segregation at the developing neuromuscular junction, Science 282:1508–1511.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garbay, B., Heape, A.M., Sargueil, F., and Cassagne, C., 2000, Myelin synthesis in the peripheral nervous system, Prog. Neurobiol. 61:267–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam, M., Noakes, P.G., Moscoso, L., Rupp, F., Scheller, R.H., Merlie, J.P. et al., 1996, Defective neuromuscular synaptogenesis in agrin-deficient mutant mice, Cell 85:525–535.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam, M., Noakes, P.G., Mudd, J., Nichol, M., Chu, G.C., Sanes, J.R. et al., 1995, Failure of postsynaptic specialization to develop at neuromuscular junctions of rapsyn-deficient mice, Nature 377:232–236.

    Article  CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glass, D.J., Bowen, D.C., Stitt, T.N., Radziejewski, C., Bruno, J., Ryan, T.E. et al., 1996, Agrin acts via a MuSK receptor complex, Cell 85:513–523.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glicksman, M.A. and Sanes, J.R., 1983, Differentiation of motor nerve terminals formed in the absence of muscle fibres, J. Neurocytol. 12:661–671.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodearl, A.D., Yee, A.G., Sandrock, A.W., Jr., Corfas, G., and Fischbach, G.D., 1995, ARIA is concentrated in the synaptic basal lamina of the developing chick neuromuscular junction, J. Cell Biol. 130:1423–1434.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grady, R.M., Grange, R.W., Lau, K.S., Maimone, M.M., Nichol, M.C., Stull, J.T. et al., Role for alpha-dystrobrevin in the pathogenesis of dystrophin-dependent muscular dystrophies, Nat. Cell Biol. 1:215–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grady, R.M., Merlie, J.P., and Sanes, J.R., 1997, Subtle neuromuscular defects in utrophin-deficient mice, J. Cell Biol. 136:871–882.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grady, R.M., Zhou, H., Cunningham, J.M., Henry, M.D., Campbell, K.P., and Sanes, J.R., 2000, Maturation and maintenance of the neuromuscular synapse: Genetic evidence for roles of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, Neuron 25:279–293.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, A.C., Lucas, F.R., and Salinas, P.C., 2000, Axonal remodeling and synaptic differentiation in the cerebellum is regulated by WNT-7a signaling, Cell 100:525–535.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, D.A., Falls, D.L., Dill-Devor, R.M., and Fischbach, G.D., 1988, Acetylcholine receptor-inducing factor from chicken brain increases the level of mRNA encoding the receptor alpha subunit, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:1983–1987.

    CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilgenberg, L.G., Hoover, C.L., and Smith, M.A., 1999, Evidence of an agrin receptor in cortical neurons, J. Neurosci. 19:7384–7393.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoch, W., Ferns, M., Campanelli, J.T., Hall, Z.W., and Scheller, R.H., 1993, Developmental regulation of highly active alternatively spliced forms of agrin, Neuron 11:479–490.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hohenester, E., Tisi, D., Talts, J.F., and Timpl, R., 1999, The crystal structure of a laminin G-like module reveals the molecular basis of alpha-dystroglycan binding to laminins, perlecan, and agrin, Mol. Cell 4:783–792.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, W.E., Sliwkowski, M.X., Akita, R.W., Henzel, W.J., Lee, J., Park, J.W. et al., 1992, Identification of heregulin, a specific activator of p185erbB2, Science 256:1205–1210.

    CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, R.A., Sendtner, M., Goldfarb, M., Lindholm, D., and Thoenen, H., 1993, Evidence that fibroblast growth factor 5 is a major muscle-derived survival factor for cultured spinal motoneurons, Neuron 10:369–377.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inoue, A. and Sanes, J.R., 1997, Lamina-specific connectivity in the brain: regulation by N-cadherin neurotrophins, and glycoconjugates. Science. 276:1428–1431.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ji, R.R., Bose, C.M., Lesuisse, C., Qiu, D., Huang, J.C., Zhang, Q. et al., 1998, Specific agrin isoforms induce cAMP response element binding protein phosphorylation in hippocampal neurons, J. Neurosci. 18:9695–9702.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jo, S.A. and Burden, S.J., 1992, Synaptic basal lamina contains a signal for synapse-specific transcription, Development 115:673–680.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, M.B., 1995, Origin of PDZ (DHR, GLGF) domains, Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kneussel, M. and Betz, H., 2000, Clustering of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors at developing postsynaptic sites: The membrane activation model, Trends Neurosci. 23:429–435.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kneussel, M., Brandstatter, J.H., Laube, B., Stahl, S., Muller, U., and Betz, H., 1999, Loss of postsynaptic GABA(A) receptor clustering in gephyrin-deficient mice, J. Neurosci. 19:9289–9297.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kopp, D.M., Perkel, D.J., and Balice-Gordon, R.J., 2000, Disparity in neurotransmitter release probability among competing inputs during neuromuscular synapse elimination, J. Neurosci. 20:8771–8779.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krylova, O., Herreros, J., Cleverley, K.E., Ehler, E., Henriquez, J.P., Hughes, S.M. et al., 2002, WNT-3, expressed by motoneurons, regulates terminal arborization of neurotrophin-3-responsive spinal sensory neurons, Neuron 35:1043–1056.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuromi, H. and Kidokoro, Y., 1984, Nerve disperses preexisting acetylcholine receptor clusters prior to induction of receptor accumulation in Xenopus muscle cultures, Dev. Biol. 103:53–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laskowski, M.B. and Sanes, J.R., 1987, Topographic mapping of motor pools onto skeletal muscles, J. Neurosci. 7:252–260.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C.Y., 1972, Chemistry and pharmacology of polypeptide toxins in snake venoms. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 12:265–286.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemke, G.E. and Brockes, J.P., 1984, Identification and purification of glial growth factor, J. Neurosci. 4:75–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., Hilgenberg, L.G., O’Dowd, D.K., and Smith, M.A. 1999, Formation of functional synaptic connections between cultured cortical neurons from agrin-deficient mice, J. Neurobiol. 39:547–557.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, W., Burgess, R.W., Dominguez, B., Pfaff, S.L., Sanes, J.R., and Lee, K.F., 2001, Distinct roles of nerve and muscle in postsynaptic differentiation of the neuromuscular synapse, Nature 410:1057–1064.

    CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindholm, D., Harikka, J., da Penha Berzaghi, M., Castren, E., Tzimagiorgis, G., Hughes, R.A. et al., 1994, Fibroblast growth factor-5 promotes differentiation of cultured rat septal cholinergic and raphe serotonergic neurons: Comparison with the effects of neurotrophins, Eur. J. Neurosci. 6:244–252.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lobsiger, C.S., Taylor, V., and Suter, U., 2002, The early life of a Schwann cell, Biol. Chem. 383:245–253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loeb, J.A. and Fischbach, G.D., 1995, ARIA can be released from extracellular matrix through cleavage of a heparin-binding domain, J. Cell Biol. 130:127–135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loeb, J.A., Hmadcha, A., Fischbach, G.D., Land, S.J., and Zakarian, V.L., 2002, Neuregulin expression at neuromuscular synapses is modulated by synaptic activity and neurotrophic factors, J. Neurosci. 22:2206–2214.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loewi, O., 1921, Uber humorale ubertragbarkeit der herznerven-wirkung, Pflugers Archive 189:239–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupa, M.T., Gordon, H., and Hall, Z.W., 1990, A specific effect of muscle cells on the distribution of presynaptic proteins in neurites and its absence in a C2 muscle cell variant, Dev. Biol. 142:31–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lupa, M.T. and Hall, Z.W., 1989, Progressive restriction of synaptic vesicle protein to the nerve terminal during development of the neuromuscular junction, J. Neurosci. 9:3937–3945.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantych, K.B. and Ferreira, A., 2001, Agrin differentially regulates the rates of axonal and dendritic elongation in cultured hippocampal neurons, J. Neurosci. 21:6802–6809.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchionni, M.A., Goodearl, A.D., Chen, M.S., Bermingham-Mcdonogh, O., Kirk, C., Hendricks, M. et al., 1993, Glial growth factors are alternatively spliced erbB2 ligands expressed in the nervous system, Nature 362:312–318.

    Article  CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marques, M.J., Conchello, J.A., and Lichtman, J.W., 2000, From plaque to pretzel: Fold formation and acetylcholine receptor loss at the developing neuromuscular junction, J. Neurosci. 20:3663–3675.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, L.M., Sanes, J.R., and McMahan, U.J., 1977, Reinnervation of original synaptic sites on muscle fiber basement membrane after disruption of the muscle cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:3073–3077.

    CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinou, J.C., Falls, D.L., Fischbach, G.D., and Merlie, J.P., 1991, Acetylcholine receptor-inducing activity stimulates expression of the epsilon-subunit gene of the muscle acetylcholine receptor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:7669–7673.

    CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mauch, D.H., Nagler, K., Schumacher, S., Goritz, C., Muller, E.C., Otto, A. et al., 2001, CNS synaptogenesis promoted by glia-derived cholesterol, Science 294:1354–1357.

    Article  CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahan, U.J., 1990, The agrin hypothesis, Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 55:407–418.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahan, U.J., Sanes, J.R., and Marshall, L.M., 1978, Cholinesterase is associated with the basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction, Nature 271:172–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meier, T., Masciulli, F., Moore, C., Schoumacher, F., Eppenberger, U., Denzer, A.J. et al., 1998, Agrin can mediate acetylcholine receptor gene expression in muscle by aggregation of muscle-derived neuregulins, J. Cell Biol. 141:715–726.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mi, R., Tang, X., Sutter, R., Xu, D., Worley, P., and O’Brien, R.J., 2002, Differing mechanisms for glutamate receptor aggregation on dendritic spines and shafts in cultured hippocampal neurons, J. Neurosci. 22:7606–7616.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C., 2000, Ion channel surprises: prokaryotes do it again! Neuron. 25:7–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Misgeld, T., Burgess, R.W., Lewis, R.M., Cunningham, J.M., Lichtman, J.W., and Sanes, J.R., 2002, Roles of neurotransmitter in synapse formation: Development of neuromuscular junctions lacking choline acetyltransferase, Neuron 36:635–648.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Missias, A.C., Mudd, J., Cunningham, J.M., Steinbach, J.H., Merlie, J.P., and Sanes, J.R., 1997, Deficient development and maintenance of postsynaptic specializations in mutant mice lacking an “adult” acetylcholine receptor subunit, Development 124:5075–5086.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Missler, M., Fernandez-Chacon, R., and Sudhof, T.C., 1998, The making of neurexins, J. Neurochem. 71:1339–1347.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moscoso, L.M., Cremer, H., and Sanes, J.R., 1998, Organization and reorganization of neuromuscular junctions in mice lacking neural cell adhesion molecule, tenascin-C, or fibroblast growth factor-5, J. Neurosci. 18:1465–1477.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, F.R., Bittcher, G., Annies, M., Schumacher, B., Kroger, S., and Ruegg, M.A., 2001, An alternative amino-terminus expressed in the central nervous system converts agrin to a type II transmembrane protein, Mol. Cell Neurosci. 17:208–225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, Q.T., Parsadanian, A.S., Snider, W.D., and Lichtman, J.W., 1998, Hyperinnervation of neuromuscular junctions caused by GDNF overexpression in muscle, Science 279:1725–1729.

    Article  CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, Q.T., Sanes, J.R., and Lichtman, J.W., 2002, Pre-existing pathways promote precise projection patterns, Nat. Neurosci. 5:861–867.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nitkin, R.M., Smith, M.A., Magill, C., Fallon, J.R., Yao, Y.M., Wallace, B.G. et al., 1987, Identification of agrin, a synaptic organizing protein from Torpedo electric organ, J. Cell Biol. 105:2471–2478.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noakes, P.G., Gautam, M., Mudd, J., Sanes, J.R., and Merlie, J.P., 1995, Aberrant differentiation of neuromuscular junctions in mice lacking s-laminin/laminin beta 2, Nature 374:258–262.

    Article  CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noda, M., Takahashi, H., Tanabe, T., Toyosato, M., Furutani, Y., Hirose, T. et al., 1982, Primary structure of α-subunit precursor of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor deduced from cDNA sequence, Nature 299:793–797.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nourry, C., Grant, S.G., and Borg, J.P., 2003, PDZ domain proteins: Plug and play! Sci STKE 179:RE7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Numa, S., Noda, M., Takahashi, H., Tanabe, T., Toyosato, M., Furutani, Y. et al., 1983, Molecular structure of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 48:57–69.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, R.J., Xu, D., Petralia, R.S., Steward, O., Huganir, R.L., and Worley, P., 1999, Synaptic clustering of AMPA receptors by the extracellular immediate-early gene product Narp, Neuron 23:309–323.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Packard, M., Koo, E.S., Gorczyca, M., Sharpe, J., Cumberledge, S., and Budnik, V., 2002, The Drosophila Wnt, wingless, provides an essential signal for pre-and postsynaptic differentiation, Cell 111:319–330.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Packard, M., Mathew, D., and Budnik, V., 2003, Wnts and TGF beta in synaptogenesis: Old friends signalling at new places, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4:113–120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palay, S.L., 1956, Synapses in the central nervous system, Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology 2(Suppl.):193–202.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parkhomovskiy, N., Kammesheidt, A., and Martin, P.T., 2000, N-acetyl-lactosamine and the CT carbohydrate antigen mediate agrin-dependent activation of MuSK and acetylcholine receptor clustering in skeletal muscle, Mol. Cell Neurosci. 15:380–397.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patapoutian, A., and Reichardt, L.F. 2000, Roles of Wnt proteins in neural development and maintenance, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10:392–399.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, B.L., 2003, Basal lamina and the organization of neuromuscular synapses, J. Neurocytol. 32:883–903.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, B.L., Chiu, A.Y., and Sanes, J.R., 1998, Synaptic laminin prevents glial entry into the synaptic cleft, Nature 393:698–701.

    CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, B.L., Cunningham, J.M., Thyboll, J., Kortesmaa, J., Westerblad, H., Edstrom, L. et al., 2001, Properly formed but improperly localized synaptic specializations in the absence of laminin alpha4, Nat. Neurosci. 4:597–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, B.L., Miner, J.H., Chiu, A.Y., and Sanes, J.R., 1997, Distribution and function of laminins in the neuromuscular system of developing, adult, and mutant mice, J. Cell Biol. 139:1507–1521.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, H.B., Xie, H., Rossi, S.G., and Rotundo, R.L., 1999, Acetylcholinesterase clustering at the neuromuscular junction involves perlecan and dystroglycan, J. Cell Biol. 145:911–921.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Personius, K.E. and Balice-Gordon, R.J., 2001, Loss of correlated motor neuron activity during synaptic competition at developing neuromuscular synapses, Neuron 31:395–408.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfrieger, F.W., 2003, Role of cholesterol in synapse formation and function, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1610:271–280.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, W.D., Kopta, C., Blount, P., Gardner, P.D., Steinbach, J.H., and Merlie, J.P., 1991, ACh receptor-rich membrane domains organized in fibroblasts by recombinant 43-kilodalton protein, Science 251:568–570.

    CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polo-Parada, L., Bose, C.M., and Landmesser, L.T., 2001, Alterations in transmission, vesicle dynamics, and transmitter release machinery at NCAM-deficient neuromuscular junctions, Neuron 32:815–828.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rafuse, V.F., Polo-Parada, L., and Landmesser, L.T., 2000, Structural and functional alterations of neuromuscular junctions in NCAM-deficient mice, J. Neurosci. 20:6529–6539.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riethmacher, D., Sonnenberg-Riethmacher, E., Brinkmann, V., Yamaai, T., Lewin, G.R., and Birchmeier, C., 1997, Severe neuropathies in mice with targeted mutations in the ErbB3 receptor, Nature 389:725–730.

    Article  CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, A.W., Darzynkiewicz, Z., Salpeter, M.M., Ostrowski, K., and Barnard, E.A., 1969, Quantitative studies on enzymes in structures in striated muscles by labeled inhibitor methods. I. The number of acetylcholinesterase molecules and of other DFP-reactive sites at motor endplates, measured by radioautography J. Cell Biol. 41:665–685.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudenko, G., Nguyen, T., Chelliah, Y., Sudhof, T.C., and Deisenhofer, J., 1999, The structure of the ligand-binding domain of neurexin Ibeta: Regulation of LNS domain function by alternative splicing, Cell 99:93–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruegg, M.A., Tsim, K.W., Horton, S.E., Kroger, S., Escher, G., Gensch, E.M. et al., 1992, The agrin gene codes for a family of basal lamina proteins that differ in function and distribution, Neuron 8:691–699.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rupp, F., Payan, D.G., Magill-Solc, C., Cowan, D.M., and Scheller, R.H., 1991, Structure and expression of a rat agrin, Neuron 6:811–823.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakmann, B., Noma, A. and Trautwein, W., 1983, Acetylcholine activation of single muscarinic K+ channels in isolated pacemaker cells of the mammalian heart, Nature 303(5914):250–253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salinas, P.C., 2003, Synaptogenesis: Wnt and TGF-beta take centre stage, Curr. Biol. 13:R60–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salpeter, M.M., 1969, Electron microscope radioautography as a quantitative tool in enzyme cytochemistry. II. The distribution of DFP-reactive sties at motor endplates of a vertebrate twitch muscle, J. Cell Biol. 42:122–134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salpeter, M.M. and Loring, R.H., 1985, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in vertebrate muscle: Properties, distribution and neural control, Prog. Neurobiol. 25:297–325.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salpeter, M.M., Rogers, A.W., Kasprzak, H., and McHenry, F.A., 1978, Acetylcholinesterase in the fast extraocular muscle of the mouse by light and electron microscope autoradiography, J. Cell Biol. 78:274–285.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandrock, A.W., Jr., Dryer, S.E., Rosen, K.M., Gozani, S.N., Kramer, R., Theill, L.E. et al., 1997, Maintenance of acetylcholine receptor number by neuregulins at the neuromuscular junction in vivo, Science 276:599–603.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanes, J.R., Hunter, D.D., Green, T.L., and Merlie, J.P., 1990, S-laminin, Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 55:419–430.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanes, J.R. and Lichtman, J.W., 1999, Development of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 22:389–442.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanes, J.R., Marshall, L.M., and McMahan, U.J., 1978, Reinnervation of muscle fiber basal lamina after removal of myofibers. Differentiation of regenerating axons at original synaptic sites, J. Cell Biol. 78:176–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheiffele, P., Fan, J., Choih, J., Fetter, R., and Serafini, T., 2000, Neuroligin expressed in nonneuronal cells triggers presynaptic development in contacting axons, Cell 101:657–669.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, J. and Raftery, M.A., 1973, Purification of acetylcholine receptors from Torpedo californica electroplax by affinity chromatography, Biochemistry 12:852–856.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serpinskaya, A.S., Feng, G., Sanes, J.R., and Craig, A.M., 1999, Synapse formation by hippocampal neurons from agrin-deficient mice, Dev. Biol. 205:65–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, L. and Colman, D.R., 1999, The diversity of cadherins and implications for a synaptic adhesive code in the CNS, Neuron 23:427–430.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shyng, S.L., Xu, R., and Salpeter, M.M., 1991, Cyclic AMP stabilizes the degradation of original junctional acetylcholine receptors in denervated muscle, Neuron 6:469–475.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slezak, M. and Pfrieger, F.W., 2003, New roles for astrocytes: Regulation of CNS synaptogenesis, Trends Neurosci. 26:531–535.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.A., Hilgenberg, L.G., Hoover, C.L., Li, Z., and O’Dowd, D.K., 2002, Agrin in the CNS: A protein in search of a function? Evidence of an agrin receptor in cortical neurons, Neuroreport 13: 1485–1495.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sollner, T., Bennett, M.K., Whiteheart, S.W., Scheller, R.H., and Rothman, J.E., 1993, A protein assembly-disassembly pathway in vitro that may correspond to sequential steps of synaptic vesicle docking, activation, and fusion, Cell 75:409–418.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Son, Y.J., Patton, B.L., and Sanes, J.R., 1999, Induction of presynaptic differentiation in cultured neurons by extracellular matrix components, Eur. J. Neurosci. 11:3457–3467.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Son, Y.J. and Thompson, W.J., 1995, Schwann cell processes guide regeneration of peripheral axons, Neuron 14:125–132.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steward, O. and Schuman, E.M., 2001, Protein synthesis at synaptic sites on dendrites, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24:299–325.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sunderland, W.J., Son, Y.J., Miner, J.H., Sanes, J.R., and Carlson, S.S., 2000, The presynaptic calcium channel is part of a transmembrane complex linking a synaptic laminin (alpha4beta2gamma1) with non-erythroid spectrin, J. Neurosci. 20:1009–1019.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takeichi, M., Uemura, T., Iwai, Y., Uchida, N., Inoue, T., Tanaka, T. et al., 1997, Cadherins in brain patterning and neural network formation, Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 62:505–510.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Timpl, R., Tisi, D., Talts, J.F., Andac, Z., Sasaki, T., and Hohenester, E., 2000, Structure and function of laminin LG modules, Matrix Biol. 19:309–317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Togashi, H., Abe, K., Mizoguchi, A., Takaoka, K., Chisaka, O., and Takeichi, M., 2002, Cadherin regulates dendritic spine morphogenesis, Neuron 35:77–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trinidad, J.C., Fischbach, G.D., and Cohen, J.B., 2000, The Agrin/MuSK signaling pathway is spatially segregated from the neuregulin/ErbB receptor signaling pathway at the neuromuscular junction, J. Neurosci. 20:8762–8770.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsim, K.W., Ruegg, M.A., Escher, G., Kroger, S., and McMahan, U.J., 1992, cDNA that encodes active agrin, Neuron 8:677–689.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsui, C.C., Copeland, N.G., Gilbert, D.J., Jenkins, N.A., Barnes, C., and Worley, P.F., 1996, Narp, a novel member of the pentraxin family, promotes neurite outgrowth and is dynamically regulated by neuronal activity, J. Neurosci. 16:2463–2478.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida, N., Honjo, Y., Johnson, K.R., Wheelock, M.J., and Takeichi, M., 1996, The catenin/cadherin adhesion system is localized in synaptic junctions bordering transmitter release zones, J. Cell Biol. 135:767–779.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ullian, E.M., Sapperstein, S.K., Christopherson, K.S., and Barres, B.A., 2001, Control of synapse number by glia, Science 291:657–661.

    Article  CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ushkaryov, Y.A., Petrenko, A.G., Geppert, M., and Sudhof, T.C., 1992, Neurexins: Synaptic cell surface proteins related to the alpha-latrotoxin receptor and laminin, Science 257:50–56.

    CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vansaun, M. and Werle, M.J., 2000, Matrix metalloproteinase-3 removes agrin from synaptic basal lamina, J. Neurobiol. 43:140–149.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X., Weiner, J.A., Levi, S., Craig, A.M., Bradley, A., and Sanes, J.R., 2002, Gamma protocadherins are required for survival of spinal interneurons, Neuron 36:843–854.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wen, D., Peles, E., Cupples, R., Suggs, S.V., Bacus, S.S., Luo, Y. et al., 1992, Neu differentiation factor: A transmembrane glycoprotein containing an EGF domain and an immunoglobulin homology unit, Cell 69:559–572.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wigston, D.J. and Sanes, J.R., 1982, Selective reinnervation of adult mammalian muscle by axons from different segmental levels, Nature 299:464–467.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolpowitz, D., Mason, T.B., Dietrich, P., Mendelsohn, M., Talmage, D.A., and Role, L.W., 2000, Cysteine-rich domain isoforms of the neuregulin-1 gene are required for maintenance of peripheral synapses, Neuron 25:79–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, S.J. and Slater, C.R., 2001, Safety factor at the neuromuscular junction, Prog. Neurobiol. 64:393–429.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Q. and Maniatis, T., 2000, Large exons encoding multiple ectodomains are a characteristic feature of protocadherin genes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:3124–3129.

    CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xia, B., Hoyte, K., Kammesheidt, A., Deerinck, T., Ellisman, M., and Martin, P.T., 2002, Overexpression of the CT GalNAc transferase in skeletal muscle alters myofiber growth, neuromuscular structure, and laminin expression, Dev. Biol. 242:58–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yagi, T. and Takeichi, M., 2000, Cadherin superfamily genes: Functions, genomic organization, and neurologic diversity, Genes Dev. 14:1169–1180.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, X., Arber, S., William, C., Li, L., Tanabe, Y., and Jessell, T.M., 2001, Patterning of muscle acetylcholine receptor gene expression in the absence of motor innervation, Neuron 30:399–410.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, X., Li, W., Prescott, E.D., Burden, S.J., and Wang, J.C., 2000, DNA topoisomerase IIbeta and neural development, Science 287:131–134.

    CAS  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Patton, B., Burgess, R.W. (2005). Synaptogenesis. In: Rao, M.S., Jacobson†, M. (eds) Developmental Neurobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28117-7_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics